Technology Transfer Policy Research Articles

The Role of AI in Shaping Global Healthcare Cybersecurity Policies

This comprehensive article explores the transformative role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in shaping global healthcare cybersecurity policies. It examines the rapid growth of the healthcare cybersecurity market and the increasing prevalence of cyber threats in the sector. The article delves into AI's influence on international regulations, cybersecurity standards, and global cooperation initiatives. It analyzes the geopolitical implications of AI-driven cybersecurity, including national strategies, technology transfer policies, and digital sovereignty concerns. The article also addresses key challenges and future directions, such as mitigating AI bias, preparing for quantum computing threats, and optimizing human-AI collaboration in cybersecurity. Through an in-depth examination of these critical issues, the article provides a holistic overview of AI's impact on the future of healthcare cybersecurity on a global scale.

Unlocking New Opportunities: BRICS Partnership and Its Implications for Economic Development in African Countries

The BRICS partnership comprising Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa presents significant opportunities for economic development in African countries. This article investigates the evolving dynamics of BRICS and its pivotal role in shaping economic opportunities for African nations. Through thematic analysis of existing literature, it examines strategies for leveraging economic cooperation within BRICS to foster sustainable economic growth, address infrastructure development challenges, and navigate geopolitical implications. The study underscores the transformative potential of the BRICS partnership, particularly through initiatives like the New Development Bank and technology transfer collaborations. Challenges such as economic disparities and geopolitical tensions are addressed, offering insights into opportunities for enhanced cooperation. Case studies of specific joint ventures highlight lessons learned and best practices for future collaborations. The article concludes with policy recommendations aimed at maximizing the benefits of the BRICS-Africa partnership, emphasizing inclusive development, technology transfer, diplomatic engagement, and sustainable economic policies. Overall, the research contributes to understanding the multifaceted impacts of BRICS-Africa cooperation on economic development and geopolitical influence, while providing practical recommendations for policymakers and stakeholders.

Empirical Research on Technology Transfer Efficiency of National Universities based on the Background of Innovation and Entrepreneurship

Based on the background of innovation and entrepreneurship, this paper establishes an empirical model of technology transfer efficiency in colleges and universities by referring to previous research results, analyzes from three aspects: target interest, behavior style and risk tendency, and concludes the influencing mechanism of transfer efficiency through demonstration. From the aspects of the essential characteristics of technology transfer in entrepreneurial-oriented universities, the incentive mechanism of participants, the intermediary role of university technology transfer institutions, and intellectual property legislation, this paper puts forward some countermeasures to further improve China s technology transfer policy system, in order to provide meaningful theoretical guidance for improving the effective mechanism of technology transfer efficiency in entrepreneurial-oriented universities.

Entrepreneurial universities and the third mission paradigm shift from economic performance to impact entrepreneurship: Germany’s EXIST program and ESG orientation

AbstractThe proliferation and intensity of modern grand challenges, and the current broad public awareness of them, has resulted in a demand for entrepreneurship with an eye toward environmental, social and governance (ESG) matters, not just profits and economic gain. When it comes to economic applications, this realigned focus on impact-oriented entrepreneurship has significantly altered the way in which entrepreneurial universities address their third mission of service to society. The overall paradigm shift toward an ESG orientation drives these entrepreneurial universities to structure their efforts in technology transfer and creating academic spinoffs to produce startups which heavily employ impact entrepreneurship and ESG principles. This paper finds that governments can assist with this transition by creating funding programs, or updating existing funding programs, which favor the selection of impact entrepreneurship focused spinoffs that make use of ideas and knowledge from the university sphere. The EXIST program from the German government serves as a prime example of just such a financial mechanism that has evolved across multiple decades to more heavily incentivize academic spinoffs that place ESG at the core of what they do, in addition to the original goals of producing economic and technological development and increasing local, regional and national competitiveness. These findings bear implications for government and university leaders in regard to technology transfer policy and academic spinoffs at entrepreneurial universities.

Agenda de inovação na cadeia produtiva de flores, gramas e plantas ornamentais

Abstract Sectoral and Thematic Chambers are forums for dialogue created by the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (MAPA), through which greater interaction with productive chains is sought, as well as the identification of opportunities and the definition of priority actions for developing Brazilian agriculture. The Thematic Chambers can contribute to the development of agriculture by identifying demands from the productive sector and linking them to proposals for research, development, and innovation by creating innovation agendas. For that, the analysis of productive chains and their practices allows a better understanding of agribusiness, which consequently enables the development of effective strategies to promote the growth and development of a sector. The objective of the agenda in Flower, Turfgrass, and Ornamental Plant is to present an analysis of the main problems and opportunities for innovation in the productive chains. A diagnosis of the current situation focusing on a vision for the future was required to prepare this Innovation Agenda. The methodological approach was divided and conducted through different analyses: a) Analysis of the evolution of the Flower and Ornamental Plant Market; b) Analysis of contributions, impact, and expectations of the links in the production chain; c) Mapping of human capital in Brazilian science with the potential to contribute to technological innovations for the market of flowers, grasses, and ornamental plants. The Innovation Agenda prioritizes the most relevant obstacles, establishes their level of importance, and identifies ten significant Innovation Challenges to be addressed by the public and private sectors of the country. Through the agenda, strategic actions are suggested for research, technology transfer, and public policies, which are essential for the technological development of the sector, without neglecting its socioeconomic and environmental sustainability. For each Innovation Challenge, Strategic Actions were suggested to be pursued, and Brazil has the technical competence distributed across the country, in nationally recognized universities and research institutes and enterprises.

Policy Review of the Effectiveness of the Submarine Technology Transfer Roadmap between Indonesia and South Korea

Indonesia is a country with enormous water areas with maritime security threats that require high security in their territorial waters including by using submarines, but the number of fleets is not optimal yet because Indonesia is required to have 12 submarines to protect their waters from threats of law violations. Indonesia took steps to build a strong defense posture by procuring submarines technology transfer cooperation with South Korea, this decision was made by Indonesia because of their limited knowledge and ability to design and produce submarines. This study is about a policy review of the effectiveness of the submarine technology transfer roadmap between PT PAL Indonesia and DSME Korea. This study aims to analyze the policy effectiveness of submarine technology transfer policies within the framework of Indonesia's maritime defense and security. Data obtained from interviews and literature were then analyzed using qualitative analysis methods. The research's results show first the batch submarine technology transfer policy had been implemented ineffective in supporting Indonesia's ability to produce its submarines, and there was a gap between the target to be achieved and the technology transfer knowledge that had been obtained, the effectiveness of technology transfer could be increased by improvements in the next cooperation contract to maximize the quality of the submarine. This research concludes that the knowledge of the submarine transfer of technology in the firstbatch is ineffective in supporting the ability to produce submarines, it is necessary to continue technology transfer to the second batch to support Indonesia's target in the ability to build its submarines with still consider the evaluation of the 1st batch to improvements in the next batch of transfer technology and also engage the educational institution, Indonesia Defense University as a knowledge base thus facilitate better output in future technology transfer cooperation.

The impact of technology transfer on the green innovation efficiency of Chinese high-tech industry.

Promoting technology transfer is an important strategic measure for China to promote industrial innovation. However, there is little research exploring the influence of technology transfer on the green innovation efficiency (GIE) of China's high-tech industry (HTI). From the perspective of process, green innovation in HTI is a continuous three-stage system including research and development (R&D), commercialization, and diffusion. Therefore, we measure the GIE of China's HTI by using a three-stage network data envelopment analysis (NDEA) model considering environmental pollution and establish a series of regression models to investigate the role of the two main ways of technology transfer, domestic technology acquisition (DTA) and foreign technology introduction (FTI), in improving the GIE of HTI. The results show that the average GIE of China's HTI is 0.7727 from 2011 to 2020. Except for Jiangsu, Guangdong, Qinghai, and Xinjiang, green innovation in HTI in other provinces in China is inefficient. DTA has significantly promoted GIE in HTI. FTI has a positive impact on the GIE of HTI but is not statistically significant. The robustness test confirmed these results. This study is helpful to understand the differences between the effects of DTA and FTI on the GIE of China's HTI, to provide a basis for adjusting technology transfer policies.

Організаційно-економічні аспекти трансферу технологій у роботі міжнародних компаній

The main goal of this study is to consider the organizational and economic aspects of technology transfer in the activities of international companies in order to increase their level of competitiveness in international markets. The theoretical provisions of technology transfer in the business environment are considered. The technology transfer policy in the international work of companies is revealed. The state of the market of international technology transfer is analyzed, indicating the features of its development in market conditions. The regulatory mechanisms of technology transfer in international companies have been studied. The problematic aspects and prospects of the implementation of technology transfer at the national level in the conditions of the post-war development of the economy of Ukraine are revealed.

The Economics of Technology Transfer in The Environmental Safety of Enterprises for the Energy Transition

Introduction. European countries are at different stages of transition to a new energy system due to different levels of energy dependence, geographical conditions, and priorities of national administration. The use of information technology and innovative developments in the energy field allows for reducing energy production costs, improving resource use efficiency, reducing environmental impact, and ensuring energy security. Modern energy is reaching a new qualitative level due to technology transfer and government policy. Such an energy transition in the industry requires time, unfolding globalization processes, implementing sustainable development strategy and solving greening problems. 
 Aim and tasks. The aim of the study is to assess the level of the economic base of technology transfer in the creation and functioning of a new energy system based on the principles of environmental safety of modern enterprises in EU countries.
 Results. The theoretical model is considered, which explains the essence and factors in the implementation of the new energy system of production enterprises in the cross-section of the EU countries. The ranking of European countries is given based on the calculation of the use of final electricity consumption per dollar per capita and one percent of renewable energy consumption minus the tax burden. Thus, some countries already have significant indicators that indicate the effectiveness of the transition to a new energy structure of their national enterprises. And such results do not directly depend on the share of the use of renewable energy sources and the reduction of the use of coal. But the share of more than 60% of the use of renewable energy and the significant tax burden placed on the final household consumers of electricity are general signs of the implementation of such a transition. Enterprises use such a transition mechanism more effectively in EU countries, where more than 60%. In economic terms, such transitions of enterprises are carried out at the expense of the lion's share of the tax burden on electricity use by end consumers – households.
 Conclusions. The study of the economic basis of technology transfer in the creation and functioning of a new energy system based on the principles of environmental safety of modern enterprises in EU countries is of great importance for improving energy efficiency and achieving environmental safety in the region as a whole. The research will be useful for government bodies that are engaged in shaping energy policy, regulating the energy sector, and ensuring environmental safety.

Global digital platforms, technology transfer and foreign direct investment policies in two‐sided markets

AbstractThis paper examines the preferences of a foreign firm and a host country government over two modes of FDI in two‐sided markets: de novo entry (through the establishment of a new platform) and acquisition of the domestic incumbent platform. Technology transfer, cross‐side network externalities and platform service differentiation determine the ranking of the host country welfare gains and the entrant's profits under the two entry modes. In the case where the foreign entrant and the host government disagree over the entry modes ranking, asymmetric foreign equity restrictions can induce the welfare‐optimal choice of the entry mode by the foreign firm.

Technology Transfer Policies in Fostering Good Governance: A Case of Oil in South Sudan

Technology transfer and its role in governance and economic development in resource- rich Africa is a keen subject to researchers and policymakers. African oil- producing states face a technological disadvantage as they heavily rely on foreign companies’ expertise. These technologies are offered by foreign companies whose aim is to make profits. Technology transfer policies, therefore, would play a very crucial role in determining how African States can acquire technology that will enable them to achieve sustainable economic progress in the oil sector. However, implementing such policies has proven challenging to most African states, leaving them vulnerable to exploitation by foreign oil companies. While acknowledging that poor governance lies at the core of underdevelopment and political instability, this paper seeks to discuss the extent to which the formulation, implementation, and strict adherence to technology transfer policies can aid in fostering good governance in the oil sector of South Sudan. This is based on the foundational basis that technology integration is largely associated with transparency, accountability, active citizen participation, efficiency and effectiveness in governance, environmental protection and conservation, and strict adherence to human rights among others. This study, therefore, infers that favourable technology transfer policies remain critical in addressing the governance crisis or deficits that South Sudan faces, with a specific focus on the oil sector.

Identifying the implementation effect of technology transfer policy using system dynamics: a case study in Liaoning, China.

Given that technology transfer provides an important boost for promoting national economic development, technology transfer policy (TTP) has attracted more and more attention from academia and industry. The government issued many policies. However, the implementation effect of TTP still needs to be clarified. This study is carried out from the progressive level of "text content-influence path-implementation effect.'' It aims to adopt a systematic analysis method to analyze policy tools and policy implementation stages, then builds a conceptual framework of the influence path of TTP. Then the relationship between variables in the qualitative model was clarified, and the system dynamics (SD) model was used to build a quantitative model with four feedback loops. Finally, taking Liaoning, China as an example, the system simulation and sensitivity analysis of the main parameters are implemented in Vensim PLE. Different policy tools have different roles in the TTP impact stages of research, transfer, and industrialization. Based on the data of 2013-1019, the SD model constructed in this paper can be used to predict the implementation effect of TTP during 2020-2015. Simulation and sensitivity analysis results provide practical enlightenment for government departments to improve the implementation effect of the existing TTP. This study also provides other researchers with a systematic understanding for improving the implementation effect of TTP with a "text content-influence path-implementation effect" conduction chain and provides new insights for further research on TTP.

The transfer of technology from the organizational viewpoint

The transfer of technology from the organizational viewpoint

University patenting and licensing practices in the United Kingdom during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic

ABSTRACT Universities' decisions during technology transfer may affect affordability, accessibility, and availability of COVID-19 health technologies downstream. We investigated measures taken by the top 35 publicly funded UK universities to ensure global equitable access to COVID-19 health technologies between January and end of October 2020. We sent Freedom Of Information (FOI) requests and analysed universities’ websites, to (i) assess institutional strategies on the patenting and licensing of COVID-19-related health technologies, (ii) identify all COVID-19-related health technologies licensed or patented and (iii) record whether universities engaged with the Open COVID pledge, COVID-19 Technology Access Pool (C-TAP), or Association of University Technology Managers (AUTM) COVID-19 licensing guidelines during the time period assessed. Except for the Universities of Oxford and Edinburgh, UK universities did not update their institutional strategies during the first year of the pandemic. Nine universities licensed 22 COVID-19 health technologies. Imperial College London disclosed ten patents relevant to COVID-19. No UK universities participated in the Open COVID Pledge or C-TAP, but discussions were ongoing in autumn 2020. The University of Bristol endorsed the AUTM guidelines. Despite important COVID-19 health technologies being developed by UK universities, our findings suggest minimal engagement with measures that may promote equitable access downstream. We suggest universities review their technology transfer policies and implement global equitable access strategies for COVID-19 health technologies. We furthermore propose that public and charitable funders can play a larger role in encouraging universities to adopt such practices by making access and transparency clauses a mandatory condition for receiving public funds for research.

Making university and industry research collaboration: Evidence from co-inventions in Japan

Abstract This paper examines the making of university and industry research collaboration from the perspective of matching theory. Our analysis, based on an original survey in Japan, aims at identifying the mechanism of matching. The major findings are as follows. There is significant evidence for positive assortative matching at the project level: a researcher with better seeds or better needs gives a higher value to the partner’s research capability and the goodness-of-fit between the project and the partner’s capability in selecting its partner. The projects with the partners selected for research capability and goodness-of-fit are associated with high university and industry research collaboration performance. Furthermore, own contact is most used for positive assortative matching. These results indicate the importance of deep field knowledge and tacit knowledge of the researcher in the search process. These findings suggest that technology transfer policy would need to pay significant attention to the contribution of the decentralized matching process.

The Technology Transfer Office (TTO): Toward a Viable Model for Universities in Morocco

The link between the enterprise and the university in Morocco is positioned within the framework of what is commonly known as the “University’s Third-Mission”. This relationship is primarily concerned with continued education, consultancy, collaborative research and development (R&D) and technology transfer from the university to the enterprise. This third mission has been promoted by the university through the establishment of specialized structures such as university enterprise interfaces, incubators and technological information centres for invention patents. Also, several strategies and programs of incentives for innovation have been promoted by the public authorities to create a national system of innovation in Morocco. However, all these efforts failed to unleash and activate the potential of Moroccan universities. In this work, we will propose an effective and efficient institutional Technology Transfer (TT) policy backed up by a complete repository related to the establishing of the University Technology Transfer Office (UTTO). This proposal complements the work done in a previous paper, which assesses the different policies and programs within Moroccan universities, related to TT activities, and proposes a remodelling of the value chain of the process of technology transfer in the universities.

An impact assessment of agriculture technological transfer from China to West Africa: A computable general equilibrium (CGE) dynamic approach

China’s presence and influence in West Africa is on the rise, given China’s colossal investment in the sub-region’s economy. It is against this background that impact assessment was conducted by measuring the deviation between the baseline equilibrium against the policy scenarios of low and high agriculture technology transfer. The results of the study exemplify that for an effective impact on agriculture technology transfer to occur that will yield an increased rate of return, growth in capital stock, increase welfare, growth in sectoral output, increase in private household demand for sectoral output and value-added activities, West Africa must implement high agriculture technology transfer policy. The results for GDP and CPI indicates that some countries will be impacted positively by either adopting high or low agriculture technology from China. Given the overall results of the study, the sub-region must opt for high agriculture technology to ensure both economic and sectoral growth. Key words: Agriculture technology transfer, computable general equilibrium, China, West Africa.

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER IN AGRICULTURE: THE MEXICAN EXPERIENCE

<p><strong>Background: </strong>Mexican primary sector needs a repositioning to meet the challenges associated with society's demands in the new millennium. Understanding the past is paramount to learn from mistakes and adapting more swiftly to upcoming demands. <strong>Objective:</strong> This review aimed to describe a historical overview of economic developmental models and technology transfer strategies to modernize Mexico's primary sector. Additional information on economic development and technology transfer policies from other Latin American countries provides a contextual perspective. <strong>Results:</strong> Mexican economic models as early as the XIX century provide the importance of technology transfer to the primary sector. However, they did not support scientific research as a source of innovation. From the 1950s onward, the need for scientific research to generate innovation and adaptation of new foreign technologies becomes evident in technology transfer schemes. Similar scenarios are found in several other Latin American countries. <strong>Implications: </strong>as a reaction to this need for innovation, Institutes of scientific research and extension were created in a global economic scenario dictated by the neoliberal economic model. Despite such progress, research and extension institutions have met with continued pressure from economic and political sources. Therefore, Mexican research and extension institutions need more financial support and long-term goals for improved outcomes. <strong>Conclusions: </strong>technology transfer strategies in Mexico have historically adapted to shifts in economic developmental models. There is a need for investing in scientific innovation, enhancing such investments with focused long-term goals. All these might meet the rapidly changing demands posed by the new millennium.</p>

How does firm innovation size affect the timing of technology licensing? Theory and evidence from China

Abstract Previous research has highlighted the importance of firm size for the propensity of technology licensing. However, the currently available knowledge regarding how firm innovation size affects the timing of technology licensing is limited, especially in developing economies such as that of China. Therefore, in the context of the Chinese patent system, this article builds a model for the timing decision of technology licensing from the perspective of licensors. This model theoretically reveals the relationship between firm innovation size and the likelihood of technology licensing at different time points. This article argues that there is a positive relationship between firm innovation size and the likelihood of technology licensing before the patent disclosure date; moreover, there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between the firm innovation size and the likelihood of licensing between the patent disclosure date and the grant date; however, firm innovation size is negatively correlated with the likelihood of licensing after the patent grant date. Empirical results based on 8737 first-time licensing data on invention patents of Chinese firms in 2001–2015 support all predictions. This study contributes to both the scholarly understanding of timing decision making in firms’ technology licensing and the design of technology transfer policies for different firms in China.

Effectiveness of technology transfer in public research institutions in South Africa: A critical review of national indicators and implications for future measurement

South Africa’s poor economic performance in recent years has prompted calls by policymakers for structural transformation. To break the impasse, a stronger focus on innovation is one strategy the country has articulated through a new White Paper on Science, Technology and Innovation. Writing from this policy context, we adapt the revised contingent effectiveness model of technology transfer by including indigenous knowledge as a transfer object and emphasizes citizen needs and reparations as part of the demand environment, and appropriation as a transfer medium. Analytically, our use of this adaptation is to critically reflect on the typology of indicators produced in the first South African national survey of intellectual property and technology transfer at publicly financed research institutions. We find the dimension of least representation but presumably greatest significance in the typology is that of ‘public value’. Our contention is that the output-based and commercially-biased indicators of technology transfer activity, which predominate in the typology, are insufficient to inform decision-making on technology transfer policy in a context of profound national socio-economic challenges and deep historical legacies of indigenous knowledge misappropriation. Broader evaluation data would form a richer, more inclusive evidence-base to inform new investments, as well as ongoing policy assessment, at both institutional and national level.