Tehran Research Articles

Demographic features or spatial structures? Unpacking local variation during the 2022 Iranian protests

Why do protests emerge and endure in some localities but not others? This study focuses on urban protests in the city of Tehran, Iran’s capital and largest city, during the 2022 uprising to explain why protests emerged and endured in some neighbourhoods but not others. Using an original geocoded dataset of 339 protest events at the neighbourhood level, I test two competing sets of demographic and spatial explanations. The results reveal that protests are more likely to emerge and persist in neighbourhoods with a higher percentage of educated citizens, closer proximity to university campuses and convenient access to metro stations. I provide theoretical explanations on how education boosts political awareness, university campuses act as networking hubs influencing surrounding areas and metro stations facilitate critical gathering points for protests. The findings remain consistent even when I control for a range of variables and use alternative specifications.

Prediction of 12-month recurrence of pancreatic cancer using machine learning and prognostic factors.

Pancreatic cancer is lethal and prevalent among other cancer types. The recurrence of this tumor is high, especially in patients who did not receive adjuvant therapies. Early prediction of PC recurrence has a significant role in enhancing patients' prognosis and survival. So far, machine learning techniques have given us insight into favorable performance efficiency in various medical domains. So, this study aims to establish a prediction model based on machine learning to achieve better prediction on this topic. In this retrospective research, we used data from 585 PC patient cases from January 2019 to November 2023 from three clinical centers in Tehran City. Ten chosen ensemble and non-ensemble algorithms were used to establish prediction models on this topic. Random forest and support vector machine with an AU-ROC of approximately 0.9 obtained more performance efficiency regarding PC recurrence. Lymph node metastasis, tumor size, tumor grade, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy were the best factors influencing PC recurrence. Random forest and support vector machine algorithms demonstrated high-performance ability and clinical usability to improve doctors' decisions in achieving different therapeutic and diagnostic measures.

Investigating the Need for Urban Air Mobility in Tehran City

The increase in urbanization has led to the creation of dense population in urban areas, along with economic development and the increase in vehicles, which has led to an increase in demand and consequently an increase in many challenges regarding mobility and infrastructure. Solving these challenges or reducing the effects of these challenges can have significant effects on people's daily lives. Various solutions have always been proposed to solve these challenges, some of which have been successful and some of which have not. In the city of Tehran, too, challenges have arisen due to the rapid growth of urbanization, population, and vehicles, and solutions have been proposed to solve these challenges or improve the conditions, but due to the current conditions in Tehran, these solutions have not been able to appear as successful as they should be. In this paper, by examining the conditions of Tehran in terms of noise pollution, energy and fuel consumption, air pollution, traffic conditions, public and road transportation, it is proved that Tehran needs a new mode of transportation. According to today's needs of Tehran, this new mode of transportation can be an urban air mobility (UAM) that can be used in areas such as passenger and goods transportation. The presence of this mode of transportation in the transportation system of Tehran, in addition to improving the level of transportation of this city, helps to improve and even solve the challenges of today's transportation in Tehran, such as the high noise pollution of this city.

Assessment of noise pollution-prone areas using an explainable geospatial artificial intelligence approach

This research aims to use the power of geospatial artificial intelligence (GeoAI), employing the categorical boosting (CatBoost) machine learning model in conjunction with two metaheuristic algorithms, the firefly algorithm (CatBoost-FA) and the fruit fly optimization algorithm (CatBoost-FOA), to spatially assess and map noise pollution prone areas in Tehran city, Iran. To spatially model areas susceptible to noise pollution, we established a comprehensive spatial database encompassing data for the annual average Leq (equivalent continuous sound level) from 2019 to 2022. This database was enriched with critical spatial criteria influencing noise pollution, including urban land use, traffic volume, population density, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Our study evaluated the predictive accuracy of these models using key performance metrics, including root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) indices. The results demonstrated the superior performance of the CatBoost-FA algorithm, with RMSE and MAE values of 0.159 and 0.114 for the training data and 0.437 and 0.371 for the test data, outperforming both the CatBoost-FOA and CatBoost models. ROC analysis further confirmed the efficacy of the models, achieving an accuracy of 0.897, CatBoost-FOA with an accuracy of 0.871, and CatBoost with an accuracy of 0.846, highlighting their robust modeling capabilities.Additionally, we employed an explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) approach, utilizing the SHAP (Shapley Additive Explanations) method to interpret the underlying mechanisms of our models. The SHAP results revealed the significant influence of various factors on noise-pollution-prone areas, with airport, commercial, and administrative zones emerging as pivotal contributors.

The Experiences of Iranian Middle and Lower Class Living in Inflationary Conditions

One of the most important economic problems in Iran is inflation. The aim of this study was to explore the social consequences of inflation in the lives of middle-class and lower-class people. Some of the questions addressed in this study are: how do participants experience inflation? How do they make a living? What problems are they facing? what are the consequences of inflation for participants? We used a constructivist qualitative approach and grounded theory method. Participants were sampled purposively with different social groups. A total of 27 interviews with participants who belong to the middle-class and lower-class in three cities in Iran in Isfahan, Yazd and Tehran were performed. Data collection was performed through semi-structured interviews. The interview transcripts were analyzed using grounded theory coding. After analyzing the data, 8 main categories were explored which include: Limitations in relationships, Mental Threat, Frustration, make ends meet, Early Adulthood, Family quarrel, profit-making and Anomy. According to the results, participants are in a bad situation in terms of economy. Inflation and financial problems have had the pervasive impact on the people, especially those who have had a steady and low income.

Challenges of People With Disabilities With the Medical Commission of the State Welfare Organization

Background and Objectives: The international classification of functioning-disability and health (ICF) has been used by the State Welfare Organization in the medical commission in recent years. The present study was conducted with the aim of understanding the challenges of people with disabilities with the medical commission of the State Welfare Organization. Methods: The research method was qualitative and content analysis type. The method of data collection was done through in-depth and semi-structured interviews while respecting ethical considerations. The current research field of Tehran City and the medical commissions of the welfare organization departments in Tehran City and the samples were people with disabilities referring to this commission or their companions. To select a pooled sample, snowball sampling and theoretical targeted sampling were used. Data analysis was done using the method of qualitative content analysis with conventional approach. In order to ensure the reliability of the research, the four pillars of reliability, validity, transferability and verifiability were used. Results: In this research, 86 codes were finally extracted, which formed the theme of “challenges of people with disabilities” in two sub-topics: “Executive problems of clients with medical commission” and “communication problems of clients with members of medical commission". Conclusion: The findings of the research showed that those referring to the medical commissions of the welfare organization face problems related to the implementation of classification of function, disability and health, which need to be addressed by the authorities.

Effect of malocclusion severity on oral health and its correlation with socioeconomical status in Iranian adolescents

BackgroundThis study aimed to assess the effect of malocclusion severity according to the Index of Treatment Need (IOTN) on oral health (dental caries and gingivitis), and its correlation with socioeconomic status (SES) in Iranian adolescents.MethodsThis descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on adolescents between 10 and 16 years in Tehran city, who underwent clinical dental examination. The Dental Health Component (DHC) of the IOTN was used to assess the severity of malocclusion. The DMFT index was calculated to assess dental caries, and the gingival index (GI) was calculated for gingival health assessment. For oral hygiene assessment, the Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (OHI-S) was calculated, and a questionnaire was used.ResultsTotally, 306 adolescents participated in this study. The frequency of IOTN grades was 88 (28.8%), 89 (26.1%) ,49 (16%), 60 (19.6%), and 29 (9.5%) for grades 1 to 5, respectively. The multinomial logistic regression showed that by an increase in OHI-S score, the odds of having IOTN grade 4 compared to grade 1 increased. Postgraduate parental level of education decreased the odds of having IOTN grade 4 compared to grade 1. Furthermore, there was an inverse correlation between oral hygiene practice and the odds of having IOTN grade 5 compared to grade 1.ConclusionsMalocclusion may hinder oral hygiene practice, and resultantly increase plaque accumulation. This risk may be amplified in children with lower SES, highlighting the need for preventive and educational oral health programs.

The assessment of the perceived stress and the quality of life in the patients with myasthenia gravis: The mediating role of the psychological capital and social support

Background: Stress has been known as a risk factor for the onset and modification of autoimmune disorders such as myasthenia gravis (MG). However, the patients can control their stress and improve their quality of life (QOL) using some factors such as psychological and social support. Psychological capital and social support play a key role in decreasing stress and improving QOL in the patients with MG. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the mediator role of the psychological capital and social support in perceived stress and QOL of the patients with MG. Methods: In the present cross-sectional study, 203 patients with MG, including 138 women and 65 men, were selected from Iran Myasthenia Gravis Association and Shariati Hospital, Tehran City, Iran, using available sampling. The selected patients completed the Myasthenia Gravis Quality of Life questionnaire (MG-QOL), Luthans Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), and Cohen Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14). To assess the mediator role of the psychological capital and the perceived social support in the relationshipwith the perceived stress and QOL of the patients with MG, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used. Results: There was a significant negative relationship between the perceived stress and the variables of psychological capital (including hope, resilience, optimism, and self-efficacy), perceived social support dimensions (including support from important people, support from family, and support from friends), and QOL dimensions (including social activity and mental health) (P < 0.01). The results also showed that the perceived social support dimensions (including support from important people, support from family, and support from friends) and the variables of psychological capital (including hope, resilience, optimism, and self-efficacy) had a significant positive relationship with the QOL in patients with MG (P < 0.01). The indirect effect of perceived stress on the QOL through social support and psychological capital was 0.16 and 0.15, respectively, which was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The present study results show that a part of the shared variance between the conceptual circles of the perceived stress and QOL in patients with MG results from variability in the psychological capital and social support.

Evaluation of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Pharmacists in Tehran Pharmacies regarding Environmental Health Issues to Increase Good Pharmacy Practice

Background: In addition to being the most accessible medical center in the community, the pharmacy is a center for storing and providing medicines and cosmetics that are directly related to people's health. Therefore, observing environmental health issues in the pharmacy, which is managed by the pharmacist, is considered necessary. In this study, considering the direct and high impact of observing various aspects of environmental health on the good pharmacy practice and its value, it has been tried by examining the level of knowledge, attitude and practice of pharmacists in the pharmacies of Tehran city and presenting it, the necessary ground for promotion The environmental health status of pharmacies should be provided. Methods: In this research, standard researcher-made questionnaires were designed and after checking its validity by clinical pharmacists, environmental health and biostatistics experts and its reliability with Cronbach's alpha test, It was completed by the pharmacists of Tehran community pharmacies in the period of April to September 2022, observing ethical points and preserving their identity, in order to show their knowledge, attitude and performance towards environmental health issues in the pharmacy where they operate. Then the obtained data were analyzed in SPSS version 23.0 statistical software. Results: Examination of the data obtained from this study showed that the pharmacists in the study have the appropriate level of knowledge and attitude, but their performance in pharmacies is different. Conclusion: Observation of the results of the study shows that due to the lack of appropriate practical training and the lack of strict rules by regulatory authorities, despite the appropriate level of knowledge of pharmacists, in practice do not consider themselves very obliged to observe health principles.

The effectiveness of mindfulness-based therapy on enhancing adjustment and reducing impulsivity among Iranian couples

The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a mindfulness-based training program in improving marital adjustment and reducing impulsivity among Iranian couples. The study used a quasi-experimental design with two groups: experimental and control. The sample of the current study consisted of 16 married couples from the city of Tehran, totaling 32 participants. The participants were randomly assigned to two groups, experimental and control, with each group consisting of 8 couples. The results indicated the effectiveness of the mindfulness program in enhancing marital adjustment, with the posttest mean rising to (2.86), and the average impulsivity score decreased to 2.59, indicating a significant reduction in impulsivity among Iranian couples. Mindfulness-based therapy directly affects participants’ ability to regulate immediate emotions. This increased awareness significantly helps in managing harmful mental behaviors such as impulsivity, substance abuse, and poor adaptability. Future research should investigate the broader effects of mindfulness on mental and behavioral outcomes, with a focus on addressing impulsivity in young couples. Additionally, incorporating mindfulness-based therapy for couples both before and during marriage could enhance interpersonal relationships and overall quality of life.

Investigating the relationship between moral courage and caregiving behaviours among nurses working in COVID-19 wards in Iran.

To examine the correlation between moral courage and caregiving behaviour among nurses who are employed in the COVID-19 ward in Iran. This study is a descriptive-correlational and cross-sectional research conducted in 2021 in the city of Tehran, Iran. A total of 270 nurses employed in COVID-19 wards, who had been working in these wards for at least 1 month, were recruited from XXX hospitals and XXX Hospital. Data collection was conducted from September to November 2021. The data collection tools included a demographic information form, the Caring Dimension Inventory (CDI-25), and the Professional Moral Courage Scale (PMC). The designed questionnaire links were provided to the participants virtually through the Persian platform 'Pars Line' and via WhatsApp. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to examine the relationship between moral courage and care behaviour. There was a significant difference in the mean of caring behaviour between the age groups (<30 and >40 years old), and the work experience groups (<5 years and >15 years) (p < 0.05). Ethical values also varied significantly between certain age and experience groups (p < 0.05), but no significant differences were found in ethical behaviour across most ages (30-40 years) and work experience categories (>10 years) (p > 0.05). The level of moral courage among the nurses was higher than the median score of the instrument (87.31 ± 10.37). Among the dimensions of moral courage, the highest score was related to the dimension of ethical factors (17.64 ± 2.64), and the lowest score was related to the dimension of multiple values (17.26 ± 2.78). The level of caring behaviours among the nurses was lower than the median score of the instrument (46.11 ± 10.84). Among the dimensions of caring behaviours, the highest score was related to physical-technical behaviours (19.22 ± 5.27), and the lowest score was related to professional behaviours (1.35 ± 0.67). Based on the analysis, moral courage had a weak and inverse correlation with caring behaviours among nurses. The higher moral courage does not necessarily result in improved caregiving behaviours, emphasizing the need for further research to explore and address this relationship. No Patient or Public Contribution.

Thermo-environmental analysis of a renewable Allam Cycle for generating higher power and less CO2 emissions

Although CO2 emissions from burning fossil fuels have caused numerous environmental problems, the utilization of oxy-fuel cycles has proven to be an effective method for generating more power while minimizing CO2 emissions. In this study, an innovative power generation system was presented that integrates renewable energies (solar and wind) with a small-scale oxy-fuel cycle (Allam Cycle). The system underwent modeling, simulation, and optimization from energy, exergy, exergoeconomic, and environmental perspectives. Generating higher power and emitting lower CO2 emissions compared to conventional gas turbines was the main goal of this study. Additionally, to present results meaningfully, comparisons were made between two different weather conditions: St. Petersburg in Russia (cold climate) and Tehran in Iran (normal climate). In this regard, dynamic analysis was performed using TRNSYS and Engineering Equation Solver (EES) tools. Furthermore, a multi-objective optimization was conducted using the TOPSIS multi-criteria method on functional parameters. The optimization results revealed that the maximum energy efficiency and minimum total cost rate were achieved at 75 % for Tehran and 1.84 $/h for St. Petersburg. Providing power for internal components, the highest power sold to the grid was reported to be 8365 kWh in December in St. Petersburg and 9646 kWh in May in Tehran. Additionally, the flat plate collector (FPC) demonstrated maximum efficiency and stored heat of 36 % in Tehran and 2.25 kWh in St. Petersburg, respectively. Ultimately, the results of pollutant emissions indicated that the Allam Cycle achieved a significant CO2 reduction compared to a conventional gas turbine, with a reduction ratio of 117 times in St. Petersburg and 119 times in Tehran.

Molecular Survey of Microsporidia, Blastocystis, Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Pet Avian Species in Tehran, Iran

Background: Opportunistic microorganisms of the intestinal tract, such as Cryptosporidium spp. Giardia spp. Blastocystis sp. and microsporidia, are increasingly responsible for clinical disorders in various host species, including humans. Objectives: This study was conducted to search for the above parasites in the feces of pet birds using parasitological and molecular methods in Tehran City, Iran. Methods: In the current study, fecal samples of avian birds were collected and investigated with modified Ziehl-Neelsen, modified trichrome, and trichrome staining for the presence of microsporidia, Cryptosporidium, Blastocystis and Giardia. All the samples were examined molecularly with specific primers and PCR methods. Results: Three of the examined droppings contained Encephalitozoon hellem genotype 1B (2%) by PCR and sequencing. The microsporidian organisms were recovered from the droppings of a clinically normal green-cheek parakeet, an African gray parrot, and a lovebird. Other parasites that were examined were not found in the analyzed samples. Conclusion: The current study proved that captive pet birds are a possible source of microsporidian infection. Besides the fact that encephalitozoonosis is predominantly subclinical in birds, the highly resistant nature of the microsporidia spores can put the owners at increased risk of disease acquisition via spore inhalation or ingestion.

“Effect of improving sustainable transportation indicators on quality of life in Tehran”

Although transportation has a fundamental role in economic development and the urban life cycle, its negative consequences, such as air pollution, global warming, traffic, accidents, destruction of natural habitats, significant consumption of fossil fuels, and noise pollution, are non-negligible. These adverse effects have reduced citizens' quality of life (QOL). To decrease the complications caused by urban transportation, sustainable transportation (ST) has been recommended, which simultaneously considers three dimensions (environmental, social, and economic). Like other big cities, the metropolis of Tehran, with a population of over nine million people, is experiencing many challenges due to the lack of integration in the transportation network despite the presence of private transportation (PRT) and public transportation (PT). Air pollution, traffic, accidents, and travel time have affected the reduction of (QOL) in Tehran city. This research goal is to design an integrated model (SD) using indicators (ST) for Tehran transportation to evaluate the impact of these indicators on the (QOL) of residents of Tehran. This model using widely used (ST) indicators are designed and simulated in vansim software with four distinct scenarios. The simulation showed that with the continuation of the current conditions, the performance of ninety percent of indicators will worsen, and the (QOL) in Tehran will decrease (-60%). The best performance of the indicators is related to the simulation of the fourth scenario (doubling the price of gasoline and the capacity of (PT) and reducing the cost of access to (PT) by 50%, which improves the 93% performance of indicators and the (QOL) in Tehran by +206% (up from -60 % to +146%) compared to the current conditions.

The Deployment Modeling of Low-Cost Sensors for Urban Particulate Matter Monitoring: A Case Study for PM2.5 Monitoring in Tehran City

The Deployment Modeling of Low-Cost Sensors for Urban Particulate Matter Monitoring: A Case Study for PM2.5 Monitoring in Tehran City

An examination and analysis of the clustering of healthcare centers and their spatial accessibility in Tehran metropolis: Insights from Google POI data

Metropolises, as centers of diverse activities, encounter numerous challenges, including equitable access to healthcare services. This study examines the inequality in healthcare center accessibility in Tehran, a critical factor for sustainable urban development. Utilizing Google Point of Interest data, healthcare center clusters in Tehran were identified, and various clustering algorithms were tested. The Mean Shift Cluster algorithm was the most effective method. The study also mapped accessibility by analyzing the radius of neighborhoods around urban blocks. The findings reveal a significant imbalance in the distribution of healthcare centers in the city, with a concentration in the city center that does not align with population density—a key indicator of demand. Notably, District 7, despite being centrally located, relatively has a higher clusters' concentration of lower-quality healthcare centers. The findings reveal that four sub-districts situated in the peripheral regions of Tehran city, which collectively account for approximately 6.3% of the city's total area, exhibit significantly lower accessibility to the healthcare centers compared to other sub-districts. Overall, the areas with superior accessibility are predominantly found in the city center and extend towards the north, with accessibility decreasing as one moves towards the outskirts of the city. These results underscore the need for targeted urban planning to address the uneven distribution of healthcare resources and promote equitable access across Tehran.

Attitude of Students and Professors Toward Quality of Residency Medical Education at the Selected University of Medical Sciences in Tehran in 2023

Background: Clinical education is one of the most essential components of medical student education, as it significantly impacts students' professional futures and the training of healthcare experts. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the quality of clinical teaching from the perspective of residents and professors at selected medical schools in Tehran city. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using the census technique on 81 residents and 48 faculty members from internal medicine, surgery, radiology, anesthesia, and physical medicine in 2023. The data collection instrument was a reliable and valid questionnaire. After gathering the data, SPSS software computed the score for each item and reported it as a percentage. Results: The research findings showed that residents reported morning reports are always held in 94% of the internal medicine group and 60% of the surgical group. Additionally, 80% of the residents and 100% of the professors in the surgery department stated that the group held regular mortality and morbidity meetings. Thirty-three percent of radiology and physical medicine residents mentioned that the hospital amenities are of good quality. The residents of the physical medicine department reported that theory classes are always held 83% of the time. Conclusions: According to the present findings, the quality of education in internal medicine and surgical courses is optimal from the perspective of both professors and students. Periodic studies on the sustainability and improvement of current educational conditions are recommended.

Quality of Life With and Without Using Smart Phone Among Visually Impaired People

Background and Objectives: The quality of life (QoL) of blind people is affected by various variables, including age, sex, level of education, severity of low vision, use of applications and software, etc. This research aims to compare the QoL of people with low vision who use and do not use low-vision applications on smartphones. Methods: The statistical population included all patients with low vision who were referred to low vision research centers and other institutions active in the field of blindness and low vision in Tehran City, Iran. The sample size of this study was 43 people using the conviniece sampling method and Cochran’s formula, which was considered to be 90 people due to the existence of two groups for comparison. The research data collection tool was Hakimzadeh Yazdi’s QoL questionnaire (2022). Two-way one-variable analysis of variance and SPSS software, version 21 were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that people with low vision who use low-vision applications have a higher QoL compared to people with low-vision who do not use low-vision applications (P&lt;0.05). Also, the effect of demographic variables on the QoL of low-vision patients using and not using applications was presented (P&lt;0.05). Age and gender had no significant effect on QoL. Conclusion: Considering the impact of applications in facilitating the daily affairs of low vision patients, it is recommended to use it in treatment and educational programs in hospitals and even in the family.

Child health-friendly neighbourhood: a qualitative study to explore the perspectives and experiences of experts and mothers of children under 6 years of age in Tehran, Iran

ObjectivesCreating health-supportive environments is one of the key strategies for health promotion. The WHO launched the Healthy Cities Initiative which has inspired other international organisations to develop settings-based health initiatives,...

First Sero-Molecular Diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii and Toxocara spp. Infections in the Police Dogs and Their Trainers in Iran.

Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) and Toxocara spp. are two types of parasites that can infect humans and various animals, including dogs. Police dogs and their trainers have a vital role in law enforcement, and their health and well-being are crucial for them to effectively carry out their duties. No study has yet been conducted on the prevalence of T. gondii and Toxocara spp. infections among police dogs and their trainers in Iran. The objective of this study was to determine the sero-molecular prevalence of T. gondii and Toxocara spp. infections in police dogs and their trainers in Tehran, the capital of Iran. In Tehran province, the anti-narcotics police have nearly 200 well-trained police dogs. Each dog is assigned a dedicated trainer and upon completing missions, is housed separately in a designated area. In the present study, a total of 150 samples were gathered. These included 50 blood samples from randomly selected police dogs, 50 fecal samples from the same dogs, and 50 blood samples from their trainers. The Modified Agglutination Test (MAT) was performed to detect T. gondii antibodies in dog blood samples and the ELISA system was utilized to identify anti-Toxoplasma and anti-Toxocara antibodies in the sera of the dog trainers. A specific segment of the SAG2 and ITS genes were amplified via nested-PCR in order to molecularly detect T. gondii in human blood samples and Toxocara spp. in dog fecal samples. Regarding serological findings, the prevalence of T. gondii in dog and human blood samples was 4% (2/50) and 10% (5/50), respectively. According to reports, the seroprevalence of Toxocara spp. in human blood samples was 6% (3/50). No statistically significant association was found between the prevalence of the examined parasites and variables (age, sex, and breed) in dogs, as well as the age variable in military personnel. Molecular findings showed that out of the 50 dog fecal samples and 50 human blood samples, there was no presence of Toxocara spp. and T. gondii, respectively. Understanding the prevalence of parasitic infections helps public health officials assess the risk to human and animal populations. This information can guide the development of prevention and control measures to reduce the spread of these infections. Overall, the prevalence of parasitic infections, particularly T. gondii and Toxocara spp., in police dogs and their trainers remains uncertain and necessitates further in-depth research.