Design Of Temperature Controller Research Articles

Automatic Temperature Controller with Cooling System

This project focuses on the design and implementation of an automatic temperature controller integrated with a cooling system. The system is designed to maintain a predefined temperature range within a specified environment, providing efficient cooling when necessary. The automatic temperature controller utilizes sensors to continuously monitor the ambient temperature and compare it with the setpoint temperature. Based on this comparison, the controller activates the cooling system to regulate the temperature within the desired range. The cooling system employs a combination of methods such as air cooling, liquid cooling, or thermoelectric cooling, depending on the application requirements.

Design of Thermoelectric-Based Salinity and Temperature Control for Nomei Fish

Nomei fish (Harpodon nehereus) are creatures commonly found under layers of mud or fine sand along the coast. They cannot survive in waters with extreme salinity and temperature. When daylight comes and the air temperature rises, the temperature inside the fishpond also tends to rise, while when night falls, the water in the pond becomes colder. Extreme temperature changes, both high and low, can make these fish susceptible to disease and impact their ability to feed and immune system. This research is developmental research as the objective is to test the control of salinity and temperature in Nomei fishponds. To achieve this goal, a system has been developed. The system uses two sensors, namely a conductivity sensor that serves to measure the level of water salinity and sends data to the Arduino device to set the pump based on an average of about 17 ppm. In addition, there is also a temperature sensor that measures the water temperature in the pool and sends data to the Arduino device to adjust the heater and thermoelectric based on the average temperature between 28.5°C and 31.5°C, to maintain stable water quality. The results of this study show that the developed system successfully maintains and controls the salinity and temperature in the Nomei fishpond in accordance with the predetermined set points.

Pyrolysis process control: temperature control design and application for optimum process operation

Fast pyrolysis in auger reactor gains attention for efficient bio-oil production. Due to the quick nature of the process, precise temperature control using the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) algorithm is paramount. This study harnesses various PID tuning approaches through modelling and experimental validation to optimize continuous and precise pyrolysis temperature. System identification was done to investigate the process dynamic with fit accuracy above 93% and design a suitable PID control. Comparison with the experiment data shows a favorable result with rise time and settling time match above 75%. Ziegler-Nichols (ZN) and Cohen-Coon (CC) tuning methods were implemented in the system with undistinguished results, yielding steady-state error (SSE) below 1% and settling time around 4,300 to 4,800 seconds. The heuristic fine-tuning method improved the rise time and settling time by stabilizing before 3,600 seconds. Furthermore, the robustness of PID controllers was verified with a disturbance rejection test, keeping the SSE deviation inside the boundary of 2%. Finally, the setup could support maximum pyrolytic oil production by 69.6% at 500 °C. The result implies that the PID controller could provide a stable and rugged response to support a productive and sustainable pyrolysis plant operation.

Multiangle perception-oriented environmental facility design method based on joint fuzzy decision-making and transfer learning.

In modern society, the demand for environmental facilities is increasing, and how to effectively design and plan environmental facilities has become an urgent issue. However, traditional design methods often consider only certain requirements and perspectives, resulting in design results deviating from the expectations of actual users. In this study, first, perceptual fuzzy decision-making and design transfer learning were selected as methods. Second, by applying multiple perspectives to environmental facility design methods, these two methods were combined, and a new joint algorithm was proposed. Third, when designing environmental facilities, a joint processing framework was constructed considering the impact of human factors, environmental parameters, and cultural value parameters on the design results. Last, the proposed joint algorithm was validated for functionality and satisfaction. The experimental results of this article indicate that in temperature control design, the accuracy of this research model is 17.7-19.6% greater than that of traditional centralized algorithms. In terms of lighting design, the model results of this study are good, with an increase of 16.7-20.2%. This method comprehensively considers the various dimensional requirements of environmental facilities and has good migration performance. In future studies, we will further investigate the applicability of this method in different scenarios and applications to promote the further development of environmental design.

Design of MFAC greenhouse temperature controller based on LESO with disturbance estimation and fuzzy controller with parameter tuning

The proper temperature is essential for the growth and development of greenhouse crops. Therefore, it is necessary to determine an appropriate greenhouse temperature automatic control strategy. In this paper, a model-free adaptive greenhouse temperature control strategy is proposed by combining a linear extended state observer and a fuzzy controller. Specifically, the linear extended state observer is introduced to estimate model approximation error generated by pseudo gradient estimation. The fuzzy controller is used to correct the system parameter ρ online. The simulation results show that when there is no disturbance, compared with the typical model-free adaptive scheme, the MAE and RMSE of the greenhouse temperature control scheme proposed in this paper are reduced by 57.55% and 5.40% respectively. In the presence of custom disturbances, the proposed control scheme still has a faster response speed, stronger robustness, and higher control accuracy. And the proposed method can reduce the frequent action of the actuator, thus effectively reducing the energy cost.

Design and Fabrication of Automatic Temperature Control for Chicken Shade

Design and Fabrication of Automatic Temperature Control for Chicken Shade

Sliding mode control for gasifier reactor temperature control

This paper presents a sliding mode control (SMC) design for gasifier reactor temperature control. Temperature control is a critical aspect of biomass gasification for quality syngas production. However, accurate modeling and effective control method are the major challenges of gasifier reactor temperature control. The gasification system processes are not yet well understood to model from the first principle due to the complex and nonlinear nature of the process. Also, conventional control methods such as proportional, integral, and derivative control have not been effective in controlling gasification systems. Hence, this work has used experimental data from a 500 kVA updraft gasifier reactor to develop a data-driven mathematical model. The system identification result predicts 86.36% goodness of fit on the model data and 88.26% on the validation data. Discrete time sliding mode control has been designed from the model and implemented in Simulink to investigate the performance of the control method on the gasifier. The result of the system time response shows that the controller effectively drives the temperature monotonically from 25°C to 700 °C in finite time (11.37 minutes). It also establishes a quasi-sliding motion with an ultimate band of ±1℃ for the remainder of the simulation time. Hence, the control technique guarantees optimal temperature control for any feedstock type which will result in higher conversion efficiency, more syngas yield, and improve syngas quality and durability of the gasifier reactor among others.

Effects of the Wall Temperature on Rarefied Gas Flows and Heat Transfer in a Micro-Nozzle.

When the satellite is in orbit, the thruster will experience drastic temperature changes (100-1000 K) under solar radiation, which will affect the rarefied gas flow state in the micro-nozzle structure of the cold gas micro-thruster. In this study, the effect of different wall temperatures on the rarefied flow and heat transfer in the micro-nozzle is investigated based on the DSMC method. The micro-nozzle structure in this paper has a micro-channel with a large length-to-diameter ratio of 10 and a micro-scale needle valve displacement (maximum needle valve displacement up to 4 μm). This leads to more pronounced multiscale flow characteristics in the micro-nozzle, which is more influenced by the change in wall temperature. At wall temperatures ranging from 100 K to 1000 K, the spatial distribution of local Kn distribution, slip velocity distribution, temperature, and wall heat flux distribution in the micro-nozzle were calculated. The slip flow region is located in the flow channel and transforms into transition flow as the slip velocity reaches approximately 50 m/s. The spatial distribution of the flow pattern is dominated by the wall temperature at small needle valve opening ratios. The higher the wall temperature, the smaller the temperature drop ratio in the low-temperature region inside the micro-nozzle. The results of the study provide a reference for the design of temperature control of micro-nozzles in cold gas micro-thrusters.

Damage quantification of a metallic beam under thermo-mechanical loads using novel empirical correlations and neural network

This research examines the interactions between fracture depth and crack location on a cantilever beam’s dynamic response under thermomechanical loads. The structure’s stiffness is significantly influenced by temperature, and changes in stiffness can alter the response’s damping, frequency, and amplitude. The basis for measuring damage to an Aluminium 2024 specimen under thermomechanical loads is provided by these variations. Cantilever beams are used in experiments that are carried out at elevated temperatures, such as 50°C, 100°C, 150°C, and 200°C, as well as at room temperature (non-heating). This analysis takes into account a cantilever beam with different initial fracture depths and positions. The outcomes of the experimental, analytical, and numerical work are found to be in good accord. This research mainly fill the gaps of recent techniques for structure health monitoring of metallic structures where the coupled loads exist. Dynamic response formulation is presented experimentally on beam for the first time under thermo-mechanical loads. The dynamic parameters vary with material stiffness, thus; this change is also investigated by introducing the temperature as a key variable using a specially designed temperature controller. A novel technique is presented for damage estimation in metallic structures using the experimental data that is currently accessible which is later compared with the neural network approach. This tool helps in finding out and quantifying damagesusing dynamic response, temperature along withfinding of subsurface cracks. The results establisha clearway of diagnosing the crack growth at any particular instant under thermo-mechanical loads within the operational condition.

Investigating the impact of indoor environmental quality and internal design on students' satisfaction in Tehran and North Cyprus dormitories

PurposeThis study was conducted to investigate the impact of indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and internal design on the performance of students in university dormitories in Tehran and North Cyprus.Design/methodology/approachUsing a survey questionnaire, 298 students living in student dormitories in Tehran and North Cyprus were surveyed for data collection.FindingsResearch has shown that the academic performance and well-being of students are heavily impacted by factors related to IEQ and internal design. The study conducted in Tehran and North Cyprus has identified the most effective components of IEQ and internal design for student dormitories. The study suggests that proper ventilation, furniture design, temperature control and lighting design are key factors that significantly affect IEQ and internal design. Control and lighting design are key factors that significantly affect IEQ and internal design.Originality/valueOriginality: The study utilizes a comparative study designed to analyze the differences and similarities between the two locations.

Experimental and numerical study on temperature control performance of phase change material heat sink

With the increasing power consumption of electronic products, the rising temperature leads to the deterioration of working environment and the reduction of service life. In order to control the temperature rise of electronic products, in this paper, the heat sinks with phase change material (PCM) and honeycomb metal were designed. And their performance was compared with that of the original heat sink (without PCM and honeycomb metal) then studied under various working conditions. Paraffin (n-eicosane) and prepared low melting point alloy were filled into the heat sink with honeycomb metal. The temperature control performance of heat sink was tested experimentally under different heating power. A two-dimensional heat transfer mathematical model of honeycomb metal PCM heat sink was established and solved numerically. The numerical results were compared with experimental data to verify the mathematical model. The results demonstrate that PCM heat sinks effectively controls the temperature of electronic devices and the low melting point alloy makes heat sink better performance than paraffin. Honeycomb metal further decreases the temperature of the paraffin heat sink by up to 3.6 °C, and extends the effective working time of the alloy heat sink by 14 %. The performance of the low melting point honeycomb metal heat sink is superior to that of the paraffin honeycomb metal heat sink at high heating power, and is close to the latter at low heating power. The effective working time of PCM honeycomb metal heat sink is significantly extended when the PCM melting point is close to the limit temperature, especially at high heating power and for the PCM with low thermal conductivity. This study provides valuable reference for temperature control design of electronic products.

Metal hydride reactor for output temperature control

Precise temperature control of fuel cell stacks is crucial to avoid degradation mechanisms and thus to extend lifetime. The present study demonstrates that metal hydride based modules can assist in controlling this temperature by serving as active thermal energy storage. The reversible reaction of metals with hydrogen is characterized by a temperature pressure correlation. Therefore, the temperature as well as the thermal power at which the thermal energy is released can be defined by the gas pressure. This enables the design of temperature controllers using the pressure as actuating variable on the metal hydride device. In this study, an existing metal hydride reactor based on LaNi4.85Al0.15 is integrated into a hydrogen and cooling fluid testing infrastructure. Based on experiments indicating the step response behaviour, the parameters for a 0D model have been identified. A PI controller was designed based on simulations and implemented on the test rig hardware. First experimental results show that it is possible to stabilize the temperature of the cooling fluid circuit to 70°C ± 1.5 K while a thermal power of +755 W/kgMH and 140 W/kgMH is provided for absorption and desorption, respectively.

Modulation Engineering of Electromagnetic Wave Absorption Performance of Layered Double Hydroxides Derived Hollow Metal Carbides Integrating Corrosion Protection.

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with unique layered structure and atomic composition are limited in the field of electromagnetic wave absorption (EMA) due to their poor electrical conductivity and lack of dielectric properties. In this study, the EMA performance and anticorrosion of hollow derived LDH composites are improved by temperature control and composition design using ZIF-8 as a sacrifice template. Diverse regulation modes result in different mechanisms for EMA. In the temperature control process, chemical reactions tune the composition of the products and construct a refined structure to optimize the LDHs conductivity loss. Additionally, the different phase interfaces generated by the control components optimize the impedance matching and enhance the interfacial polarization. The results show that the prepared NCZ (Ni3ZnC0.7/Co3ZnC@C) has a minimum reflection loss (RLmin ) of -58.92dB with a thickness of 2.4mm and a maximum effective absorption bandwidth (EABmax ) of 7.36GHz with a thickness of 2.4mm. Finally, due to its special structure and composition, the sample exhibits excellent anticorrosion properties. This work offers essential knowledge for designing engineering materials derived from metal organic framework (MOF) with cutting-edge components and nanostructures.

A review on active heating for high performance cold-proof clothing

PurposeThe present study provides a comprehensive review of the advancements in five active heating modes for cold-proof clothing as of 2021. It aims to evaluate the current state of research for each heating mode and identify their limitations. Further, the study provides insights into the optimization of intelligent temperature control algorithms and design considerations for intelligent cold-proof clothing.Design/methodology/approachThis article presents a classification of active heating systems based on five different heating principles: electric heating system, solar heating system, phase-change material (PCM) heating system, chemical heating system and fluid/air heating system. The systems are analyzed and evaluated in terms of heating principle, research advancement, scientific challenges and application potential in the field of cold-proof clothing.FindingsThe rational utilization of active heating modes enhances the thermal efficiency of cold-proof clothing, resulting in enhanced cold-resistance and reduced volume and weight. Despite progress in the development of the five prevalent heating modes, particularly with regard to the improvement and advancement of heating materials, the current integration of heating systems with cold-proof clothing is limited to the torso and limbs, lacking consideration of the thermal physiological requirements of the human body. Additionally, the heating modes of each system tend to be uniform and lack differentiation to meet the varying cold protection needs of various body parts.Research limitations/implicationsThe effective application of multiple heating modes helps the human body to maintain a constant body temperature and thermal equilibrium in a cold environment. The research of heating mode is the basis for realizing the temperature control of cold-proof clothing and provides an effective guarantee for the future development of the intelligent algorithms for temperature control of non-uniform heating of body segments.Practical implicationsThe integration of multiple heating modes ensures the maintenance of a constant body temperature and thermal balance for the wearer in cold environments. The research of heating modes forms the foundation for the temperature regulation of cold-proof clothing and lays the groundwork for the development of intelligent algorithms for non-uniform heating control of different body segments.Originality/valueThe present article systematically reviews five active heating modes suitable for use in cold-proof clothing and offers guidance for the selection of heating systems in future smart cold-proof clothing. Furthermore, the findings of this research provide a basis for future research on non-uniform heating modes that are aligned with the thermal physiological needs of the human body, thus contributing to the development of cold-proof clothing that is better suited to meet the thermal needs of the human body.

Predictive temperature control design for reaction calorimeter based on mechanism parameter model.

Isothermal control is the most basic and crucial function in the principle of a reaction calorimeter system and affects the speed and validity of the calorimetric experiment. However, the complex and uncertain working conditions in different reaction processes pose a challenge to the adaptability of temperature control algorithms. Aiming at the problem, a heat transfer model of the system is first established for temperature control design. From the simulation results, a prediction model based on equivalent mechanism parameters is determined for the control. Then, an integrated model predictive control (MPC) strategy is presented. To reduce the influence on the temperature control caused by the mismatch of the prediction model, a set of online parameter identification and adjustment methods is proposed. Simulations of the MPC control were implemented to analyze the control's performance. Experiments were also carried out to verify the advantages of the proposed strategy over the proportional-integral-derivative algorithm and demonstrate the role and efficiency of online identification. This control strategy can be applied to other laboratory-scale instruments with tank reactors.

Design and Experimental Investigation of Temperature Control for a 10 kW SOFC System Based on an Artificial Neuronal Network

For a future carbon-neutral energy economy, fuel cells play an important role due their high efficiency. Especially the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) with demonstrated efficiencies beyond 60 % 1 can contribute to reasonable roundtrip efficiencies for hydrogen and e-fuels 2.To match the fluctuating electricity demand in a future electricity grid, dominated by renewable energy sources like wind and photovoltaic, dynamic operation of fuel cells is required. The research has shown that the degradation und therefore the lifespan of Solid Oxide Cell (SOC) stacks shows a significant dependency on the operating conditions and dynamic load changes 3. However, some research suggests that the degradation is not caused by the load changes itself but spatial temperature gradients during load changes 4–6.Therefore, controlling the temperature gradients in the stack during load changes can have a significant impact on the lifespan of SOC stacks. This is typically more dramatically for stacks with larger cell sizes or multiple cells per layer. Furthermore, a tight temperature control allows for running the stack at maximum efficiency without the risk of stack damage due to exceeding temperature limits.In this work the authors designed and experimentally evaluated different controller topologies for fuel cell operation (SOFC) of a reversible solid oxide cell (rSOC) system described previously 7. The controller design incorporates an artificial neuronal network (ANN) for real time state predictions. The training data for the ANN was generated by a dynamic model of this system. This model is implemented in Matlab Simulink and was validated against experimental data. The generated training data consists of about 1,000 simulated days of dynamic system operation with a sample interval of 10 s. Additionally, data for 16,000 different steady state operating conditions of the system were generated.One focus of this work is the robustness of the controller under real world conditions despite inaccuracies of the underlying model and SOC degradation effects over time. To compensate the aging of the stack, the ANN is trained on variable degradation states. The degradation state is then tracked by the controller during operation to maintain an accurate prediction. First system experiments showed promising results in this respect (Fig. 1).Fig 1. Maximum temperature (red) and its setpoint (red, dashed) as well as 8 other temperatures distributed over the stack (black) in response to a given current density profile (green) and the air flow (blue) set by the controller AcknowledgmentsThe authors would like to thank their colleagues at the Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, who helped realize this work, and the Helmholtz Society for financing these activities as part of the Living Lab Energy Campus. References(1) Peters, Ro.; Frank, M.; Tiedemann, W.; Hoven, I.; Deja, R.; Kruse, N.; Fang, Q.; Blum, L.; Peters, R. Long-Term Experience with a 5/15kW-Class Reversible Solid Oxide Cell System. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2021, 168 (1), 014508. https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abdc79.(2) Heydarzadeh, Z.; McVay, D.; Flores, R.; Thai, C.; Brouwer, J. Dynamic Modeling of California Grid-Scale Hydrogen Energy Storage. ECS Trans. 2018, 86 (13), 245–258. https://doi.org/10.1149/08613.0245ecst.(3) Kim, Y.-D.; Lee, J.-I.; Saqib, M.; Park, K.-Y.; Hong, J.; Yoon, K. J.; Lee, I.; Park, J.-Y. Degradation of Anode-Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells under Load Trip and Cycle Conditions and Their Degradation Prevention Operating Logic. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2018, 165 (9), F728–F735. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1391809jes.(4) Hagen, A.; Høgh, J. V. T.; Barfod, R. Accelerated Testing of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stacks for Micro Combined Heat and Power Application. Journal of Power Sources 2015, 300, 223–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.09.054.(5) Nakajo, A.; Wuillemin, Z.; Van herle, J.; Favrat, D. Simulation of Thermal Stresses in Anode-Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stacks. Part I: Probability of Failure of the Cells. Journal of Power Sources 2009, 193 (1), 203–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.12.050.(6) Jiang, W.; Luo, Y.; Zhang, W.; Woo, W.; Tu, S. T. Effect of Temperature Fluctuation on Creep and Failure Probability for Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell. Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 2015, 12 (5), 051004. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4031697.(7) Peters, R.; Tiedemann, W.; Hoven, I.; Deja, R.; Kruse, N.; Fang, Q.; Blum, L.; Peters, R. Development of a 10/40kW-Class Reversible Solid Oxide Cell System at Forschungszentrum Jülich. ECS Trans. 2021, 103 (1), 289–297. https://doi.org/10.1149/10301.0289ecst. Figure 1

Studi Perancangan Instalasi Penerangan dan Pengkondisi Suhu Ruangan Pada Gedung Bertingkat Las Mesin

Lighting is one of the most important requirements of a building. This is because inadequate lighting of a space can affect the health and comfort of activities in that space. In addition to less important lighting, room temperature adjustments, room temperature adjustments have a significant impact on comfort during activities in the room. This magazine describes the lighting and room temperature control design of the CilacapState Polytechnic Welder Shop. The method used in this study is a quantitative method. This method calculates the required lighting and room temperature control and compares it with the standards. 2 rooms increase the number of light points and 3 rooms change the type of lamp with a higher lumen. There are 8 rooms that are recommended to use air conditioners with SNI 91714189. According to the SNI, the number of air conditioners and the capacity of air conditioners adjusts to the size of the room.

Design and transient temperature control performance analysis of a novel hybrid PCM-based heat sink

This paper reported a novel hybrid PCM-based heat sink that combines the active flow channel, passive natural convection, and PCM latent heat absorption to maintain the temperature control performance while electronic devices are subjected to the transient pulsed heat flux shock. Moreover, the effects of the channel's flow characteristics, flow channel height, and heat flux on the heat dissipation and temperature management features are analyzed numerically. In addition to the thermal characteristics, the energy consumption efficiency of the hybrid system is also discussed. The results demonstrate that the effective temperature control performance of the passive PCM-based heat sink increases with the rise of impact heat flux until it is <8 W·cm−2, and the temperature control efficiency can reach 47.6 % compared with the passive heat sink without PCM. Adopting the active flow channel performs excellently in temperature control management as ultra-high heat flux is applied; meanwhile, the pumping power should be considered. The novel hybrid PCM-based heat sink designed in this work with Hc = Hf/15 and Re = 150 excelled over the traditional pure channel heat sink with Hc = 5Hf/15 and Re = 2250. Moreover, the temperature control performance and energy-saving effect were both improved after optimization, and the energy-saving rate reached approximately 83.3 %.

Design and Experimental Investigation of Temperature Control for a 10 kW SOFC System Based on an Artificial Neuronal Network

In this work the authors designed and experimentally evaluated different controller topologies for fuel cell operation (SOFC) of a reversible solid oxide cell (rSOC) system. Aim of the controller is to operate the SOFC system autonomously at a constant maximum temperature for maximum efficiency. The controller design incorporates an artificial neuronal network (ANN) for real time state predictions. The training data for the ANN was generated by a Digital Twin of this system. The generated training data consists of about 16,000 different steady state operating conditions.

Discontinuous Control Analysis and Design for Temperature Control of Thermal System

Temperature control system is a widely applied process since temperature plays a major role in our life starting from room temperature conditioning to various industrial and medical applications. In this paper, a control algorithm is proposed for controlling the temperature of a certain process. Analysis is performed to verify the feasibility of the proposed control algorithm. A simulation is performed using MATLAB software to show the performance of the proposed control algorithm and a practical implementation is performed using Arduino to investigate the validity of the analysis. The results show the ability of the proposed controller to achieve the desired results which confirms the validity of the proposed controller and mathematical analysis. Index Terms— temperature control system, discontinuous control, stability analysis.