Telephone Interview For Cognitive Status-modified Research Articles

A - 92 Association of the Grit Scale with Cognitive/Emotional Symptom Endorsement in Older Former College Athletes

Abstract Objective The Grit Scale is a validated measure of trait-level perseverance, often linked with resilience, and has been associated with better cognition and psychological well-being in older adults. As the ability to respond positively to setbacks is essential for a successful athlete, investigation of the Grit Scale in former athletes may prove beneficial for further understanding the effect of resilience and its relation to brain health and psychological well-being. Method Former college athletes (N = 678, 45.9% female) aged 50–87 (m = 61.44) from the College Level Aging Athlete Study (CLEAATS) completed the Grit Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), Cognitive Function Instrument (CFI), and the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status-Modified (TICS-m). Pearson’s partial correlations (r) were used to determine the relationship between scores on these measures, controlling for age and education. Results Pearson partial correlations between Grit Scale scores and scores from the other measures were modest but statistically significant: PHQ-8 (r = −0.342, p < 0.001), GAD-7 (r = −0.259, p < 0.001), CFI (r = −0.316, p < 0.001), and TICS-m (r = 0.101, p = 0.008). Conclusions Comparison of the Grit Scale with PHQ-8, GAD-7, CFI, and TICS-m indicated that greater trait-level perseverance correlated with better cognitive and emotional functioning in former college athletes. Results emphasize the need to further evaluate perseverance/resilience and its value for understanding brain health and psychological well-being in athletes and former athletes.

Dietary Choline Intake Is Beneficial for Cognitive Function and Delays Cognitive Decline: A 22-Year Large-Scale Prospective Cohort Study from China Health and Nutrition Survey.

Pre-clinical studies have discovered the neuroprotective function and the benefit for cognitive function of choline. However, it remains unclear whether these benefits observed in animal studies also work in humans. The aims of this study are to examine the effects of dietary choline intake on cognitive function and cognitive decline during ageing in middle-aged and elderly Chinese. We included 1887 subjects aged 55~79 years with 6696 observations from the China Health and Nutrition Survey cohort study. The subjects were followed up for 6 to 21 years, with an average of 12.2 years. A dietary survey was conducted over 3 consecutive days with a 24 h recall, using household weight-recording methods. Based on the China Food Composition, data from USDA, and published literature, the dietary choline intake was calculated as the sum of free choline, phosphocholine, phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, and glycerophosphocholine. Cognitive function was assessed using a subset of the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status-modified (TICS-m) items. In order to eliminate the different weight of scores in each domain, the scores were converted by dividing by the maximum score in each domain, which ranged from 0 to 3 points. Higher cognitive scores represented better cognition. We used two-level mixed effect models to estimate the effects of dietary choline intake on cognitive score and cognitive decline rate in males and females, respectively. The average dietary choline intake was 161.1 mg/d for the baseline. After adjusting for confounders, the dietary choline intake was significantly associated with higher cognitive score in both males and females. The cognitive score in the highest quartile group of dietary choline was 0.085 for males and 0.077 for females-higher than those in the lowest quartile group (p < 0.01 for males, p < 0.05 for females). For every 10-year increase in age, the cognitive score decreased by 0.266 for males and 0.283 for females. The cognitive score decline rate of the third quartile group of dietary choline was 0.125/10 years lower than that of the lowest quartile group in females (p < 0.05). Dietary choline intake not only improves cognitive function, but also postpones cognitive decline during the aging process. The findings of this study highlight the neuroprotective benefit of choline in the middle-aged and elderly Chinese population, especially among females.

A - 57 Relationship between Exercise Participation and Cognitive/Emotional Symptom Endorsement in Older Former College Athletes

Abstract Purpose Exercise participation has been associated with improved physical health, cognition, and psychological well-being as well as reduced risk for chronic illness and mortality. The effects of exercise participation in former athletes are less understood; this study investigated the relationship between current exercise participation and cognitive/emotional symptoms in former college athletes. Method Former college athletes aged 50–87 (N = 597, 44.2% female) completed the College Level Aging Athlete Study (CLEAATS) survey including the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7), Cognitive Function Instrument (CFI), Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status-Modified (TICS-m), and self-reported weekly exercise involvement, classified as aerobic exercise (e.g., jogging/cycling), anaerobic exercise (e.g., weightlifting), and “other wellness activities”(e.g., yoga/meditation). Four multiple linear regression models investigated whether current exercise participation predicted mood and cognition, adjusting for demographic factors. Results Overall models for PHQ-8 [F(6,590) = 8.87, p &amp;lt; 0.001], GAD-7 [F(6,590) = 4.87, p &amp;lt; 0.001], CFI [F(6,590) = 3.45, p = 0.002], and TICS-m [F(6,590) = 15.99, p &amp;lt; 0.001] were significant. Individually, aerobic exercise was a significant predictor of PHQ-8 (b = −0.35, p &amp;lt; 0.001), GAD-7 (b = −0.18, p = 0.007), CFI (b = −0.12, p = 0.021), and TICS-m (b = 0.18, p = 0.022) scores, such that more exercise predicted lower emotional/cognitive difficulties. Engagement in “other wellness activities”was significantly associated with higher TICS-m (b = 0.18, p = 0.024) scores. Anaerobic exercise was not a significant predictor in any model. Conclusions Consistent with research in other populations, participation in aerobic exercise predicted better cognitive/emotional functioning in former college athletes. Involvement in other forms of exercise did not consistently predict greater functioning, though “other wellness activities”was associated with better objective cognition. Results emphasize the importance of recommending aerobic exercise for former athletes.

A - 58 Relationship between Cognitive Impairment Concern and Current Cognitive Functioning in Older Former College Athletes

Abstract Purpose Concerns regarding cognitive decline due to history of concussions/head injury are common among former athletes, especially as long-term effects of head injury have gained widespread media attention. Examining the association of these concerns with current cognitive functioning may prove beneficial for understanding the prominence of these concerns. This study investigated whether concerns for cognitive problems due to prior concussions/head injury might relate to current cognitive functioning in former college athletes. Method Former college athletes aged 50–87 (N = 597, 44.22% female) from the College Level Aging Athlete Study (CLEAATS) completed the Cognitive Function Instrument (CFI) and the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status-Modified (TICS-m). Self-reported concern regarding contribution of history of concussions and/or head impacts to the development of “permanent memory or thinking problems”was measured on a 5-point Likert scale. Two multiple linear regressions investigated whether reported concern predicted subjective (CFI) and objective (TICS-m) cognitive functioning, with adjustment for age, gender, education, and mood/anxiety symptoms. Results Overall models CFI [F(6,590) = 69.78, R2 = 0.42, p &amp;lt; 0.001] and TICS-m [F(6,590) = 17.78, R2 = 0.15, p &amp;lt; 0.001] were significant. Level of concern for memory/thinking problems significantly predicted CFI scores (b = 0.68, p &amp;lt; 0.001) but not TICS-m scores, such that greater concern predicted higher CFI score. Conclusions Concern regarding cognitive problems due to history of concussion/head impacts may be associated with greater perceived cognitive symptoms among former college athletes, but this was unrelated to an objective measure of cognition. Further investigation is necessary to clarify the origin of these concerns, but these results underscore the importance of promoting accurate public information about long-term effects of concussion/head injury.

A - 31 Relationship between Self-Reported Concussion History, Cognition, and Mood among Former Collegiate Athletes

Abstract Purpose Long-term concussion sequelae have been increasingly studied in former professional athletes, and less is known about those who participated in sport at the collegiate level. This study explores the relationship between concussion history and cognition/mood in former collegiate athletes in middle-to-later adulthood. Method 422 former collegiate athletes over age 50 (M = 61.5; 62% male) completed the College Level Aging Athlete Study (CLEAATS) including the Cognitive Function Instrument (CFI), Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status-Modified (TICSm), and self-report questionnaires including concussion history and current mood. Pearson correlations and multiple regression analyses examined the relationship between concussion history, subjective and objective cognitive status, and mood. Results 54% of the sample reported a history of concussion (M = 1.2, SD = 1.7). Number of concussions was marginally associated with subjective cognitive complaints (r = 0.13, p = 0.004) and depression (r = 0.14, p = 0.002), but not objective cognition (p = 0.39) or anxiety (p = 0.33). Regression models including demographic factors and mood were significant and explained 32% and 17% of the variance in subjective and objective cognition, respectively. Concussion history was not a significant predictor in either model, whereas depression (Β = -0.12) was associated with poorer subjective cognition only. Conclusions Concussion history was not associated with subjective or objective cognitive changes in former collegiate athletes. Although a very small relationship between concussion history and depression was found, depression was associated with more subjective cognitive complaints. This suggests mood symptoms have greater impact on subjective cognitive status than concussion history. These findings highlight the importance of considering the effect of current mood symptoms when evaluating former athletes who present with cognitive complaints.

TICS-M scores in an oldest-old normative cohort identified by computable phenotype

Objective: To (1) examine the distribution of Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status modified (TICS-m) scores in oldest-old individuals (age 85 and above) identified as cognitively healthy by a previously validated electronic health records-based computable phenotype (CP) and (2) to compare different cutoff scores for cognitive impairment in this population. Method: CP identified 24,024 persons, 470 were contacted and 252 consented and completed the assessment. Associations of TICS-m score with age, sex, and educational categories (<10 years, 11–15 years, and >16 years) were examined. The number of participants perceived as impaired was studied with commonly used cutoff scores (27–31). Results: TICS-m score ranged from 18 to 44 with a mean of 32.6 (SD = 4.7) in older adults aged 85–99 years old. A linear regression model including (range-restricted) age, education, and sex, showed beta estimates comparable to previous findings. Different cutoff scores (27 to 31) generated slightly lower MCI and dementia prevalence rates of participants meeting the criteria for the impairments than studies of younger elderly using traditional recruitment methods. Conclusions: The use of validated computable phenotype to identify a normative cohort generated a normative distribution for the TICS-m consistent with prior findings from more effortful approaches to cohort identification and established expected TICS-m performance in the oldest-old population.

Does the Impact of Episodic Memory Declines on Future Changes in Perceived Control Vary Based on Individuals' Experience With Cognitively Demanding Jobs?

This study proposes and evaluates a scenario wherein cognitive demands experienced at work can amplify the positive cross-lagged association of a shift in control beliefs following changes in episodic memory. From the Health and Retirement Study (2006-2018) for 9,998 participants aged 50 or above, we used repeated observations of memory and control beliefs, assessed with the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status-modified (TICS-m) and self-mastery and perceived constraints questionnaires. A dual-Latent Change Score Model estimated the cross-lagged effects between memory and control beliefs, separately for individuals with prior high cognitive job demands and those without. A decline in memory led to decreased control beliefs in terms of perceived constraints, only among those with experiences in cognitively demanding jobs. High cognitive job demands may lead to a more cognitively oriented awareness of aging, thus amplifying the impact of memory decline on control constraints.

The impact of diet quality on cognitive ability of Chinese older adults: evidence from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS)

BackgroundNumerous studies have demonstrated a positive correlation between diet quality and cognitive performance, indicating that improving diet quality may be beneficial in preventing cognitive decline in older adults. However, few study has investigated the causal relationship between diet quality and cognitive performance. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the causal effects of diet quality on cognitive performance in Chinese adults aged 55 years and older. Particularly, we utilize the Chinese Diet Quality Index (CHEI), a dietary assessment tool tailored for Chinese populations, as a proxy for older adults’ diet quality.MethodsData were obtained from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) (N=2337\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$N = 2337$$\\end{document}, ≥\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\ge$$\\end{document}55 years old) conducted in 2004 and 2006. Cognitive function was tested by a subset of items from the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status-Modified (TICS-m). Data on dietary intake was retrieved from three consecutive 24 hour recalls by participants and its quality was assessed by the 17-items Chinese Healthy Eating Index (CHEI). An Instrumental Variable technique was used to deal with the potential endogeneity of dietary quality. The instrumental variable used in our study is the community mean of CHEI.ResultsAfter adjusting for socio-demographic factors (age, gender, education, per capita household income), lifestyle habits (smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, BMI), and chronic diseases (hypertension, diabetes), our findings revealed that improving diet quality had a significant positive effect on cognitive performance (P=0.020\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$P = 0.020$$\\end{document}), particularly in females aged 55-65 years (P=0.003\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$P = 0.003$$\\end{document}) and females with primary education and below (P<0.001\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$P < 0.001$$\\end{document}).ConclusionOur study suggests that improving diet quality and adhering to the Dietary Guidelines for Chinese may enhance cognitive performance in Chinese adults aged 55 years and older.

Enhancing precision of the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status–Modified (TICS-M) using the Rasch model.

The Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status-modified (TICS-M) is a well-established and widely used screening instrument for dementia and assessment of global cognitive function in older people. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the TICS-M and to enhance the accuracy of the instrument using Rasch methodology. Partial Credit Rasch model was applied to the TICS-M scores. The sample selected for Rasch analysis consisted of 432 participants aged 70-90 years (M = 78.85, SD = 4.73) including 195 males (237 females), and 132 (30.56%) of whom were diagnosed with dementia after the baseline assessment. Initial analysis indicated good reliability of the TICS-M assessment scores, but there were three misfitting items and local dependency issues. Combining locally dependent and misfitting items into super-items achieved the best Rasch model fit for the TICS-M. This modification improved reliability of the assessment scores and resulted in no misfitting items, no local dependency, strict unidimensionality, and invariance across individual factors such as participants age, sex, diagnosis, and in-person neuropsychological assessment scores. Satisfying Rasch model expectations allowed for creation of a transformation table to convert raw TICS-M scores into interval-level data, which improves precision of the instrument. In summary, the TICS-M assessment scores demonstrated excellent reliability as reflected by Person Separation Index (PSI = 0.86) and met expectations of the unidimensional Rasch model after minor adjustments. The ordinal-to-interval transformation table can be used to increase accuracy of the TICS-M without altering its current format. These findings contribute to more accurate assessments of cognitive decline in older people and screening for conditions such as dementia. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Dietary low- and high-quality carbohydrate intake and cognitive decline: A prospective cohort study in older adults

The association of dietary intake of carbohydrate (CHO), especially high- and low-quality CHO, with the decline of cognitive function remains uncertain. We aimed to investigate the prospective association of dietary total, low- and high-quality CHO intake with cognitive decline, and further examine the effect of isocaloric substitution with protein or fat, in the elderly population. A total of 3106 Chinese participants aged ≥55 years from China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) were included in this study. Dietary nutrient intake information was collected by 24-h dietary recalls on 3 consecutive days. The cognitive decline was defined as the 5-year decline rates in global or composite cognitive scores based on a subset of items from the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status-modified (TICS-m). The median follow-up duration was 5.9 years. There was a significantly positive association of dietary low-quality CHO (per 10 percentage energy [%E] increment, β, 0.06; 95%CI, 0.01-0.11) and a no significant association of dietary high-quality CHO (per 10%E increment, β, 0.04; 95%CI,-0.07-0.14) with the 5-year decline rate in the composite cognitive scores. Similar results were found for the global cognitive scores. In model simulations, substituting dietary low-quality CHO with isocaloric animal protein or fat, instead of isocaloric plant protein or fat, was significantly and inversely associated with cognitive decline (All P values<0.05). The dietary intake of low-quality CHO, rather than high-quality CHO, was significantly associated with a faster cognitive decline in the elderly. In model simulations, isocaloric substitution of dietary low-quality CHO with animal protein or fat, rather than plant protein or fat, was inversely associated with cognitive decline.

Association Between Dietary Copper Intake and Cognitive Decline: A Perspective Cohort Study in Chinese Elderly

The association between dietary copper (Cu) intake and cognitive decline remains uncertain. We aim to investigate the longitudinal association of dietary Cu with cognitive decline in Chinese elderly. A total of 3,106 Chinese adults aged older than or equal to 55 years from China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) were included. Dietary nutrients information was collected by 24-hours dietary recalls in combination with a food-weighted method. The 5-year change rates in global or composite cognitive scores based on a subset of items from the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status-modified (TICS-m) was calculated as the last-survey score minus the baseline score, then divided by the follow-up time (unit, years) and multiplied by five. The median follow-up duration was 5.9 years. There was a nonlinear association of dietary Cu intake with the 5-year change rates in global or composite cognitive scores, with the inflection point at approximately 1.3 mg/day of dietary Cu intake. Accordingly, for the composite cognitive score, compared to the first quantile (<1.28 mg/day), those with dietary Cu in quantiles 2-8 (≥1.28 mg/day) had a significantly slower cognitive decline rate (B, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.13, 0.47). Similar results were found for the global cognitive score. Moreover, the inverse association between dietary Cu and cognitive decline was stronger in those with lower dietary fat intake and lower levels of physical activity (All p-interactions <0.05). There was a nonlinear inverse association of dietary Cu intake with cognitive decline in the elderly, with an inflection point at approximately 1.3 mg/day of dietary Cu intake.

Supplemental Material for Enhancing Precision of the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status–Modified (TICS-M) Using the Rasch Model

Supplemental Material for Enhancing Precision of the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status–Modified (TICS-M) Using the Rasch Model

Positive Affect and Cognitive Functioning in Older African American Adults

AbstractBackgroundPrevious research has demonstrated a link between affect and cognitive functioning, particularly showing that negative affect is related to lower cognitive performance across several cognitive domains. However, the relationship between positive affect (PA) and cognitive functioning is not as thoroughly characterized, though some previous work suggests that PA may be related to improved memory consolidation and greater cognitive flexibility. There is little research, if any, on the relation between PA and cognition in older adults from diverse racial backgrounds, who are also at greater risk for Alzheimer’s disease. PA may be a modifiable factor and target for intervention to deter cognitive decline. Therefore, we investigated whether PA was related to cognitive functioning in a sample of community‐dwelling, older African American adults. We predicted that greater PA would be associated with greater global cognitive functioning, immediate memory recall, and delayed memory recall while controlling for age.MethodTelephone screenings were administered to 194 older African Americans (aged 64‐94 years). Global cognitive functioning, immediate recall, and delayed recall were measured via the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status‐Modified (TICSm). Immediate and delayed recall scores were excluded from global cognitive functioning scores to reduce conceptual overlap. PA was measured with a questionnaire of emotional functioning. We used hierarchical linear regression to determine whether PA was positively associated with cognitive functioning while controlling for age.ResultHigher PA was predictive of greater global cognitive functioning, after accounting for the effect of age (F(2,191) = 15.70, p&lt;.001; ΔR2 = .05, b = 0.68, SE = 0.21, p = .002). Similarly, higher PA was predictive of greater immediate recall (F(2,191) = 14.10, p&lt;.001; ΔR2 = .03, b = 0.45, SE = 0.19, p = .019) and delayed recall (F(2,191) = 7.44, p&lt;.001; ΔR2 = .02, b = 0.48, SE = 0.23, p = .035).ConclusionIn support of our hypothesis, we have demonstrated that greater PA is associated with greater global cognitive functioning, immediate memory recall, and delayed memory recall among older African American adults. Past studies report some relationships between PA and cognition, though little, if any, work has been done with aging adults from diverse racial backgrounds. Understanding how PA relates to cognition in late life is crucial because it may be a modifiable protective factor and a target for intervention.

Low ankle-brachial index and cognitive function after stroke-the PROSpective with Incident Stroke Berlin (PROSCIS-B).

IntroductionLow ankle-brachial index (ABI) ≤0. 9 is a marker for generalized atherosclerosis and a risk factor for cognitive decline in the general population.ObjectiveTo evaluate the impact of ABI ≤0.9 on cognitive function up to 3 years after first-ever ischemic stroke.MethodsData was used from the “PROspective Cohort with Incident Stroke-Berlin” (PROSCIS-B; NCT01363856). ABI was measured at baseline and categorized into normal (1.4–0.9) vs. low (≤0.9). Cognitive function was assessed with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the Mini-Mental-State-Examination (MMSE) at baseline and with the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status-modified (TICS-m) at 1–3 years of follow-up. We performed confounder adjusted generalized linear models (GLM) to calculate relative risks (RR) for cognitive impairment at baseline (MMSE≤26; MoCA≤25) and linear mixed models (LMM) to estimate the impact of low ABI on TICS-m over time.ResultsWe included 325 patients [mean age: 66 (SD = 13); 38% female, median NIHSS = 2 (IQR = 1–4), ABI≤0.9: 59 (18%)]. Patients with low ABI were at increased risk of cognitive impairment at baseline (adjusted RR for MoCA≤25 = 1.98; 95%-CI:1.24 to 3.16). TICS-m scores were consistently lower over time in patients with low ABI (adjusted ß = −1.96; 95%-CI:−3.55 to −0.37). Independent of ABI, cognitive function did not decline over time (adjusted ß:0.29; 95%-CI:−0.06 to 0.64).ConclusionIn patients with mild to moderate first-ever ischemic stroke, low ABI is associated with reduced cognitive function over a 3-year follow-up.Study Registrationhttps://clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT01363856.

Serum anti-NMDA-receptor antibodies and cognitive function after ischemic stroke (PROSCIS-B)

ObjectiveWe aimed to investigate whether serum anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor GluN1 (previously NR1) antibody (NMDAR1-abs) seropositivity impacts cognitive function (CF) in the long term following ischemic stroke.MethodsData were used from the PROSpective Cohort with Incident Stroke-Berlin. NMDAR1-abs (IgM/IgA/IgG) were measured with cell-based assays from serum obtained within 7 days after the first-ever stroke. Seropositivity was defined as titers ≥ 1:10, low titers as ≤ 1:100 and high titers as > 1:100. We assessed CF at 1, 2 and 3 years after stroke with the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status-modified (TICS-m) and used crude and propensity score adjusted inverse probability weighted generalized linear models to estimate the impact of NMDAR1-abs serostatus on TICS-m.ResultsData on NMDAR1-abs (median day of sampling = 4[IQR = 2–5]) were available in 583/621 PROSCIS-B patients (39% female; median NIHSS = 2[IQR = 1–4]; median MMSE = 28[IQR:26–30]), of whom 76(13%) were seropositive (IgM: n = 48/IgA: n = 43/IgG: n = 2). Any NMDAR1-abs seropositivity had no impact on TICS-m compared to seronegative patients (βcrude = 0.69[95%CI = – 0.84 to 2.23]; βadjusted = 0.65[95%CI = – 1.00 to 2.30]). Patients with low titers scored better on TICS-m compared to seronegative patients (βcrude = 2.33[95%CI = 0.76 to 3.91]; βadjusted = 2.47[95%CI = 0.75 to 4.19]); in contrast, patients with high titers scored lower on TICS-m (βcrude = –2.82[95%CI = – 4.90 to – 0.74], βadjusted = – 2.96[95%CI = – 5.13 to – 0.80]), compared to seronegative patients.ConclusionIn our study, NMDAR1-abs seropositivity did not affect CF over 3 years after a first mild to moderate ischemic stroke. CF differed according to NMDAR1-abs serum titer, with patients with high NMDAR1-abs titers having a less favorable cognitive outcome compared to seronegative patients.

Subjective age and its relationships with physical, mental, and cognitive functioning: A cross-sectional study of 1,004 community-dwelling adults across the lifespan

Perceived younger age is associated with positive health outcomes in existing literature. Few studies have examined these associations using a wide range of variables in large sample of adults of all ages. The objective of present study was to characterize the discrepancy between chronological age (CA) and subjective age (SA) in a large sample of community-dwelling adults across the lifespan, investigate associations with mental, physical, and cognitive health, and examine how it is related to a broad array of psychosocial variables relevant to well-being. Cross-sectional data from 1,004 individuals aged 21–100+ years from the Successful AGing Evaluation (SAGE) study were used for this analysis. Data included self-report measures of physical health (SF-36 – Physical Component), mental health composite score (created using CES-D Happiness scale, Satisfaction with Life Scale, SF-36 Mental Component, Brief Symptom Inventory Anxiety Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and Perceived Stress Scale), Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status - modified (TICS-m), and validated measures of various positive psychological variables such as meaning in life and optimism. On average, SA was 11.5 years younger than CA (SD 11.3). The discrepancy increased with CA. A younger SA compared to CA was associated with better mental and physical health in all age groups and was positively associated with measures of presence of meaning in life, successful aging, optimism, personal mastery, resilience, curiosity, hope, and social support. The association between age discrepancy and cognitive functioning was not statistically significant. These findings indicate that SA is potentially valuable for the purposes of clinical assessment and intervention, and this possibility should be investigated in future research.

Temporal Patterns of Energy Intake in Relation to Cognitive Function and Its Decline: A Community-Based Cohort Study in China

ObjectivesTemporal pattern of energy intake (TPEI) has been related to multiple cardiometabolic diseases and mortality. However, its association with cognitive function remains poorly understood. We aimed to assess the prospective association of the TPEI with cognitive function and its decline in a community-based cohort study in China.MethodsThe study included data from 3342 participants aged over 55 years old from the China Health and Nutrition Study (CHNS). Dietary data were collected using 3-day 24-hour dietary recalls at study baseline in 1997 and every 2–4 years thereafter. TPEI was identified using the k-means algorithm. Cognitive function was assessed up to four times using the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status-modified (TICS-m) from 1997–2006. Linear mixed models were used to estimate the association of TPEI with the level of cognitive function and its decline in subsequent years.ResultsWe identified six TPEIs: breakfast-dominant, lunch-dominant, dinner-dominant, evenly-distributed, breakfast-skipping, and snack-rich patterns. Compared with the evenly-distributed temporal pattern, other patterns were all related to lower cognitive function scores, with differences being −0.94 (95%CI: −1.37, −0.51, points) for breakfast-dominant pattern, −1.18 (95%CI: −1.67, −0.69, points) for lunch-dominant pattern, −0.97 (95%CI: −1.43, −0.51, points) for dinner-dominant pattern, −1.05 (95%CI: −1.70, −0.40, points) for snack-rich pattern, and −1.32 (95%CI: −1.66, −0.99, points) for breakfast-skipping pattern (P < 0.05). Particularly, the breakfast-skipping pattern was also associated with a significantly faster cognitive decline (−0.40 [−0.48, −0.32] point/year) compared with the slowest cognitive decline (−0.26 [−0.31, −0.21] point/year) in the evenly-distributed pattern.ConclusionsMaintaining an evenly-distributed temporal pattern of energy intake was associated with better cognitive function and slower cognitive decline in later life, underscoring the importance of managing and balancing energy intake across major meals throughout the day.Funding SourcesThis work was supported by the Zhejiang University Education Foundation Global Partnership Fund (granted to CY).

Validation of Persian Version of the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status-modified Questionnaire Among Iranian Adults

Background: Dementia is a growing public health problem worldwide, and its early detection can help to manage the disease more effectively. This study aimed to validate the Persian version of the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status-modified (TICS-m) questionnaire in older adults in the northeast of Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was accomplished as part of the Neyshabur Longitudinal Study on Ageing (NeLSA) from January to May 2019. The translated Persian version of TICS-m was tested for content and face validity. The construct validity of the questionnaire was also assessed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with the extraction method of principal component analysis (PCA) and Oblimin rotation. Results: A total of 210 community-dwelling adults (aged ≥ 50; mean age: 59.6 ± 6.8 years) were registered in the NeLSA. The content validity ratio (CVR) of all items in the TICS-m questionnaire was higher than 0.62. The content validity index (CVI) of the three items was less than 0.78; so, these items were revised and replaced with alternative words. The face validity of the questionnaire was also confirmed. According to the results of EFA, the six extracted factors accounted for 68.8% of the total variance. Conclusions: Our results revealed that the construct validity of the Persian version of the TICS-m is satisfactory.

Longitudinal white matter hyperintensity changes and cognitive decline in patients with minor stroke

Background and objectiveAs reported, both minor stroke and white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) are associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment and dementia. The underlying factors for dynamic changes in WMH volume and cognitive performances in patients with minor stroke remain poorly understood. A 2-year longitudinal study was designed to investigate the factors associated with the changes in white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volume on brain MRI and cognitive decline in patients with minor stroke.MethodsA group of eligible patients with minor ischemic stroke was recruited in a row. At the initial and 2-year follow-up visits, all the participants underwent routine examinations, multimodal MRI, and cognitive assessment. Using a lesion prediction algorithm tool, we were able to automate the measurement of the change in WMH volume. During the 2-year follow-up, cognitive function was evaluated using Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status-Modified (TICS-m). Participants’ demographic, clinical, and therapeutic data were collected and statistically analyzed. Regression analyses were used to test the relationships between risk factors and changes in WMH volume and cognitive decline.ResultsFinally, we followed up with 225/261 participants for 2 years, with a mean age of 65.67 ± 10.73 years (65.6% men). WMH volume was observed to be increased in 113 patients, decreased in 74 patients, and remained stable in 58 patients. Patients with WMH progression were more often had a history of hypertension (p = 0.006) and a higher CSVD burden both at baseline and follow-up visit (p < 0.05). Longitudinally, the proportion of patients taking antihypertension medications on a regular basis in the regression group was higher than in the stable group (p = 0.01). When compared to the stable group, the presence of lacunes (OR 9.931, 95% CI 1.597–61.77, p = 0.014) was a stronger predictor of progression in WMH volume. 87 subjects (38.6%) displayed incident cognitive impairment. The progression of WMH volume was a significant risk factor for cognitive decline (p < 0.001).ConclusionsThe longitudinal change of WMH is dynamic. The regressive WMH volume was associated with the use of antihypertensive medications on a regular basis. The presence of lacunes at the initial visit of the study was a stronger predictor of WMH progression. The progression of WMH volume could be useful in predicting cognitive decline in patients with minor stroke.

The PRagmatic EValuation of evENTs And Benefits of Lipid‐lowering in oldEr adults (PREVENTABLE) trial: Study design and procedures for cognitive assessment and adjudication

AbstractBackgroundNo existing therapies for Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias fundamentally alter the trajectory of the disease. While observational data suggests statins may reduce cognitive and functional decline in older adults, randomized evidence is lacking.MethodThe PRagmatic EValuation of evENTs And Benefits of Lipid‐lowering in oldEr adults (PREVENTABLE) trial is funded by the National Institute on Aging, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, and supported by the Alzheimer’s Association. The trial will test the primary hypothesis that randomization to atorvastatin 40 mg versus placebo results in superior survival free of incident dementia or persistent physical disability over 5 years. The development of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a secondary endpoint. The target sample size is 20,000 participants ≥75 years without dementia recruited from 90 sites across the US from the National Patient‐Centered Clinical Research Network and the Veterans Affairs system. The trial will use a pragmatic, standardized telephone‐based cognitive battery, centrally administered annually, which includes a cognitive screener, the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status‐modified (TICSm). Based on TICSm scoring, an extended phone cognitive battery will be performed that includes measures of attention/executive function, verbal memory, language, and mood. In addition, the Functional Activities Questionnaire will be administered to a trusted contact. A telephone assessment of physical and functional status will also be administered annually. Cognitive and functional data will be adjudicated by a panel of experts, blinded to treatment assignment, to determine the occurrence of MCI (and subtype) or probable dementia.ResultPREVENTABLE will utilize pragmatic data sources (electronic health records and administrative claims) to obtain relevant medical data; however, these mechanisms are unreliable at identifying incident dementia and MCI. The pandemic required modification of cognitive testing, embracing a purely telephonic approach at baseline, which will nonetheless permit cognitive adjudication of participants. Recruitment will be ongoing through April 2023 with results available in 2026.ConclusionPREVENTABLE represents the largest randomized pragmatic trial examining cognitive outcomes associated with statin use in older adults. Launching during the pandemic required adaptation to remote assessment, which will facilitate progress towards efficient and novel methods for pragmatic clinical trials aimed at preventing dementia.