Temperature Control Mechanism Research Articles

A Mesoscopic Approach for the Numerical Simulation of a Mass Concrete Structure Construction Using Post-Cooling Systems

This study introduces an innovative numerical approach to simulate the construction of large concrete structures incorporating post-cooling systems employing the finite element method (FEM). The proposed methodology integrates critical construction parameters, including temperature control mechanisms, while accounting for concrete hydration and environmental conditions. Compared to traditional discrete models, this approach provides similar accuracy with substantially reduced computational costs, enhancing predictive capabilities in the thermal analysis of mass concrete. The method was applied to simulate the construction of a water intake pillar at the Tocoma hydroelectric plant in Venezuela, where the simulated results closely matched in situ temperature measurements. The findings highlight the method’s efficiency and accuracy in simulating post-cooling systems, offering a practical solution for improving the safety and cost-effectiveness in large-scale concrete construction projects.

Implementation of Rapid Nucleic Acid Amplification Based on the Super Large Thermoelectric Cooler Rapid Temperature Rise and Fall Heating Module.

In the rapid development of molecular biology, nucleic acid amplification detection technology has received more and more attention. The traditional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) instrument has poor refrigeration performance during its transition from a high temperature to a low temperature in the temperature cycle, resulting in a longer PCR amplification cycle. Peltier element equipped with both heating and cooling functions was used, while the robust adaptive fuzzy proportional integral derivative (PID) algorithm was also utilized as the fundamental temperature control mechanism. The heating and cooling functions were switched through the state machine mode, and the PCR temperature control module was designed to achieve rapid temperature change. Cycle temperature test results showed that the fuzzy PID control algorithm was used to accurately control the temperature and achieve rapid temperature rise and fall (average rising speed = 11 °C/s, average falling speed = 8 °C/s) while preventing temperature overcharging, maintaining temperature stability, and achieving ultra-fast PCR amplification processes (45 temperature cycle time < 19 min). The quantitative results show that different amounts of fluorescence signals can be observed according to the different concentrations of added viral particles, and an analytical detection limit (LoD) as low as 10 copies per μL can be achieved with no false positive in the negative control. The results show that the TEC amplification of nucleic acid has a high detection rate, sensitivity, and stability. This study intended to solve the problem where the existing thermal cycle temperature control technology finds it difficult to meet various new development requirements, such as the rapid, efficient, and miniaturization of PCR.

An&lt;em&gt; in-vitro&lt;/em&gt; gastric digestion model with peristalsis function for the analysis of the food gastric digestion

In vitro models of the human stomach offer a robust platform to explore the physicochemical processes during gastric digestion. In Sri Lanka, limited research has been conducted on the digestion behavior of diverse food structures using in vitro digestion models. This study aims to create a custom-built in vitro gastric digestion model, specifically designed for Sri Lankan laboratories to analyze food digestion in a simulated stomach environment. The physical model comprises a butyl rubber chamber simulating the stomach, 4 nylon rollers with 2 rubber belts, driven by geared motors, and 6 nylon pulleys, creating continuous contractions of the rubber chamber. The model simulates the peristaltic movements of the stomach wall, with contraction waves occurring at a frequency of approximately 3 cycles per minute, mimicking in vivo peristaltic movement. Gastric sieving, secretion, emptying, and temperature control mechanisms are employed to recreate dynamic gastrointestinal conditions. A polyester mesh bag with a pore size of 1.5 mm replicates the gastric sieving function, while manual gastric emptying is performed. Gastric juice is secreted into the chamber at a rate of 2.5 mL/min using a programmed peristaltic pump, and an automated temperature control system maintains the ambient temperature at 37 °C. In conclusion, this developed gastric device serves as an effective tool for studying the gastric digestion of various food structures within a simulated stomach environment.

Synergistic effects of a swirl generator and MXene/water nanofluids used in a heat exchanger pipe of a negative CO2 emission gas power plant

The focus on optimizing heat exchangers contributes to improved temperature control mechanisms, ensuring the sustainable operation of innovative power plants working toward negative CO2 emissions. In the realm of oxy-combustion within Negative CO2 Emission Power Plants (nCO2PP), the temperature of combustion products surpasses 3000 ( K ) . Addressing this challenge, the imperative arises to reduce these elevated temperatures to a manageable 1100 ( ° C ) . This critical cooling process is achieved through the injection of water, facilitated by the implementation of heat exchangers. The study delves into the optimization of heat transfer within the heat exchanger pipe, specifically tailored for the context of a nCO2PP. Employing a numerical simulation, the investigation explores the impact of vortex generator geometry, vane angles, single and dual propeller-type swirl generators, and the integration of a novel class of fluid, MXene/water nanofluid. Initially, the study scrutinizes propeller-type geometry at vane angles spanning from 15° to 60°. The enhanced swirl flow associated with lower vane angles leads to improved fluid mixing, fostering more effective heat transfer. Results showed that the 15-degree vane angle, with a wider circumferential coverage, may result in increased wall contact, influencing heat transfer efficiency. Subsequently, at Re = 6000, incremental rates of the Nusselt number ( Nu n − Nu s Nu s %), for θ = 15°, 30°, 45°, and 60° are 175.1, 108.8, 90.7, and 40.3%, respectively. Also, the increment rates of Friction Factor ( f n f s ) for aforementioned vane angle are 38.48, 9.26, 4.08, and 2.42%, respectively. In addition, for ∅ MXene = 0.5 % , the Nusselt number experiences considerable increments of 22.94, 24.17, 24.70, and 24.707% at Reynolds numbers of 6000, 12,000, 18,000, and 24,000, respectively, compared to pure water, emphasizing the potential of MXene to enhance heat transfer efficiency.

Integrated gypsum composite material for energy storage and thermal insulation: Assessment of mechanical performance, thermal properties and environmental impact

The development of gypsum-based construction materials with energy storage and thermal insulation functions is crucial for regulating indoor temperatures, reducing building energy consumption, and mitigating CO2 emissions. In this study, graphene and expanded vermiculite (EV) were used as paraffin carriers to prepare a novel dual-carrier composite energy storage material called P/G-EV, which was developed through ultrasound, a constant-temperature water bath, and vacuum adsorption. In addition, a novel energy storage–thermal insulation integrated–gypsum (ESTIIG) composite material was developed using P/G-EV as the energy storage layer (ESL) and EV as the thermal insulation layer (TIL) compounded with phosphorus building gypsum. The thermal properties, mechanics, apparent density, temperature control performance in a real environment and environmental impact of ESTIIG were evaluated, and the temperature control mechanism was analyzed. The results reveal superior thermal stability and thermal conductivity of the P/G-EV carrier.P/G-EV overcomes the low thermal conductivity and leakage problems associated with paraffin, exhibiting a phase change temperature and latent heat of 21.7 °C and 101 J/g, respectively, during the heat absorption stage. In ESTIIG, P/G-EV and EV are compounded with phosphorus building gypsum to form an ESL and a TIL. The overall mechanical performance of ESTIIG meets the requirements of construction applications. Among the variants of ESTIIG, ESTIIG-1, with an ESL/TIL thickness ratio of 3:1, exhibits the best real-world temperature control performance and environmental benefits, providing a more stable and comfortable indoor temperature. Furthermore, this study provides data and theoretical references for the design of ESTIIG through real-world temperature control monitoring and analysis of the temperature control mechanism.

Role of solvent composition and sintering time on the porosity of α‐alumina monoliths produced by freeze casting

AbstractThe present study reports the investigation of the influence of naphthalene–camphor binary solvent and the densification process on the pore structure formation of α‐alumina monoliths using the freeze‐casting technique with a freezing temperature control mechanism. Freeze‐casting technique allowed a controlled production of monoliths with high porosity (65%–70%) and distinct pore morphologies based on the adjustment of solvent composition (hypoeutectic, eutectic, and hypereutectic) and sintering time. In general, the longer the sintering time, the greater the average pore diameter (8–10 µm), the larger the grain size (∼319–596 nm), the higher the material density (∼1450–1650 kg/m3), the lower the open porosity (∼60%–49%), the higher the closed porosity (5%–18%), and the greater the compressive strength of the monoliths (hypoeutectic: 23.56 MPa; eutectic: 4.81 MPa; hypereutectic: 23.49 MPa). The study also reveals that the solvent composition directly influenced the alignment of the pore structure, as the pores of the final monolith resemble frozen solvent crystals. Hydraulic tortuosity varied from 1.30 to 1.53 for selected samples. Finally, solvent composition and sintering time proved to be important parameters that should be considered in the manufacturing process of porous ceramic structures via freeze casting.

Ultra-efficient and thermally-controlled atmospheric structure deicing strategy based on the Peltier effect

Snow and ice coverage pose significant threats to the safe and stable operation of energy equipment. To address the challenges of high power consumption and thermal damage to materials resulting from prolonged use of thermal ice melting technology, this study developed and tested a low-power, thermally controlled de-icing system. The system employs thermoelectric material as the heating element to minimize power consumption and prevent thermal damage to the substrate material. Compared to traditional thermal elements, it offers advantages such as single-sided heat production, a high thermal performance coefficient, and a rapid temperature rise rate. Investigating the effects of temperature difference and current on the heat production coefficient of the system and conducts comparative experiments on the thermal response of different heating elements in low-temperature environments. Furthermore, to further reduce power consumption and minimize unnecessary sensible heat within the ice layer, the thermal control system is designed to maintain the interface temperature between 3 and 5 ℃. This approach selectively melts the interface ice layer to form a water film, facilitating ice layer removal through gravity and centrifugal force. The de-icing energy density achieved with this method is only 10.31 J/cm2, resulting in a 32.167 % reduction in power consumption compared to continuous heating. For the flat plate heating structure, the study explores the physical mechanism of interface temperature control by establishing the relationship between temperature and current through a thermal circuit model. The calculated results closely align with experimental findings, with the maximum error not exceeding 15 %.

Temperature-insensitive cascaded micro-ring resonator silicon photoelectric sensor based on wavelength interrogation for HSA detection

Silicon-based optical biosensors have garnered significant interest since their inception. They are, however, susceptible to temperature fluctuations in a controlled environment. In order to address this issue, we provide a solution including the utilization of a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) cascaded micro-ring resonators (CMRR) biosensor that is designed to be insensitive to temperature changes. It consists of two ring resonators exposed to the reference solution and analyte, respectively, their radius and waveguide width are designed to meet the temperature-insensitivity criterion of the CMRR sensor. The results of experiments indicate that by real-time monitoring of the envelope peak drift in the transmission spectrum of the sensor, the bulk refractive index (RI) sensitivity is 2940.71 nm/RIU, the limit of detection (LOD) is 3.1×10−5 RIU, and the temperature sensitivity is less than 40 pm/℃. Furthermore, the sensor was applied for HSA detection, with a calculated LOD of 18.09 ng/mL. The effect of temperature on HSA detection is much smaller than that of a CMRR sensor without athermal design. The sensor demonstrates high sensitivity and temperature insensitivity, and the absence of negative thermo-optic coefficient materials or supplementary temperature control mechanisms simplifies its practical applications. It can be made by a large array to detect different type protein molecules for high throughput multiparameter analysis.

An integrated framework for UAV-based precision plant protection in complex terrain: the ACHAGA solution for multi-tea fields.

UAV-based plant protection represents an efficient, energy-saving agricultural technology with significant potential to enhance tea production. However, the complex terrain of hilly and mountainous tea fields, coupled with the limited endurance of UAVs, presents substantial challenges for efficient route planning. This study introduces a novel methodological framework for UAV-based precision plant protection across multiple tea fields, addressing the difficulties in planning the shortest routes and optimal flights for UAVs constrained by their endurance. The framework employs a hyperbolic genetic annealing algorithm (ACHAGA) to optimize UAV plant protection routes with the objectives of minimizing flight distance, reducing the number of turns, and enhancing route stability. The method involves two primary steps: cluster partitioning and sortie allocation for multiple tea fields based on UAV range capabilities, followed by refining the UAV's flight path using a combination of hyperbolic genetic and simulated annealing algorithms with an adaptive temperature control mechanism. Simulation experiments and UAV route validation tests confirm the effectiveness of ACHAGA. The algorithm consistently identified optimal solutions within an average of 40 iterations, demonstrating robust global search capabilities and stability. It achieved an average reduction of 45.75 iterations and 1811.93 meters in the optimal route, with lower variation coefficients and extreme deviations across repeated simulations. ACHAGA significantly outperforms these algorithms, GA, GA-ACO, AFSA and BSO, which are also heuristic search strategies, in the multi-tea field route scheduling problem, reducing the optimal routes by 4904.82 m, 926.07 m, 3803.96 m and 800.11 m, respectively. Field tests revealed that ACHAGA reduced actual flight routes by 791.9 meters and 359.6 meters compared to manual and brainstorming-based planning methods, respectively. Additionally, the algorithm reduced flight scheduling distance and the number of turns by 11 compared to manual planning. This study provides a theoretical and technical foundation for managing large-scale tea plantations in challenging landscapes and serves as a reference for UAV precision operation planning in complex environments.

Implementation of Temperature and Moisture Control Systems in the Rice Germination Process

The rice germination process determines the quality and quantity of rice produced in rice cultivation. If the rice breeding process is carried out hydroponically, it will be able to maximize the control of environmental conditions that influence it, such as temperature and Moisture. In the germination process, a temperature and Moisture control system is applied. The temperature applied is given with a temperature range of 26˚C-31˚C and Moisture above 30%. The results of designing a temperature and Moisture control system showed that germination had greener leaf shoots when compared to the results of germination without a temperature and Moisture control mechanism.

Mathematical model and adaptive simulated annealing algorithm for mixed-model assembly job-shop scheduling with lot streaming

Mixed-model assembly and lot streaming are two key technologies to improve efficiency and reduce setups in a multi-variety and small-batch discrete manufacturing environment. Yet few studies consider the two technologies in assembly job-shop scheduling problems. Thus, this paper investigates the mixed-model assembly job-shop scheduling problem with lot streaming, which contains two closely coordinated stages with differentiated production lot size: the processing stage with lot streaming and the mixed-model assembly stage with single-piece flow. To tackle this problem, a mathematical model including new constraints i.e. production sequence constraints within/among sublots, sequence-dependent setup constraints between sublots and mixed-model assembly constraints, is developed to establish the temporal and spatial links between the processing and assembly stages. Besides, an adaptive simulated annealing algorithm is proposed. In this algorithm, a sublot sequence rule considering sublot and assembly features is discovered via gene expression programming to promote the performance of initial solutions; a Q-learning-based temperature control mechanism is designed to adaptively adjust the acceptance probability of inferior solutions and accordingly avoid local optima; an adaptive selection mechanism of neighborhood operators is designed to increase the chance of finding potential solutions; an adaptive adjustment mechanism of neighborhood size is put forward to balance computing resources and the coverage of neighborhood space. Experimental results show that both the discovered rule and the adaptive mechanisms are effective, and the developed algorithm is more adapt to fix the studied problem than other state-of-the-art algorithms.

The Correlation Between the Temperature Control Effect and Thermoelectric Properties of CNTs/Mn-Zn Ferrite Composites

Mn-Zn ferrite has been widely used in cancer therapy. In this paper, CNTs/Mn-Zn ferrite composites with different CNT contents were synthesized using the co-precipitation process and then sintered into bulk materials by SPS. The nanoparticles have good heating and temperature control effects under an alternating magnetic field. Furthermore, the sintered composites have thermoelectric properties. The correlation between the temperature control mechanism and the thermoelectric properties of manganese zinc ferrite for thermotherapy is investigated.

Improving the Electro-Optical Deflection Performance of KTN Crystals Based on the Temperature Compensation Effect

The laser deflector is a crucial device used to change the direction of light beam propagation in various fields, including lithography, lidar, and scanning. In this paper, we conduct a systematic study of two KTa(1–x)NbxO3 (KTN) crystals that use different physical deflection mechanisms. We analyze their dielectric properties, entropy, domain structure, and deflection performance. We also address the drawback of the small deflection angle of the compositional gradient KTN deflector crystal by proposing a new temperature-compensated temperature control strategy to improve its deflection performance. The gradient temperature control mechanism maximizes the dielectric constant in different regions of the KTN crystals, leading to a threefold (10.67 mrad) increase in deflection angle compared to conventional uniform temperature control equipment. This optimized temperature control mechanism can significantly enhance the practical application of KTN crystals, providing a new avenue for achieving a large deflection angle beam deflector.

Preparation, thermochromic properties and temperature controlling ability of novel pellets in ultra-thin wearing course

The performance of ultra-thin wear layer (UTWC) is sensitive to solar radiation and ambient temperature fluctuation. For the purpose of boosting the durability of thermochromic materials in service life as well as improving the function of temperature controlling of asphalt mixtures, a novel pellet was prepared by ion displacement method. The temperature control mechanism for asphalt ultra-thin wear layer with pellets was also investigated. The uniaxial compression experiment and differential scanning calorimetry were deployed to investigate the mechanical strength and phase change characteristics of the pellets. The results indicate that the pellet possesses the merits of high elastic strength and strong sensitivity to ambient temperature. The incorporation of pellets can alleviate thermal fluctuation and improve the high temperature performance of UTWC but reduce its low temperature performance. The specific UTWC with pellets exhibits a maximum temperature reduction of 5.5 °C. The incorporating of pellets in asphalt mixture provides the characteristics of phase change function, alters the thermal properties, thus possess the ability to control temperature of UTWC well.

A Smart Photothermal Nanosystem with an Intrinsic Temperature-Control Mechanism for Thermostatic Treatment of Bacterial Infections.

Photothermal therapy (PTT) has attracted extensive attention in disease treatments. However, conventional photothermal systems do not possess a temperature-control mechanism, which poses a serious risk to healthy tissues and/or organs due to inevitable thermal damage. Herein, a smart photothermal nanosystem with an intrinsic temperature-control mechanism for thermostatic treatment of bacterial infections is reported. The smart photothermal nanosystem is constructed by loading a thermochromic material into a hollow-structured silica nanocarrier, in which the thermochromic material is composed of naturally occurring phase-change materials (PCMs), a proton-responsive spirolactone, and a proton source. The resulting nanosystem shows strong near-infrared (NIR) absorption and efficient photothermal conversion in solid PCMs but becomes NIR-transparent when PCMs are melted upon NIR irradiation. Such an attractive feature can precisely regulate the photothermal equilibrium temperature to the melting point of PCMs, regardless of the variation in external experimental parameters. In contrast to conventional PTT with severe thermal damage, the reported smart photothermal nanosystem provides an internal protection mechanism on healthy tissues and/or organs, which remarkably accelerates the recovery of bacteria-infected wounds. The smart photothermal nanosystem is a versatile PTT platform, holding great promise in the safe and efficient treatment of bacterial infections and multimodality synergistic therapy.

Intelligent Distributed Temperature and Humidity Control Mechanism for Uniformity and Precision in the Indoor Environment

The temperature and relative humidity (hereafter called humidity) in the indoor environment is closely related to the operation of its control system. The centralized control system, which has identical air inlets not only leads to uneven indoor temperatures and humidity but also highly controlled latency when interference occurs. To address this challenge and improve the precision and uniformity of temperatures and humidity in the indoor environment, we propose a distributed temperature and humidity control (DTHC) framework based on deep reinforcement learning (DRL). In this work, we use a constant temperature and humidity air-conditioning (CTHA) system for a museum as a case study to validate the optimization performance of the proposed controller. The state–action space, reward function, and DRL network structure are proposed. The air flow rate of multiple air inlets of CTHA is adjusted according to the feedback from the distributed temperature and humidity sensors. We develop a DRL-based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) experiment platform to evaluate the proposed mechanism. The experiment results show that our approach can improve the precision and uniformity of the temperature and humidity while enhancing the anti-interference capability of the control system. The adjustment time and energy consumed to reach the desired indoor air temperatures and humidity are reduced compared with rule-based methods.

165 Environmental Concerns Identified Through an Anonymous Online Survey

Abstract Equine farms, typically, build either stables or barns for the horses to live in and additional facilities to train and work horses (Kidd, Winchell, &amp; Burwash, 1997). Often these training facilities also include indoor riding arenas to ensure continuums in training programs. As the equine industry contributes a total of $122 billion dollars a year to the United States’ economy, it is important to research the farms and facilities that are built and used (American Horse Council Foundation, 2018). 71% of the 335 respondents of an anonymous online survey conducted in the summer of 2018 reported having environmental concerns in the indoor arenas they rode and trained in. The main environmental concerns were dust, moisture, and air movement, though light and temperature were also noted concerns. Analysis was conducted to examine the association of the environmental concerns with different aspect of the indoor arenas such as footing types, attachment to barn, presence of windows and wall openings, and temperature control mechanisms in the facility. A notable trend towards significance is the concern with air movement decreased with the presence of fans and temperature control mechanisms (p&amp;lt; 0.10), while significant associations between lighting concerns were impacted by the presence or absence of translucent panels (p&amp;lt; 0.05) and the number of lights in the indoor arena also impacted whether lighting was a concern (p&amp;lt; 0.05). Overall, dust was always a concern no matter the circumstances. As environmental concerns were expressed by the majority of respondents, it’s important to identify potential reasons for the issues and then work to mitigate the concerns. This involves more targeted research in the future, assessment of mitigation tactics, and resources to design and build indoor arenas and facilities in ways that minimize environmental issues.

An extended IEEE 802.15.6 for thermal-aware resource management

To prevent the critical damage to human tissue by the high temperature on an implanted or wearable node, various temperature-aware routing protocols have been proposed in wireless body area networks (WBAN). However, routing-based approaches cannot provide a flexible trade-off between temperature increase and quality-of-service (QoS) degradation because their mechanisms have some potential problems owing to a lack of compatibility with the MAC layer. To address this problem, in this study, we aim to jointly satisfy the temperature constraints and QoS requirements by dynamically managing the available resources at the MAC layer. For this, we use the resource management functions specified in the IEEE 802.15.6 standard. Specifically, we define new upper-layer components and service primitives to control the body temperature in an adaptive manner. In addition, we divide the MAC layer into two sublayers and define the interaction model between the upper-layer components and the MAC sublayers. Under this layered approach, we propose two types of feasible temperature control mechanisms, i.e., decentralized and centralized, to suppress the temperature increase and guarantee the QoS of the critical data. The simulation results when considering a practical network environment prove that, based on the highest-priority node, our approach can achieve an approximately 3.4% higher temperature increase ratio, 9.7% throughput, 19% power consumption ratio, and 12.2% shorter delay compared with a conventional approach.

Development of an Electronically Managed Storage and Dispenser Unit

It is essential to properly receive, store, pack, handle and ship electronics and semiconductor materials. However, small electronic stores and owners don’t have enough knowledge to handle these materials properly. This procedure often causes material damage and can go undetected. Electronically Managed Storage and Dispenser Unit provides convenience and ease in locating and securing semiconductor components. It aims to provide security and proper storage system intended for semiconductors and electronics. It was programmed with a microcontroller coordinated with Graphic User Interface (GUI). The system has a built-in humidity and temperature control mechanism, proper material for protection against Electro-static discharge (ESD) and an adequate ventilation system. It was evaluated by electronic store owners and proved to have an accuracy of 100%, timeliness of three seconds, which is 12 times faster than newly hired staff and five times compared to trained staff in locating the components, and a temperature between 26.39°C to 27.65°C inside each compartment. Overall, the system advances the manual method of deploying and storing components safely, efficiently, and effectively.

Cell-autonomous control of intracellular temperature by unsaturation of phospholipid acyl chains.

Intracellular temperature affects a wide range of cellular functions in living organisms. However, it remains unclear whether temperature in individual animal cells is controlled autonomously as a response to fluctuations in environmental temperature. Using two distinct intracellular thermometers, we find that the intracellular temperature of steady-state Drosophila S2 cells is maintained in a manner dependent on Δ9-fatty acid desaturase DESAT1, which introduces a double bond at the Δ9 position of the acyl moiety of acyl-CoA. The DESAT1-mediated increase of intracellular temperature is caused by the enhancement of F1Fo-ATPase-dependent mitochondrial respiration, which is coupled with thermogenesis. We also reveal that F1Fo-ATPase-dependent mitochondrial respiration is potentiated by cold exposure through the remodeling of mitochondrial cristae structures via DESAT1-dependent unsaturation of mitochondrial phospholipid acyl chains. Based on these findings, we propose a cell-autonomous mechanism for intracellular temperature control during environmental temperature changes.