Tellurite Photonic Crystal Fiber Research Articles

High Refractive Index Sensor for Tellurite Photonic Crystal Fiber Based on Soliton Self-Frequency Shift

High Refractive Index Sensor for Tellurite Photonic Crystal Fiber Based on Soliton Self-Frequency Shift

Highly nonlinear tellurite photonic crystal fiber for supercontinuum generation: Design and quantitative performance analysis

This research study proposes a unique photonic crystal fiber (PCF) consisting of a solid core and a hexa-spiral shape, using tellurite as the background material. The proposed PCF exhibits numerous significant optical guiding properties, such as nonlinearity, dispersion, effective index, effective mode area, etc. Simulated findings from COMSOL Multiphysics v5.5 confirm that the PCF can achieve high nonlinearity and zero-dispersion at 1650 nm. The base material is tellurite, which has a significant nonlinear refractive index (RI) of 5.11 × 10−19 m2 W−1. The resultant wave has a bandwidth of 562.65 nm when pumped at a wavelength of 1650 nm. Additionally, a continuum can be produced by pumping at 1500 and 1550 nm. The designed PCF can generate a broad spectrum of supercontinuum with a pulse duration of 200 fs and 10 kW input power. Here is also performed measurements and inspections on the impact of higher-order Taylor series dispersion coefficients, pulse width, input power, etc. The proposed PCF has many potential applications, including nonlinear optics, high dispersion characteristics, infinitely single-mode fibers, high wattage beam transmission, particle trapping, and sensing. To address these applications, here is used COMSOL Multiphysics to generate data, such as propagation constants, attenuations, effective area, and fields, which were used by Optisystem. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first investigation to verify the performance of our designed PCF in Optisystem, for modeling signal transmission for supercontinuum generation and Raman shift.

A Refractive Index Sensor Based on Four-Wave Mixing in D-Shaped Tellurite Photonic Crystal Fiber

In this study, we design a refractive index (RI) sensor using a novel cadmium telluride photonic crystal fiber (TPCF). Based on four-wave mixing (FWM), the changes in RI can be accurately detected, and RI sensing in the mid-infrared region (MIR) can be achieved by detecting wavelength shifts in the Stokes and anti-Stokes spectra caused by the changes in RI of the liquid to be measured. When the pump wavelength of FWM lies in the normal and abnormal dispersion regions of the TPCF, the RI response of the idler frequency wave and the signal wave are analyzed by numerical simulation methods. The simulation results show that the RI sensitivity of the sensor can be as high as 7692 nm/RIU with a linearity is up to 99.9% at the pump wavelength of 3380 nm. To our knowledge, the RI sensing sensitivity of the MIR is presented for the first time in this study by using FWM in the non-silicon PCF.

D-Shaped Tellurite Photonic Crystal Fiber Hydrogen and Methane Sensor Based on Four-Wave Mixing With SPR Effect

A new D-shaped tellurite photonic crystal fiber sensor based on the four-wave mixing (FWM) effect with the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect is designed and optimized. The substrate of the D-shaped photonic crystal fiber (D-PCF) is tellurite glass, and the polished surface is plated with the gold film and hydrogen gas-sensitive film. An air hole of the inner cladding, which is plated with the gold film and methane gas-sensitive film, is selected as the second sensing channel to simultaneously measure the concentration of hydrogen and methane. Based on the four-wave mixing, the wavelength shifts of the Stokes and anti-Stokes spectra resulting from the variation of the gas concentration can be used to accurately detect the concentrations of methane and hydrogen. Meanwhile, it is found that the SPR effect can increase the wavelength shifts, which means the sensitivity of methane and hydrogen augment. After parameter optimization, the maximum sensitivities of methane and hydrogen are 4.03 nm/% and −14.19 nm/%, respectively. Both the linearities are up to 99.9%. The resolution of methane is 1.25×10−2% and hydrogen is 7.14×10−3%. Moreover, the fiber length of this sensor is only 20 mm, which is conducive to the construction of a compact or ultra-compact embedded FWM fiber sensor.

Noise in supercontinuum generated using PM and non-PM tellurite glass all-normal dispersion fibers.

Intensity fluctuations in supercontinuum generation are studied in polarization-maintaining (PM) and non-PM all-normal dispersion tellurite photonic crystal fibers. Dispersive Fourier transformation is used to resolve the shot-to-shot spectra generated using 225-fs pump pulses at 1.55 μm, with experimental results well reproduced by vector and scalar numerical simulations. By comparing the relative intensity noise for the PM and non-PM cases, supported by simulations, we demonstrate the advantage of the polarization-maintaining property of the PM fibers in preserving low-noise dynamics. We associate the low-noise in the PM case with the suppression of polarization modulation instability.

A highly sensitive sensor of methane and hydrogen in tellurite photonic crystal fiber based on four-wave mixing

A tellurite photonic crystal fiber (PCF) sensor structure is proposed for simultaneous measurements of methane and hydrogen. The structure is a simple hexagonal three-cladding structure, and six air holes in the inner cladding are coated with methane sensitive film and hydrogen sensitive film respectively. Based on the degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) theory, the direct relationship between the wavelength shifts of the Stokes spectrum or anti-Stokes spectrum and the variations in gas concentration can be established to realize the accurate detection of gas concentration. The influences of the pump wavelength and gas-sensitive film thickness on the gas sensitivity are investigated, and the maximum sensitivities of methane and hydrogen after parameter optimization are − 2.052 nm/% and − 0.236 nm/%, respectively. The linearity of the fitting can reach up to 99.95%, and the low detection limit of methane is 450 ppm and hydrogen is 2500 ppm. The sensing method based on four-wave mixing in non-silica photonic crystal fiber can also be extended to other detections of gas mixtures in the mid-infrared field.

Broadband polarization filter based on tellurite photonic crystal fiber with high extinction ratio

In this work, we propose an octagonal photonic crystal fiber (PCF) filter based on tellurite. Selective gold coating in air holes couples the core mode to a surface plasmon mode. The finite element method is used to analyze the structure in the mid-infrared band. The simulated results and analysis show that the losses in the y and x polarization modes at 2.55 µm are 2063.2 and 21 dB/cm, respectively. Therefore, the unwanted y-polarization mode is filtered out. The higher loss ratio optimizes the formant position and intensity of surface plasmon mode and core mode. When the fiber length of the filter is optimized to 500 µm, the extinction ratio of − 102 dB is achieved at 2.55 µm. Consequently, the single polarization transmission with a 500 nm width is realized. When the length of the fiber is greater than 500 µm, it realizes the 1500 nm (2.2–3.7 µm) ultra-wideband filtering. We also analyze the manufacturing feasibility of the proposed PCF and the influence of structural parameters on the limiting loss characteristics.

Research on four wave mixing performance near communication window and mid infrared region

The four wave mixing (FWM) characteristics of highly nonlinear tellurite photonic crystal fiber are simulated. The material of tellurite fiber is TeO2-Li2O-ZnO-P2O5 (TLZP). It is calculated that there are two zero dispersion points at 1590 nm and 3880 nm in tellurite photonic crystal fiber. The linear phase mismatch, the variation of optical signal gain with fiber length and the pump power are calculated at 1538 nm and 3865 nm respectively. The results show that the fiber has good four wave mixing performance near 1550 nm communication window and mid infrared region.

Mid-infrared supercontinuum and optical frequency comb generations in a multimode tellurite photonic crystal fiber* *Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 12074331, 61875238, and 61971373), the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province, China (Grant Nos. F2021203002, F2019203549, and F2020203050), and the Science and Technology Support Projects of Research and Development Plans of Qinhuangdao City (Grant

We numerically investigate the mid-infrared (MIR) supercontinuum (SC) and SC-based optical frequency comb (OFC) generations when the three optical modes (LP01, LP02, and LP12) are considered in a multimode tellurite photonic crystal fiber (MM-TPCF). The geometrical parameters of the MM-TPCF are optimized to support the multimode propagation and obtain the desired dispersion characteristics of the considered three optical modes. When the pump pulse with center wavelength λ = 2.5 μm, width T = 80 fs, and peak power P = 18 kW is coupled into the anomalous dispersion region of the LP01, LP02, and LP12 modes of the MM-TPCF, the –40-dB bandwidth of the generated MIR SCs can be up to 2.56, 1.39, and 1.12 octaves, respectively, along with good coherence. Moreover, the nonlinear dynamics of the generated SCs are analyzed. Finally, the MIR SCs-based OFCs are demonstrated when a train of 50 pulses at 1-GHz repetition rate is used as the pump source and launched into the MM-TPCF.

Optimization of the ultra-flattened normal dispersion in photonic crystal fibers infiltrated with olive oil for supercontinuum generation

This paper proposes a pure silica photonic crystal fiber (PCF), having its core infiltrated with olive oil, which allows achieving an ultra-flattened normal dispersion regime. As a result, the optimization processes allows us to achieve an ultra-flat normal dispersion in the range of over 682 nm within the wavelength range from 1446 to 2128 nm. Besides, the nonlinear coefficient of the selected PCF structure is extremely high (9.54 x 109 W-1.km-1 at 1550 nm). The proposed PCF structure could be very helpful in investigating the supercontinuum generation which has many potential applications in various promising areas such as spectroscopy, medical diagnostics, etc. Full Text: PDF ReferencesJ.M.Dudley, G.Genty and S.Coen, "Supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fiber", Rev. Mod. Phys. 78(2006). CrossRef T.Udem, R.Holzwarth and T.W.Hänsch, "Optical frequency metrology", Nature 416 233-7(2002). CrossRef S.Moon and D.Y.Kim, "Ultra-high-speed optical coherence tomography with a stretched pulse supercontinuum source", Opt. Express 14 11575-84 (2006). CrossRef G.P.Agrawal. "Chapter 11 - Highly Nonlinear Fibers", Nonlinear Fiber Optics (Oxford: Academic Press 2013) CrossRef V.R.K. Kumar, A.K. George, J.C. Knight, P.S.J. Russell, "Tellurite photonic crystal fiber", Opt. Exp. 11 2641-2645 (2003). CrossRef R. Buczynski, H. T. Bookey, D. Pysz, R. Stepien, I. Kujawa, J. E. McCarthy, A. J. Waddie, A. K. Kar and M. R. Taghizadeh, "Supercontinuum generation up to 2.5 μm in photonic crystal fiber made of lead-bismuth-galate glass", Laser Phys. Lett.7 666-72 (2010). CrossRef F.G.Omenetto, N.A.Wolchover, M.R. Wehner, M. Ross, A. Efimov, A.J. Taylor, V.V.R.K. Kumar, A.K. George, J.C. Knight, N.Y. Joly, P.St.J. Russell, "Spectrally smooth supercontinuum from 350 nm to 3 µm in sub-centimeter lengths of soft-glass photonic crystal fibers.", Opt. Express 14 4928-4934 (2010). CrossRef H. L.Van, V. C. Long, H. T. Nguyen, A. M. Nguyen, R. Buczyński, R. Kasztelanic, "Application of ethanol infiltration for ultra-flattened normal dispersion in fused silica photonic crystal fibers", Laser Physics, 28 115106 (2018). CrossRef J. Pniewski, T. Stefaniuk, H. L. Van, V. C. Long, L. C. Van, R. Kasztelanic, G. Stępniewski, A. Ramaniuk, M. Trippenbach, and R. Buczynski, "Dispersion engineering in nonlinear soft glass photonic crystal fibers infiltrated with liquids", Appl. Opt. 55, 5033-5040(2016). CrossRef H. D. Quang, J. Pniewski, H. L.Van, R. Aleksandr. V. C. Long, B. Krzysztof, D. X. Khoa, K. Mariusz, and R. Buczynski, "Optimization of optical properties of photonic crystal fibers infiltrated with carbon tetrachloride for supercontinuum generation with subnanojoule femtosecond pulses", Applied Optics, Vol. 57, No. 15, 1559-128X (2018). CrossRef M.Chemnitz,M.Gebhardt, C.Gaida, F.Stutzki, J.Kobelke, J.Limpert, A.Tünnermann and M.A. Schmidt, "Hybrid soliton dynamics in liquid-core fibres", Nat. Commun. 8 42 (2017). CrossRef S.Kedenburg, A.Steinmann, R.Hegenbarth, T.Steinle and H.Giessen, "Nonlinear refractive indices of nonlinear liquids: wavelength dependence and influence of retarded response", Appl. Phys. B 117 803-16 (2014). CrossRef E.Sani and A.Dell'Oro, "Spectral optical constants of ethanol and isopropanol from ultraviolet to far infrared", Opt. Mater. 60 137-41 (2016). CrossRef S.T. Wu, "Absorption measurements of liquid crystals in the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared", J. Appl. Phys. 84 4462-4465 (1998). CrossRef Z. Mousavi, B. Ghafary, M.H. Majles Ara, "Fifth- and third- order nonlinear optical responses of olive oil blended with natural turmeric dye using z-scan technique", Journal of Molecular Liquids, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.04.077 CrossRef Web page: Refractive Index Info: https://refractiveindex.info. CrossRef I. Bodurov, I. Vlaeva, M. Marudova, T. Yovcheva, K. Nikolova, T. Eftimov, V. Plachkova, "Detection of adulteration in olive oils using optical and thermal methods", Bulgarian Chemical Communications, Volume 45, Special Issue B (pp. 81-85) (2013) DirectLink

Theoretical Investigation of an Alcohol-Filled Tellurite Photonic Crystal Fiber Temperature Sensor Based on Four-Wave Mixing.

For this study, a temperature sensor utilizing a novel tellurite photonic crystal fiber (PCF) is designed. In order to improve the sensor sensitivity, alcohol is filled in the air holes of the tellurite PCF. Based on the degenerate four-wave mixing theory, temperature sensing in the mid-infrared region (MIR) can be achieved by detecting the wavelength shift of signal waves and idler waves during variations in temperature. Simulation results show that at a pump wavelength of 3550 nm, the temperature sensitivity of this proposed sensor can be as high as 0.70 nm/°C. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to propose temperature sensing in the MIR by drawing on four-wave mixing (FWM) in a non-silica PCF.

Correction to: Investigation on four-wave mixing toward mid-infrared waveband in tellurite photonic crystal fiber

After publication of the paper, the authors realized that the signal gain in Fig. 6b, d, f was calculated using Gs = 10ln[Ps(L)/Ps(0)].

Investigation on four-wave mixing toward mid-infrared waveband in tellurite photonic crystal fiber

The evolution characteristics of the degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) effect in the proposed tellurite photonic crystal fiber (PCF) are investigated systematically. The influence of the pitch distance and diameter-to-pitch ratio on the phase-matching condition is analyzed numerically. The effects of fiber length, signal wavelength, idler wavelength, initial pump power and initial signal power on the signal gain and idler conversion efficiency are investigated. Based on the DFWM occurring in the proposed tellurite PCF, the signal (anti-Stokes) wave is efficiently amplified and the idler (Stokes) wave is efficiently generated at the mid-infrared (mid-IR) waveband with the pump wavelength of 1.553 μm. The signal gain can be increased by increasing the initial pump power. The idler conversion efficiency can reach ~ 26%. The simulated results will be instructive for the experimental FWM process to generate mid-IR optical parametric oscillators.

Mid-Infrared Self-Similar Pulse Compression in a Tapered Tellurite Photonic Crystal Fiber and Its Application in Supercontinuum Generation

In this paper, we design a tapered tellurite photonic crystal fiber (TTPCF) with nonlinear coefficient increasing along the propagation direction, and demonstrate the mid-infrared self-similar pulse compression of the fundamental soliton in such a TTPCF. When the variation of group-velocity dispersion, higher-order dispersion, higher-order nonlinearity, and linear loss are considered, a 1 ps pulse at wavelength 2.5 μm can be compressed to 62.16 fs after a 1.63-m long propagation, along with the negligible pedestal, compression factor F c of 16.09, and quality factor Q c of 83.16%. Then the compressed pulse is launched into another uniform tellurite PCF, where highly coherent and octave-spanning supercontinuum (SC) is generated. Compared to the initial picosecond pulse, the compressed pulse has much larger tolerance of noise level for the SC generation. Our research results provide a promising solution to realize the fiber-based mid-infrared femtosecond pulse source for nonlinear photonics and spectroscopy.

Tunable all-optical actively mode-locked fiber laser at 2 µm based on tellurite photonic crystal fiber

Although thulium-doped fiber lasers operating at 2 µm have been intensively investigated, lasers with high repetition rate (up to several tens of gigahertz) and tunable output characteristics are difficult to achieve at this band. In this paper, an all-optical actively mode-locked fiber laser is proposed for this purpose. By employing a section of specially-designed highly nonlinear group-velocity-matched tellurite photonic crystal fiber as the mode-locker, the proposed thulium-doped fiber laser can easily produce stable pulses with tunable pulse width and repetition rate up to 40 GHz. Moreover, through investigating the pulse dynamics in the cavity, a transfer-limited soliton pulse is successfully achieved. The proposed laser can find application in future optical fiber communication systems at 2 µm.

Design and analysis of a hexagonal tellurite photonic crystal fiber with broadband ultra-flattened dispersion in mid-IR

We propose a modified hexagonal tellurite photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with broadband ultra-flattened dispersion near 2 μm regime. By optimizing various structural parameters, the dispersion of the proposed PCF can be kept within 60.47 ps nm−1 km−1 to 61.33 ps nm−1 km−1 from 2.15 μm to 2.85 μm wavelength. More importantly, the corresponding nonlinear coefficients can be as high as 378.1 W−1 km−1. Leveraging on these advantages, this fiber is suitable for supercontinuum generation toward mid-infrared (MIR) wavelength range. By injecting the hyperbolic secant pulse with peak power of 5 kW and full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 176 fs into the fiber, supercontinuum spectrum covering 2000–4900 nm together with the dispersive wave locating near 933 nm can be produced.

Experimental measurement of supercontinuum coherence in tellurite photonic crystal fibers.

Spectral and coherence evolutions were measured for supercontinuum (SC) generated in a 2.7cm highly nonlinear tellurite photonic crystal fiber. Numerical simulations were performed based on the generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation with noise. The measurements show that coherence degradation first occurs after soliton fission, and then spreads to longer wavelengths as the average power of the SC increases. The solitonic coherence shows much slower degradation than the overall coherence.

Design and analysis of single-mode tellurite photonic crystal fibers for stimulated Brillouin scattering based slow-light generation.

We theoretically examine two designs of single-mode (i) Er-doped tellurite and (ii) undoped tellurite photonic crystal fiber (PCF) for generation of slow light with tunable features based on stimulated Brillouin scattering. We obtained (i) Brillouin gain up to 91 dB and time delay of ∼145 ns at maximum allowable pump power of ∼775 mW in a 2 m Er-doped tellurite PCF and (ii) Brillouin gain up to ∼88 dB and time delay of ∼154 ns at maximum allowable pump power ∼21 mW in a 100 m undoped tellurite photonic crystal fiber. Simulated results clearly indicate that the doped tellurite PCF with Er enhances the maximum allowable pump power and comparable time delay can be obtained even with reduced photonic crystal fiber length. We believe that the carried out examination and simulation have potential impact on design and development of slow-light-based photonic devices applicable in telecommunication systems, enhancement of optical forces, and quantum computing.

Supercontinuum generation in three-fold symmetry microstructured fibers in visible and infrared spectral regions

We present a series of three fold symmetric silica microstructured fibers for nonlinear application. The fibers are designed to have zero dispersion wavelength far from the pump wavelength. In our fibers a domination of nonlinear effects is precisely controlled by selectively increased three air holes in the vicinity of the core. Our fibers allow for the broadband single mode spectrum generation and the achievement of flat spectra even after changes of fiber dispersion caused by fabrication inaccuracies. Full Text: PDF References S. T. S?rensen, C. Larsen, C. Jakobsen, C. L. Thomsen, and O. Bang, "Single-mode pumped high air-fill fraction photonic crystal fiber taper for high-power deep-blue supercontinuum sources", Opt. Lett, 39, 1097 (2014). CrossRef V. Couderc, P. Leproux, V. Tombelaine, L. Grossard, and A. Barthélémy, "Raman cascade suppression by using wide band parametric conversion in large normal dispersion regime", Opt. Express, 13, 8584 (2005). CrossRef H. E. Heidepriem, S. C. W. Smith, and T. M. Monro, "Suspended nanowires: Fabrication, design and characterization of fibers with nanoscale cores", Opt. Express, 17, 2646 (2009). CrossRef U. M?ller, Y. Yu, I. Kubat, C. R. Petersen, X. Gai, L. Brilland, D. M´echin, C. Caillaud, J. Troles, B. Davies, and O. Bang, "Multi-milliwatt mid-infrared supercontinuum generation in a suspended core chalcogenide fiber", Opt. Express, 17, 3282 (2015). CrossRef I. Shavrin, S. Novotny, and H. Ludvigsen, "Mode excitation and supercontinuum generation in a few-mode suspended-core fiber", Opt. Express, 21, 32141 (2013). CrossRef M. Klimczak, G. Stepniewski, H. Bookey, A. Szolno, R. Stepien, D. Pysz, A. Kar, A. Waddie, M. R. Taghizadeh, and R. Buczynski, "Broadband infrared supercontinuum generation in hexagonal-lattice tellurite photonic crystal fiber with dispersion optimized for pumping near 1560??nm: reply", Opt. Lett. 39, 2241 (2014). CrossRef X. Zhang, X. Zhu, X. Chen, H. Li, J. Peng, N. Dai, and J. Li, "A hollow beam supercontinuum generation by the supermode superposition in a GeO2 doped triangular-core photonic crystal fiber", Opt. Express, 20, 19799 (2012). CrossRef C. Lesvigne, V. Couderc, A. Tonello, P. Leproux, A. Barthélémy, S. Lacroix, F. Druon, P. Blandin, M. Hanna, and P. Georges, "Visible supercontinuum generation controlled by intermodal four-wave mixing in microstructured fiber", Opt. Lett, 32, 2173 (2007). CrossRef S. T. S?rensen, U. M?ller, C. Larsen, P. M. Moselund, C. Jakobsen, J. Johansen, T. V. Andersen, C. L. Thomsen, and O. Bang, "Deep-blue supercontinnum sources with optimum taper profiles ? verification of GAM", Opt. Express, 20, 10635 (2012). CrossRef A. Kudlinski, M. Lelek, B. Barviau, L. Audry, and A. Mussot, "Efficient blue conversion from a 1064 nm microchip laser in long photonic crystal fiber tapers for fluorescence microscopy", Opt. Express, 18, 16640 (2010). CrossRef A. Kudlinski, G. Bouwmans, O. Vanvincq, Y. Quiquempois, A. Le Rouge, L. Bigot, G. Mélin, and A. Mussot, "White-light cw-pumped supercontinuum generation in highly GeO2 -doped-core photonic crystal fibers", Opt. Lett. 34, 3631 (2009). CrossRef A. Kudlinski, V. Pureur, G. Bouwmans, and A. Mussot, "Experimental investigation of combined four-wave mixing and Raman effect in the normal dispersion regime of a photonic crystal fiber", Opt. Lett. 33, 2488 (2008). CrossRef Z. Holdynski, M. Napierala, P. Mergo, and T. Nasilowski, "Experimental Investigation of Supercontinuum Generation in Photonic Crystal Fibers Pumped With Sub-ns Pulses", J. Lightwave Technol., 33, 2106 (2015). CrossRef U. M?ller, S. T. S?rensen, C. Larsen, P. M. Moselund, C. Jakobsen ,J. Johansen, C. L. Thomsen, O. Bang, "Optimum PCF tapers for blue-enhanced supercontinuum sources", Opt. Fiber Technol., 18, 3104 (2012). CrossRef

Coexistence of Photonic Bandgap Guidance and Total Internal Reflection in Photonic Crystal Fiber Based on a High-Index Array With Internal Air Holes

We show that both photonic bandgap guidance and modified total internal reflection can simultaneously occur in a chalcogenide–tellurite photonic crystal fiber (PCF) whose cladding is composed of a high-index array with internal regions being air. The coexistence of these two guidance mechanisms is corroborated by numerical simulations based on a plane wave expansion method and an analytical model. Despite being scalar and for high-index contrast material systems, the analytical model can accurately predict the band structures of the PCF. A PCF with seven ring units removed as the fiber core is designed to guide in the 580–950-nm wavelength range by the photonic bandgap effect and in the 2.0–4.6-μm wavelength range by total internal reflection. Such a PCF can be an interesting platform for nonlinear phenomena occurring across the two guidance regions.