Telecommunication Lines Research Articles

New Law Responding to Imitations of Designs that Intersect Real and Virtual Space: Amendment of the Unfair Competition Prevention Act in Japan

Abstract Digital items that have the appearance of real utilitarian products are often tied to NFTs (Non-Fungible Tokens) in the virtual space known as the metaverse, and sold as goods. The designs of real utilitarian products are increasingly being converted into the designs of such NFT goods without the permission of their developers. In order to deal with these imitations, which intersect the real and the virtual worlds, the Japanese legislator decided to utilize the existing provision for the protection of forms of goods in the unfair competition prevention law (UCPA 1993). The law was amended in June 2023 to newly define ‘the act of offering through telecommunication line’ goods that imitate the form of another person’s goods as an act of unfair competition. Copyright protection under Japanese case law has rarely been granted to designs of utilitarian products, and under Japanese design law the product design is identified not only by its shape but also by its product type. The protection of image designs is almost exclusively limited to specific images unrelated to the NFT goods. However, the revised provision of UCPA 1993 has also been generally interpreted as the provision prohibiting the imitation of designs between homogeneous products. The amendment effectively negates this interpretation. This paper reveals the impact on the existing interpretation of the relevant provision of UCPA 1993 and the issues arising from other legal provisions with respect to such imitations.

Modulation instability and comparative observation of the effect of fractional parameters on new optical soliton solutions of the paraxial wave model

This work focuses on the study of the paraxial wave model with a space–time fractional form. This model has more importance for describing light propagation in nonlinear optical fibers and telecommunication lines. The main aim of this work is to observe the effect of the fractional parameters and compare the truncated M\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$M$$\\end{document}-fraction with the beta-fraction, conformable fraction form, and classical form of the PW model. For this observation, we applied the Simplest equation technique to acquire analytical solutions to the space–time (spatiotemporal) M\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$M$$\\end{document}-fractional paraxial wave model. We are able to acquire several new optical soliton solutions, including periodic waves, kink-type waves, rogue-type waves, and several novel periodic waves, by providing the appropriate fractional parametric values. These solutions have significance for shedding light on a number of physical phenomena in the realms of optical fiber and communication sciences. The diverse values of fractional parameters and the three-dimensional and contour plot graphs of certain chosen solutions are depicted, which are the most accurate physical characterizations of the outcomes. We also sketch the comparative graph of diverse fractional forms and the classical form of the paraxial wave equation in two-dimensional plots. Consequently, our findings represent an important breakthrough in this complex area and help further develop our comprehension of the behavior of solitons.

Reuse of wooden utility poles through the combination of new and old elements

Wooden utility poles are crucial in supporting overhead telecommunication lines in Portugal. Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Aiton) is the most common wood species used for this purpose. The durability of the poles is typically determined by the deterioration observed in their ground line. Aiming to reduce the use of new sound wooden poles, reducing the economic costs involved, and the environmental impacts, the reuse of those old wooden poles by removing the degraded part is one possible solution. This study aimed to develop and validate solutions with composed poles, specifically for the connections between the wood members, so that it is possible to more efficiently incorporate used parts into the remanufactured poles. Two types of connections were used: members joined by a cylindrical steel tube, and members joined by finger joints. The static bending moduli of elastic and rupture were tested. The mechanical properties of the reused wooden utility poles showed to be in line with the values of new sound wooden poles made of different wood species. Finally, both proposed solutions proved to be practical for use in the production of reused utility poles, which are mostly made from old timber poles.

A Comparative Study on Lattice Tower Angle Member Capacities as Per Indian, American, and BSEN Standards

The transmission lines and Telecommunication networks are normally supported by lattice towers. Therefore, the reliability of these essentials depends much on the reliability of the towers and their foundations. In Both telecom and power transmission line sectors, the towers are mass-produced and generally based on optimized tower weight and foundation volumes. The weight of a tower is influenced to a great extent by the selection of tower configuration, choice of bracing patterns, choice of steel grade, and profile type. The towers in general are lattice types consisting of main legs, diagonals, horizontals, cross-arm members, and peak members. The telecommunication and power transmission line tower members are generally made of steel equal-angle sections. These tower members are modeled and analyzed as pin-jointed 3-dimensional space truss models and the members are subjected to axial forces, either axial compression or axial tension in nature. Estimation of member compression capacity is the most vital parameter in design as per respective local standards and proving those estimations during full-scale model tower testing if carried out. This paper presents the differences in axial compression capacity of angle members as per Indian, American, and European standards viz., IS: 802 (Part 1/Sec 2)-2016, IS 800-2007, ASCE 10-15 and BS EN 1993-3-1:2006.

Mathematical modeling of chirped modulated waves along a multi-coupled nonlinear electrical transmission line with dispersive elements

This work presents a mathematical modeling of chirped modulated waves propagating along a two-dimensional nonlinear electrical transmission line consisting of nonlinear dispersive and purely nonlinear capacitive elements. Combining the rotating-wave approximation technique with the perturbation method, we derive a two-dimensional extended nonlinear Schrödinger equation with self-steepening and self-frequency shift, that predicts the formation and propagation of a very rich variety of soliton-like waves including bright, dark, kink, and double-kink soliton-like waves with nonlinear chirp in a multi-coupled nonlinear electrical transmission network with dispersive elements. Using this model equation, parameter domains are delineated in which these modulated waves exist. The parameter domains are found to be strongly dependent on the dispersive elements of the network system. Through exact solutions of the amplitude equation, we investigate the dynamics of chirped modulated waves along the network system under consideration. Our results show that the nonlinear chirp associated with each of the found soliton-like pulses is directly proportional to the wave intensity and is saturated at some finite value as the propagation coordinate approaches its asymptotic value. Also, we show that increasing the number of the network lines decreases the propagating speed of the soliton-like pulses. Most importantly, theoretical analysis show that chirping of found network pulses can be controlled by varying the self-steepening term and self-frequency shift. The validity of analytical results and the robustness of these chirped soliton-like voltage signals which may have important applications in signal processing systems are confirmed by numerical simulations. The results of our study may be launched in long distance telecommunication lines involving higher-order nonlinearities of the fiber.

Sustainable use of forests

Sustainable use of forests

OPTIMIZATION OF THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORK BETWEEN TWO AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL CENTERS USING MICROWAVE LINKS

Microwave line of sight transmission is one of several transmission media in modern commutation. An important part of microwave network is to account for these conditions and provide technical corrections. Currently, the Telecommunication Network (TN) between the two area air traffic control centers in BHANSA is based on leased lines from the “Consortium”, which consists of three telecom operators in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In this way, the quality of services provided through such a network depends on the availability of such a network. The disadvantages of this solution are the high cost of leasing telecommunication lines, the lack of end-to-end supervision of the entire network by BHANSA staff, the dependence of service maintenance and any request for future capacity increase requires the procurement of new services from the telecom operator, which implies new costs. The aim of the work is to offer a transport network solution that will be based on microwave links (MW) with high output power (HP) and a long range, which reduces the number of jumps in the network and in a protective configuration, with sufficient capacity to meet the current and future needs of BHANSA.

Enemy within the gates: militarism, sabotage, subversion and counter-subversion in South Africa, 1939-1945

ABSTRACT In September 1939, when the Union of South Africa entered what became the Second World War, the country was confronted with wide-spread political dissent and anti-war resistance which threatened internal security and stability. Incidents of violence, sabotage, riots, bomb explosions, cutting of tele-communication lines and constant militarism designed to thwart the country’s war effort were reported. These incidents were perpetuated by the disaffected radical Afrikaner nationalists who opposed the Union’s war policy, particularly the militant Ossewabrandwag (OB) led by Dr Johannes Frederik Janse (Hans) van Rensburg, in collaboration with Nazi espionage agents. The government of General Jan Christiaan Smuts implemented multi-faceted security arrangements, which included passing the War Measures Act, unleashing the security services and adopting the internment policy to subdue the militants and preserve internal security. This article examines the development of anti-war resistance and militarism in the Union and reflects on the counter-subversive efforts by the Smuts government to preserve internal security during the Second World War. Ultimately, given the magnitude of the anti-war destabilisation campaign, this analysis illustrates how and why the Smuts government survived a two-front war and managed to sustain the war effort.

NEW STUDENT ADMISSION INFORMATION SYSTEM AT AMIK WAHANA MANDIRI

In an increasingly advanced era like today computers have become an inseparable part of human life. The role of computers has been felt in almost all areas of life, especially along with the rapid development of computer network technology, all the information we need can be obtained in just a short time. One of them is through the internet network, there are various information in it. The Internet is a global computer network that is interconnected through telecommunications lines. AMIK Wahana Mandiri, as a formal higher education institution that concentrates on informatics and computer management has the task of improving the competence,activities, and professionalism of students to be able to compete globally after completing their education at AMIK Wahana Mandiri. In this study , we will discuss the web-based information system fornew AMIK Wahana Mandiri students. This system is an application system to manage new student data and as a medium to see various information about new student admissions at AMIK Wahana Mandiri which can be accessed anytime and anywhere (online). The system is designed using the UML (Unified Modelling Language) modeling language and implemented using PHP, Apache Web Server and MySQL Server. The research methods used are literature, observation, interviews, analysis, design, trial and implementation. The conclusion of this study is that it is hoped that a web-based new student admission information system can be built.

FEASIBILITY STUDY OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES INTEGRATION IN RWANDA DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

Purpose: This paper investigates the impacts of electric vehicles integration in Rwandan Power system by assessing harmonic distortion, power loss, system loading, and voltage stability.
 Methodology: Distribution network test was conducted on 34 buses taken from KINIGI feeder of Camp Belge substation in northern corridor of nation grid by using ETAP software.
 Findings: The test came up with locating electric vehicles charging stations by taking into account the total harmonic distortion, transformer loading, voltage sensibility factor and the power loss where 4, 1, 2, 2, and 1 vehicles are located at buses 19, 20, 23, 25, and 26 respectively. The study determined the location of charging stations to enhance technical perspectives while implementing policies as policy maker motivates the public to shift from diesel powered EV to mitigate greenhouse gases emissions and fuel resources scarcity.
 Recommendations: The number of integrated EVs has been shown to be low compared to the demand for EVs and the industry's annual target of 1000 EVs per year. This requires a utility to manage the proposed load increase by planning for the power generation, transmission and distribution infrastructure. In addition, EV charging stations generate current and voltage harmonics that affect negatively electrical equipment, nearby loads, and neighboring telecommunications lines. Harmonic filtering devices such as RHS, SC and hybrid devices built on RHS and SC are required in the distribution network to eliminate the effects generated by the harmonics.

CHROMATIC DISPERSION COMPENSATION IN EXISTING FIBER OPTIC TELECOMMUNICATION LINES WITH THE GROWING BIT RATES NEEDS OF DWDM SYSTEM

The article presents an analysis of the methods of chromatic dispersion compensation in the existing, already built fiber optic telecommunications lines, based on ITU G.652 A and B fibers with the constantly growing demand for bit rates in DWDM systems. Due to the enormous investment costs, it is impossible to replace the cables used with NZDSF, hence the chapter analyzes methods of improving the bandwidth without replacing all cables. Typical models of the optimization of chromatic dispersion in the existing lines are presented.

Regarding New Traveling Wave Solutions for the Mathematical Model Arising in Telecommunications

This research paper focuses on the application of the tanh function method to find the soliton solutions of the (2+1)-dimensional nonlinear electrical transmission line model. Materials used to form a transmitting line are very important to transmit electric charge. In this sense, we find some new voltage behaviors such as dark, trigonometric, and complex function solutions. Choosing some suitable values of parameters, we present some various surfaces of results obtained in this paper. These results play an important role in telecommunications lines used to stand for wave propagations.

Telecommunication line infrastructure and the Arctic environment: past, present and future

AbstractThis article concentrates on the interconnected past, present and future of telecommunications and the environment in the Arctic. It brings together discussions on the natural environment, sustainable development and connectivity in and through the Arctic and focuses on fixed-line infrastructure. This study builds on the theoretical literature on infrastructure, infrastructuring and pipeline ecologies and demonstrates how the peculiar features of the Arctic, such as coldness, snow and ice, ground frost and permafrost affect telecommunication lines, and how this infrastructure impacts the environment in which it is built. Similarly, the environmental conditions, paired with long distances, small populations and limited economic opportunities, affect the infrastructuring processes and the selection of technologies, as well as their spatial extent, quality and the speed of their expansion. While the construction of telecommunication lines supports the exploitation of natural resources in and beyond the different parts of the circumpolar North, it also plays a role in the observation and protection of the Arctic.

Line Configuration Dependence in Electromagnetic Induction from MAGLEV Train to Telecommunication Line

Line Configuration Dependence in Electromagnetic Induction from MAGLEV Train to Telecommunication Line

Limit length of long Ethernet telecommunication lines for industrial information systems with centralized structure

Possibilities of application of Fast Ethernet repeaters for extension of the limit length of twisted pair channel of industrial automation systems are considered. A mathematical model of the line with 100 Mb/s performance has been introduced, which allows to perform engineering calculation of the limit length of a single segment and the whole line. It is shown that in the case of Class 1 devices in terms of power consumption in the line, up to three repeaters can be used, one of which is used in the booster mode and must support the PoE+ mode. It has been established that for Class 1 devices, the main means of extending the limit length of the channel is using a twisted pair cable of Category 5e with cores of increased diameter (0.55 mm and more).

Fault location in series capacitor compensated three-terminal transmission lines based on the analysis of voltage and current phasor equations and asynchronous data transfer

In this study, a new algorithm for fault location in series capacitor compensated three-terminal transmission lines using the distributed line model is proposed. The proposed algorithm uses the sampled data of currents and voltages of all the three terminals, which are transferred asynchronously using telecommunication lines. All data transmission delays are calculated in terms of line parameters as well as the measured values of currents and voltages of the three terminals. Based on the data received from the three terminals, current and voltage equations of different points of the network are constituted for different types of faults. By solving these equations according to their boundary conditions, accurate locations of faults are estimated. One of the salient features of the suggested algorithm is that the schemed equations are independent of the model of the series capacitor compensator during fault occurrence and its protective circuitry. Also, based on the sensitivity analyses performed in this paper, the presented algorithm works perfectly against the errors caused by measurements and parameters. The test system and the suggested algorithm were realized in MATLAB environment. The obtained simulation results for different fault types occurring in various places in the line verify the accurate performance of the algorithm.

Structural optimization of Long Ethernet lines for use in automation systems of smart city and smart home

The possibility of structural optimization of the telecommunications part of the telecommunication lines of the Long Ethernet network interfaces for servicing sensors and actuating elements of automation systems of a smart city and a smart home has been considered. A model of the analyzed structure has been introduced. Given the long distances and relatively low data exchange rates, the model involves the use of standard remote power supply equipment and multiplexing of signals from sensors and actuators. The method of estimating the lengths of separate segments of a mixed path is offered, and expediency of increase in length of a path for transmission of the multiplexed signals is shown.

Finite element analysis method for electromagnetic induction to telecommunication line by MAGLEV train

AbstractWhen a magnetic levitation rail carrying a superconducting coil moves at high speed, an electromagnetic induction voltage is generated in the surrounding telecommunication line due to Faraday's electromagnetic induction. This phenomenon is analyzed by AC/DC module of COMSOL multiphysics. The telecommunication line is modeled for a common mode flowing in a loop between the telecommunication line and the ground. As a result, we devise a method to calculate the induced voltage to the telecommunication line loop by differentiating in position the position dependency of the superconducting coil with respect to the magnetic flux linking the telecommunication line loop. In addition, to confirm the validity of the calculation method in COMSOL, we compare flux linkages for a model on the ground surface and a model in the complete free space, and also compare the results calculated with MATLAB by modeling with a lumped constant circuit and the results calculated with COMSOL.

Formation of two-dimensional photopolymer diffractive optical elements for converting light beams with two-beam interactions taken into account

Bessel light beams are used in many fields, such as nonlinear optics, optical metrology, design of atmospheric wireless telecommunication lines, nanoscale objects manipulating, etc. Bessel beams do not diffract, they have restoration properties, they retain high intensity in the axial region at large distances. Thus, the search for an affordable method of forming such beams seems very relevant. In this paper, we study the process of two-dimensional diffractive optical elements (DOEs) holographic formation in photopolymer materials (PPM) with allowance for two-beam interactions. DOEs is intended for converting light beams with a Gaussian distribution into a Bessel-like ones.

Simulation of non-sinusoidal modes in railway power supply systems during movement of high-speed trains

Rectifier locomotives have non-linear current-voltage characteristics and generate higher harmonics (HH) in the power supply networks, which is accompanied by the following negative effects: reduced equipment service life, distortion of electricity metering, occurrence of resonant processes, etc. Therefore, the problem of reducing the levels of harmonic distortion in the networks adjacent to the traction substations of the AC railways is of increased relevance. The level of HH generation depends on the design features of electric locomotives. Electric stock with zone-and-phase regulation creates high harmonic distortions, which results in increased losses, increased electromagnetic effects on adjacent power and telecommunication lines and reduced reliability of power supply. Electric locomotives with asynchronous traction motors (ATM) connected via 4q – S converters virtually do not distort the sinusoidality of the current curve. To measure the degree of reduction of harmonic distortion during the movement of locomotives with ATM, simulation modeling of non-sinusoidal modes of a typical 25 kV traction power supply system was carried out for two variants of the locomotives used: 1) VL-80R with DC motors; 2) UTY –1 with asynchronous traction motors. The methodology for determining non-sinusoidal modes is based on the technology of modeling electric power systems (EPS) in phase coordinates; at the same time, the models of EPS elements were formed as lattice schemes characterized by a fully connected topology. The parameters of these circuits can be recalculated to the frequencies of HH. The proposed approach is universal and can be used to study non-sinusoidal modes in existing and future traction power supply systems. The simulation results showed that the problem of increased harmonic distortion in the networks feeding the traction substations can be completely solved by replacing the acting locomotives with new-generation electric locomotives with asynchronous electric drives and four-quadrant converters.