Temperate Sand Research Articles

Effects of temperature on seed dormancy and germination of the coastal dune plant Viola grayi: germination phenology and responses to winter warming.

In temperate sand dunes, rising air temperature from climate change could not only further elevate surface soil temperatures during summers, but also drastically change the range of soil temperatures in other seasons. Winter warming may shift the timing of seed germination of dune species that require cold stratification for dormancy release. We assessed the effects of temperature on dormancy and germination of Viola grayi seeds and evaluated whether winter warming could affect its germination phenology by conducting germination experiments and analyzing soil temperature data in cold and warm winters. Viola grayi seeds were dormant when dispersed in spring. One-month moist-chilling treatment (4°C) effectively released dormancy, while short, intermittent lower temperatures (alternating 20°/5°C) did not. Continuous higher temperatures induced secondary dormancy in nondormant seeds. During a cold, snowy winter, the surface soil temperatures of the sand dune remained at 0°-2°C for approximately 1 month owing to the accumulated snow, while the period of such stable low soil temperatures was much shorter during a warm, less-snowy winter, and the highest soil temperature reached 20°-25°C. These results suggest that dispersed seeds germinate in the following spring after winter chilling, but they may remain dormant after warm winters. With winter warming, seed dormancy of V. grayi seeds could be prolonged and the associated germination delayed. Assessing the minimum requirements for dormancy release and the potential to form persistent soil seed banks is important for judging the necessity and urgency of conservation efforts for temperate dune species.

EARLY METAL AGE POTTERY FROM FATU AKI ANIK KNUA, TIMOR-LESTE AND THE APPEARANCE OF CERAMICS IN THE WALLACEAN ISLANDS SUPPLEMENTARY FILE 1: FAAK CAVE CATALOGUE

This catalogue presents descriptions on 16 diagnostic shards: rims (11), decorated rims (3), and decorated body shards (2) from the Faak Cave.

EARLY METAL AGE POTTERY FROM FATU AKI ANIK KNUA, TIMOR-LESTE AND THE APPEARANCE OF CERAMICS IN THE WALLACEAN ISLANDS SUPPLEMENTARY FILE 5: FAAK THIN SECTIONS CATALOGUE

This catalogue presents a record of the preliminary petrographic analysis of 21 thin section samples from the Faak Cave and Faak Open Site. It also includes an unpublished report by Dickinson (2011) that has been referred to in the main text: Summary Petrographic Evaluation of Temper Sands in Protohistoric Sherds from East Timor.

Behavioural lateralization and shoaling cohesion of fish larvae altered under ocean acidification

Recent studies have shown that the behaviour and development of coral reef fish larvae is hampered by projected future CO2 levels. However, it is uncertain to what extent this effect also occurs in temperate species. The effects that elevated pCO2 (~2000 µatm) levels, which are expected to occur in coastal upwelling regions in the future, have on shoaling behaviour and lateralization (turning preference) of fish, were tested in temperate sand smelt Atherina presbyter larvae. The hypothesis that behavioural changes are caused by interference of high CO2 with GABA-A receptor function was tested by treating larvae with a receptor antagonist (gabazine). Routine swimming speed did not differ between control and high pCO2, but exposure to high pCO2 for 7 days affected group cohesion, which presented a more random distribution when compared to control fish. However, this random distribution was reversed after 21 days of exposure to high CO2 conditions. Lateralization at the individual level decreased in fish exposed to high pCO2 for 7 and 21 days, but gabazine reversed this decline. This adds to the growing body of evidence that the effects of a more acidified environment on fish larvae behaviour are likely due to altered function of GABA-A receptors. Overall, our results suggest that future pCO2 levels likely to occur in temperate coastal ecosystems could have an adverse effect on temperate larval fish behaviour.

Petrography of Temper Sands in 112 Reconstructed Lapita Pottery Vessels from Teouma (Efate): Archaeological Implications and Relations to Other Vanuatu Tempers

The remarkable cache of intact and reconstructed Lapita pottery vessels excavated from the Teouma site near the south coast of Efate in Vanuatu has made possible a petrographic temper analysis for which each sherd thin section is known without doubt to derive from a different single pot. Such positive vessel-by-vessel control for the specific provenience of each sherd has not been possible during petrographic study of any other collections of prehistoric potsherds from Pacific Oceania. Our study shows that 100 of 112 Teouma vessels were made using indigenous Efate temper sands of several kinds, but that three of the vessels derive from elsewhere in Vanuatu and nine derive from New Caledonia ~500 km away to the southwest. Petrographic comparison of the Teouma temper sands with tempers in 430 Lapita and post-Lapita sherds from elsewhere in Vanuatu and the geologically related eastern outliers of the Solomon Islands at the northern end of the New Hebrides island arc defines a discrete number of generic temper provinces identified geographically as a guide for future analysis of Vanuatu tempers. Where adequate age control for ceramics is available, no generic distinctions can be drawn between tempers in Lapita and post-Lapita wares from each temper province.

Community Assembly of Biological Soil Crusts of Different Successional Stages in a Temperate Sand Ecosystem, as Assessed by Direct Determination and Enrichment Techniques

In temperate regions, biological soil crusts (BSCs: complex communities of cyanobacteria, eukaryotic algae, bryophytes, and lichens) are not well investigated regarding community structure and diversity. Furthermore, studies on succession are rare. For that reason, the community assembly of crusts representing two successional stages (initial, 5 years old; and stable, >20 years old) were analyzed in an inland sand ecosystem in Germany in a plot-based approach (2 x 18 plots, each 20 x 20 cm). Two different methods were used to record the cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae in these communities comprehensively: determination directly out of the soil and enrichment culture techniques. Additionally, lichens, bryophytes, and phanerogams were determined. We examine four hypotheses: (1) A combination of direct determination and enrichment culture technique is necessary to detect cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae comprehensively. In total, 45 species of cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae were detected in the study area with both techniques, including 26 eukaryotic algae and 19 cyanobacteria species. With both determination techniques, 22 identical taxa were detected (11 eukaryotic algae and 11 cyanobacteria). Thirteen taxa were only found by direct determination, and ten taxa were only found in enrichment cultures. Hence, the hypothesis is supported. Additionally, five lichen species (three genera), five bryophyte species (five genera), and 24 vascular plant species occurred. (2) There is a clear difference between the floristic structure of initial and stable crusts. The different successional stages are clearly separated by detrended correspondence analysis, showing a distinct structure of the community assembly in each stage. In the initial crusts, Klebsormidium flaccidum, Klebsormidium cf. klebsii, and Stichococcus bacillaris were important indicator species, whereas the stable crusts are especially characterized by Tortella inclinata. (3) The biodiversity of BSC taxa and vascular plant species increases from initial to stable BSCs. There are significantly higher genera and species numbers of cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae in initial BSCs. Stable BSCs are characterized by significantly higher species numbers of bryophytes and vascular plant species. The results show that, in the investigated temperate region, the often-assumed increase of biodiversity in the course of succession is clearly taxa-dependent. Both successional stages of BSCs are diversity "hot spots" with about 29 species of all taxa per 20 x 20 cm plot. (4) Nitrogen and chlorophyll a concentrations increase in the course of succession. The chlorophyll a content of the crusts (cyanobacteria, eukaryotic algae, bryophyte protonemata) is highly variable across the studied samples, with no significant differences between initial and stable BSCs; nor were ecologically significant differences in soil nutrient contents observed. According to our results, we cannot confirm this hypothesis; the age difference between our two stages is probably not big enough to show such an increase.

Sexual size dimorphism, diet, and reproductive biology of the Afro-Asian Sand Snake, Psammophis schokari (Psammophiidae)

AbstractWe measured and dissected 226 museum specimens of Psammophis schokari (Schokari Sand Snake), a widespread, common “whipsnake” occurring in North Africa and southwest Asia. Three aspects of its ecology were investigated: sexual size dimorphism (SSD), diet, and reproductive biology. There was no significant SSD in mean body size or shape for the traits measured. The species is an opportunistic feeder, but preys predominately on lizards. Males and females exhibit their highest levels of sexual activity in synchrony and exhibit prenuptial spermiogenesis and a Type 1 vitellogenic cycle, respectively. Mating occurs at the end of the rainy season and clutch sizes are small. These findings from a Northern Hemisphere temperate sand snake are consistent with previous results for both tropical and south temperate Psammophis. These traits thus appear to be highly conserved within the genus and also exhibit convergence with respect to unrelated colubroid “whipsnakes”.

Larvae of the sand stargazer Sindoscopus australis and notes on the development of Dactyloscopidae (Perciformes: Blennioidei)

Pre- and post-flexion larvae of the temperate sand stargazer Sindoscopus australis (Dactyloscopidae, Blennioidei) in the size range of 4.4 to 16.0 mm are described using specimens collected in nearshore plankton samples inside bays of Central Chile. The larvae are elongate with a pointed snout, a large head and a short and compact gut with short preanal distance. They show pigmentation at the cleithral symphysis, above the gut, ventrally at the otic capsules, and on the ventrum. They lack pigment dorsally on the head. Although the larvae of three dactyloscopid genera remain undocumented, the available evidence suggests that some larval characters are indicative of phylogenetic affinities. The phylogenetically primitive genus Platygillellus has paired melanophores on the head, a generalized feature common to basal blennioids (e.g. Blenniidae and Tripterygiidae). The derived genera show two conditions: the larvae of the related genera Gillellus and Sindoscopus lack dorsal cephalic pigmentation; the larvae of the species of the clade Myxodagnus - Dactylagnus plus Dactyloscopus have a single large melanophore dorsally on the head and ventrally on the gut.

Larvae of the sand stargazer Sindoscopus australis and notes on the development of Dactyloscopidae (Perciformes: Blennioidei)

Pre- and post-flexion larvae of the temperate sand stargazer Sindoscopus australis (Dactyloscopidae, Blennioidei) in the size range of 4.4 to 16.0 mm are described using specimens collected in nearshore plankton samples inside bays of Central Chile. The larvae are elongate with a pointed snout, a large head and a short and compact gut with short preanal distance. They show pigmentation at the cleithral symphysis, above the gut, ventrally at the otic capsules, and on the ventrum. They lack pigment dorsally on the head. Although the larvae of three dactyloscopid genera remain undocumented, the available evidence suggests that some larval characters are indicative of phylogenetic affinities. The phylogenetically primitive genus Platygillellus has paired melanophores on the head, a generalized feature common to basal blennioids (e.g. Blenniidae and Tripterygiidae). The derived genera show two conditions: the larvae of the related genera Gillellus and Sindoscopus lack dorsal cephalic pigmentation; the larvae of the species of the clade Myxodagnus - Dactylagnus plus Dactyloscopus have a single large melanophore dorsally on the head and ventrally on the gut.

Loxosceles Sphingomyelinase Induces Complement-Dependent Dermonecrosis, Neutrophil Infiltration, and Endogenous Gelatinase Expression

Envenomation by the spider Loxosceles can result in dermonecrosis and severe ulceration. Our aim was to investigate the role of the complement system and of the endogenous metalloproteinases in the initiation of the pathology of dermonecrosis. Histological analysis of skin of rabbits injected with Loxosceles intermedia venom and purified or recombinant sphingomyelinases showed a large influx of neutrophils, concomitant with dissociation of the collagenous fibers in the dermis. Decomplementation, using cobra venom factor, largely prevented the influx of neutrophils, while influx of neutrophils was also reduced in genetically C6-deficient rabbits, suggesting roles for both C5a and the membrane attack complex in the induction of dermonecrosis. However, C-depletion and C6 deficiency did not prevent the haemorrhage and the collagen injury. Zymography analysis of skin extracts showed the induction of expression of the endogenous gelatinase MMP-9 in the skin of envenomated animals. Rabbit neutrophils contained high levels of MMP-9, expression of which was further increased after incubation with venom, suggesting that these cells may be a source of the MMP-9 found in the skin of envenomated animals. Furthermore, skin fibroblasts also secreted MMP-9 and MMP-2 upon incubation with venom, suggesting that locally produced MMPs can also contribute to proteolytic tissue destruction.

Germination strategy of the temperate sandy desert annual chenopodAgriophyllum squarrosum

Seed germination behaviour of the chenopodAgriophyllum squarrosumin the moving dunes of the Tenggeli Desert was studied. The response of seed germination with time, expressed as the proportion of seed germinated per day, presented a unimodal continuous process. Seeds began to germinate in less than 3 h and the germination rate peak was reached 7 days after watering. All seeds eventually germinated. Seeds were collected in 1993 and 1994, so the maternal plants had different growing periods, with different plant sizes and germination times. Germination in sand was tested in the second year and showed that there is no innate dormancy ofA. squarrosumduring the growing season. The mechanism for long-term survival ofA. squarrosumin temperate sand dunes is discussed.

Is recruitment of the temperate sand goby,sagamia geneionema, affected by habitat patch characteristics?

The temperate annual goby,Sagamia geneionema, showed pronounced spatial variation in recruitment among 8 isolated sand patches within a 1-ha area at Aburatsubo, Miura Peninsula, central Japan. Investigations were conducted to determine if such among-patch variation stemmed from differences in patch attributes, including patch size, sediment grain size, food availability, and densities of predators and heterospecific residents. No relationship between recruit density and each of the 5 attributes measured was found, although among-patch variability in patch attributes was apparent. This result suggests that recruitment was not influenced by patch characteristics. The mechanisms that produce among-patch variation in recruitment may be explained in part, by the aggregating behavior of presettlement individuals in the water column above the sand patches.

Temper Sands in Exotic Marquesan Pottery and the Significance of Their Fijian Origin

Petrographic restudy of quartzose temper sands in potsherds recovered by Suggs and Sinoto from the Ha'atuatua archaeological site on Nuku Hiva in the Marquesas Islands confirms a previous tentative inference that they represent wares manufactured on the Rewa Delta of Viti Levu in Fiji. Temper sands in the exotic Ha'atuatua sherds and in prehistoric sherds excavated from the Nasilai site on the Rewa Delta are closely comparable, both qualitatively in terms of texture and the range of sand grain types present and quantitatively in terms of grain frequency percentages determined by counts of generic categories of sand grains in thin section. Indigenous Marquesan sherds from Nuku Hiva, Hiva Oa, and Ua Huka contain contrasting quartz-free basaltic temper sands compatible with local derivation from Marquesan volcanic assemblages. Recent work at the Ha'atuatua site indicates that the occupation level yielding the sherds dates from late in Marquesan prehistory, meaning that the Fijian sherds recovered at Ha'atuatua may provide evidence for post-colonization contacts across the width of Polynesia late in prehistoric time.

Sand tempers in indigenous Lapita and Lapitoid Polynesian Plainware and imported protohistoric Fijian pottery of Ha'apai (Tonga) and the question of Lapita tradeware

AbstractThe Lapita site at Faleloa on Foa Island in the Ha'apai Group of central Tonga lies near the southeastern end of the belt of Lapita sites spread through island Melanesia and western Polynesia during the millennium 1500–500 BC. Temper sands in Faleloa Lapita sherds closely resemble modern placer sands on beaches of islands within Ha'apai, and document local manufacture without intrusion of tradeware. Other Lapita and Lapitoid (Polynesian Plainware) sherds from nearby islands in Ha'apai contain similar local tempers that differ only in reflecting lesser placer concentrations of ferromagnesian mineral grains. Imported protohistoric sherds from Fiji contain distinctly different temper sand clearly exotic to Tonga. Although suggestions that Lapita pottery was largely tradeware are not supported by available petrographic information, Lapita pottery transport should be tested further by additional study of sand tempers in other Lapita collections using systematic sampling strategies to select sherds for microscopic analysis. The varied geotectonic environment of different island groups within the Lapita region ensures that far‐travelled wares can be identified by temper analysis.

Prehistoric Exchange Across the Vitiaz Strait, Papua New Guinea

Previous articleNext article No AccessReportsPrehistoric Exchange Across the Vitiaz Strait, Papua New GuineaIan LilleyIan Lilley Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Current Anthropology Volume 29, Number 3Jun., 1988 Sponsored by the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/203669 Views: 7Total views on this site Citations: 17Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1988 The Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological ResearchPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Thomas P. Leppard, Ethan E. Cochrane, Dylan Gaffney, Corinne L. Hofman, Jason E. Laffoon, Magdalena M. E. Bunbury, Cyprian Broodbank Global Patterns in Island Colonization during the Holocene, Journal of World Prehistory 35, no.22 (Oct 2022): 163–232.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10963-022-09168-wJIM SPECHT, ROBIN TORRENCE, KEN MULVANEY Petroglyphs and place: complex histories at four sites in New Britain, Archaeology in Oceania 56, no.33 (Jul 2021): 196–228.https://doi.org/10.1002/arco.5243Dylan Gaffney, Karen Greig, Debbie Stoddart, Monica Tromp, Judith H. Field, Sindy Luu, Adelle C. F. Coster, Tristan Russell, Herman Mandui, Glenn R. Summerhayes Tropical Foodways and Exchange along the Coastal Margin of Northeastern New Guinea, Journal of Field Archaeology 11 (Jul 2020): 1–14.https://doi.org/10.1080/00934690.2020.1786285Ian Lilley Lapita: The Australian connection, (Dec 2019).https://doi.org/10.22459/TA52.2019.05Dylan Gaffney, Glenn R. Summerhayes, Mary Mennis A Lapita presence on Arop/Long Island, Vitiaz Strait, Papua New Guinea?, (Dec 2019).https://doi.org/10.22459/TA52.2019.06Dylan Gaffney, Glenn R. Summerhayes Coastal mobility and lithic supply lines in northeast New Guinea, Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 11, no.66 (Oct 2018): 2849–2878.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-018-0713-8Dylan Gaffney, Glenn R. Summerhayes, Katherine Szabo, Brent Koppel The Emergence of Shell Valuable Exchange in the New Guinea Highlands, American Anthropologist 121, no.11 (Dec 2018): 30–47.https://doi.org/10.1111/aman.13154Dylan Gaffney, Glenn R. Summerhayes, Mary Mennis, Teppsy Beni, Affrica Cook, Judith Field, Geraldine Jacobsen, Fran Allen, Hallie Buckley, Herman Mandui Archaeological Investigations Into the Origins of Bel Trading Groups Around the Madang Coast, Northeast New Guinea, The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 13, no.44 (Apr 2017): 501–530.https://doi.org/10.1080/15564894.2017.1315349BEN SHAW The late prehistoric introduction of pottery to Rossel Island, Louisiade Archipelago, Papua New Guinea: Insights into local social organisation and regional exchange in the Massim, Archaeology in Oceania 51, no.S1S1 (Jul 2016): 61–72.https://doi.org/10.1002/arco.5104Patrick D. Nunn Climate, Environment and Society in the Pacific During the Last Millennium, (Jan 2007): v–302.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1571-9197(07)06001-6William R. Dickinson Temper Sands in Prehistoric Oceanian Pottery: Geotectonics, Sedimentology, Petrography, Provenance, (Jan 2006): 1–160.https://doi.org/10.1130/2006.2406Marshall I. Weisler, David A. Clague Characterization of Archaeological Volcanic Glass from Oceania, (Jan 1998): 103–128.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9276-8_5P. V. Kirch, M. I. Weisler Archaeology in the Pacific Islands: An appraisal of recent research, Journal of Archaeological Research 2, no.44 (Dec 1994): 285–328.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02231482CHRIS GOSDEN, CHRISTINA PAVLIDES Are islands insular? Landscape vs. seascape in the case of the Arawe Islands, Papua New Guinea, Archaeology in Oceania 29, no.33 (Nov 2014): 162–171.https://doi.org/10.1002/arco.1994.29.3.162C. Gosden, J. Allen, W. Ambrose, D. Anson, J. Golson, R. Green, P. Kirch, I. Lilley, J. Specht, M. Spriggs Lapita sites of the Bismarck Archipelago, Antiquity 63, no.240240 (Jan 2015): 561–586.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00076559Chris Gosden Prehistoric social landscapes of the Arawe Islands, West New Britain Province, Papua New Guinea, Archaeology in Oceania 24, no.22 (Nov 2014): 45–58.https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4453.1989.tb00211.x 3. Some current issues in Austronesian linguistics Malcolm Ross, ().https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110884012.1.45

The dynamics of benthic microbial communities at Davies Reef, central Great Barrier Reef

The dynamics of benthic microbial communities were examined within different functional zones (reef crest, reef flat, lagoon) of Davies Reef, central Great Barrier Reef, in winter. Bacterial numbers did not change significantly across the reef with a mean abundance \((\bar x{\text{ }} \pm {\text{ 1 SE)}}\) of 1.3 (±0.6) x 109 cells g-1 DW of sediment. Bacterial production, measured as thymidine incorporation into DNA, ranged from 1.2 (±0.2) to 11.6 (±1.5) mg C m-2h-1 across the reef and was significantly lower in a reef crest basin than in the other zones. Bacterial growth rates (μ) across the reef (0.05 to 0.33 g-1) correlated only with sediment organic carbon and nitrogen. Protozoan and meiofaunal densities varied by an order of magnitude across the reef and correlated with one or more sediment variables but not with bacterial numbers or growth rates. Nutrient flux rates were similar to those found at other reefs in the central and southern Great Barrier Reef and are significantly lower than rates measured in temperate sand communities. In the front lagoon, bioturbation and feeding acitivity by thalassinid shrimps (Callianassa spp.) negatively influenced microbial and meiofaunal communities with a net import of organic matter necessary to support the estimated rates of bacterial productivity. In lagoonal areas not colonized by shrimps, primary productivity (400–1100 mg C m-2d-1) from algal mats was sufficient to support bacterial growth. It is suggested that deposit-feeding macrobenthos such as thalassinid crustaceans play a major role in the tructuring and functioning of lower trophic groups (bacteria, microalgae, protozoa, meiofauna) in coral reef sedments, particularly in laggons.

Temper sands from prehistoric sherds excavated at Pemrang Site on Yap and from nearby Ngulu Atoll

Temper sands from prehistoric sherds excavated at Pemrang Site on Yap and from nearby Ngulu Atoll

Prevention of Shell Burial as a Benefit Hermit Crabs Provide To Their Symbionts (Decapoda, Paguridea)

symbionts incur through their association with hermit crabs. However, as Ross & Sutton (I96I) have pointed out, most of the proposed benefits have been inferred and not demonstrated. Furthermore, these particular benefits will vary depending on the species of hermit crab and symbiont. Shelter or protection from predators (Orton, 1922) and greater ease in acquir ing food are the most commonly proposed benefits. Associating with a hermit crab could help the symbionts acquire food in various ways depending on the species involved. The sea anemone, Adamsia palliata (Bohadsch), is actually fed by the hermit crab, Pagurus prideauxi Leach (cf. Fox, 1965). The polychaete, Nereis fucata (Savigny), is able to steal food from the hermit crab by placing its pharynx between the third maxillipeds of the crab (Brightwell, 1951). Other symbionts, such as the hydroid, Hydractinia echinata (Fleming) (cf. Schijfsma, 1935; Wright, 1973), and various sea anemones (Balss, 1924) share in the crab's meal by passively waiting for pieces of food to come into contact with them. While there has been some question as to how much food these symbionts actually acquire in this manner, the hermit crabs do provide mobility that presumably enhances the symbionts' chance of finding food (Balss, 1924; Ross, I960; Ross & Sutton, I96I; Jensen, 1970; Wright, 1973). Still other benefits have been suggested besides protection and food. From observations made on aquarium specimens, Wright (1973) concluded that the hermit crab's movement and respiratory current would help keep Hydractinia echinata free of sediments. Balss (1924) suggests that one benefit of the hermit crab's movement is in providing the symbionts with oxygen-rich water. Although specific benefits to particular organisms undoubtedly occur, the study reported here suggests that at least in the temperate sand littoral zone, a general benefit provided by hermit crabs is to keep the shells and associated organisms from being buried by sand. The study was conducted from October, 1972 through March, 1973 in Tampa Bay at St. Petersburg, Florida. To obtain a measure of the incidence of the burial of gastropod shells un occupied by hermit crabs, the openings of some shells were sealed to prevent entry by hermit crabs. The shells were placed in small groups at various locations within

Probable Fijian Origin of Quartzose Temper Sands in Prehistoric Pottery from Tonga and the Marquesas

Quartzose temper sands included within fired clay bodies of certain prehistoric potsherds from Tonga and the Marquesas have mineralogical compositions wholly different from those of indigenous sands that occur as temper in other potsherds from the same sites but are indistinguishable from sands in potsherds collected from the Rewa Delta of Viti Levu in Fiji.