Failure Of Technology Transfer Research Articles

Exploratory Study of Process Development in Technology Transfer Evidence from Automotive Firms

The topic of technology transfer is important in the context of developing and emerging economies as successful technology transfer and local technological development efforts can play a crucial role in the economic development of a recipient country to value added its products or activities. Technology transfer process is an integration process which involved the technology provider, receiver, object of transfer and transfer mechanisms. However, previous researches showed that the failure of technology transfer mainly caused by several factors. This research explored the development process of technology transfer from the joint venture companiesof the automotive firms in Malaysia. Technology transfer process development will be assessed in a holistic way beginning with the in depth understanding on the process of technology transfer and key challenges during the development process that contributed to the success in the perspectives of Organizational Learning, Knowledge Based View and Resource Based View. These theories were important point of view to categorize the process that contributedtothe success of technology transfer development. This research contributed several theoretical, empirical and methodological (modified Delphi method) values to the literature on the factors related to transfer technology success, and evolutionary process of technology transfer. Instead of development process, this research also identifiedthekey challenges during the process and recommendation on how to overcome them. Semi-structured interviews were conducted against 12 participants from automotive firms, consisted of R&D staffs, Top Management, Designers, Engineers and Technicians, including the experts from government agencies related to technology transfer activities. This study will present relevant contributions to the company’s top management, technology transfer practitioners, policy makers, along with the researchers who were interested to get involved directly in the process of technology transfer. This research originality lies in the proposed framework of a technology transfer process development in joint venture as a business strategy.

Identifying the Factors Affecting the Transfer of Operating Room Medical Equipment Technology and Prioritizing Them Using the Weighted Mean Method

Successful technology transfer requires identifying the goals of the industry, technologies needed, technological resources, transfer methods and affecting it, how to absorb and develop it, and to do any of these requires the use of relevant specialists. Without the use of experts in this field, the transfer of the desired technology is usually incomplete and inappropriate and at a distance from the original goal. Technology transfer is a complex and difficult process, and without the necessary study, it is not only not useful, but may, in addition to wasting capital and time, weaken national technology. The technology transfer process has some precautionary and preventive scales that must be addressed before considering the technology transfer model. These include: Awareness of the important and basic required for technology transfer, knowing the of technology transfer failure in the past and continuous search for the appropriate technology to obtain the appropriate internal position and communication with existing and older technologies. In this study, we will use a weighted arithmetic mean to rank and evaluate the final affecting technology transfer. Operating room medical equipment was considered as a case study. The results showed that application, selection and appropriateness and organizational factors ranked first to third.

Is the risk of North–South technology transfer failure an obstacle to a cooperative climate change agreement?

We setup a stylized model with endogenous North–South technology transfer for climate change mitigation. We theoretically identify the driving factors that enhance or hinder cooperation with socially optimal binding targets on emissions and on investment in technology transfer. We find that the risk of technology transfer failure creates an obstacle to the achievement of the cooperative agreement: under cooperation, the South will have to fulfill the emissions target at high costs if technology transfer fails. Under non-cooperation without any binding targets, the North still has an intrinsic motivation to reduce emissions in the South at low costs via technology transfer; and the South does not have the pressure to fulfill an emissions target. As a result, non-cooperation shifts part of the costs of a technology transfer failure from the poor South to the rich North and can thus be preferable for the South. Two policy implications for achieving the cooperative solution are derived: first, the South should be insured against or compensated for a technology transfer failure. Second, an agreement on technology transfer should be formulated in terms of emissions reductions or low-carbon technology capacities that are to be achieved rather than in terms of monetary payments with uncertain effects on emissions. We discuss the model results in the context of empirical facts and current developments.

No Mangoes in the Tundra: Spatial Heterogeneity in Agricultural Productivity Analysis*

AbstractIn line with the wider macro productivity literature existing studies of agricultural production largely neglect technology heterogeneity, variable time‐series properties and the potential for heterogeneous but correlated total factor productivity (TFP) across countries. Our empirical approach accommodates these difficulties and seeks to model the nature of the cross‐section dependence in a sample of 128 countries (1961–2002). Our results suggest that agro‐climatic environment drives similarity in TFP evolution across countries with heterogeneous production technology. This provides a possible explanation for the failure of technology transfer from advanced countries of the temperate ‘North’ to arid and/or equatorial developing countries of the ‘South’.

Human and Organisational Factors Affecting Technology Uptake by Industry

While there are numerous models for technology transfer into different industries, including licensing agreements, cooperative research and development (R & D) agreements between government laboratories and private companies, the formation of spin-off companies and other mechanisms, there is also a growing body of information that human factors and organisational/environmental factors play a very significant role in determining the success or failure of technology transfer and commercialisation ventures.This review attempts to capture the current knowledge on the human and organisational traits, thinking patterns, attitudes and behaviours towards innovation and new technology uptake, with a view to identifying interventions to support change behaviours of both the R & D sector and industry to promote innovation in the food manufacturing industry.

Ethical Study on Failure of Kamaishi National Ironmill

In Japan, western technology was rapidly introduced from the last stage of the Edo era. However, a lot of examples of technology transfer failure were included in the process. This paper deals with the cause of failure of the Kamaishi national iron mill. Lack of the domestic pig iron demand and insufficient marketing research, the Kamaishi iron mill generated large amount of deficit and was the greatest failure at that period. Analyzing several remained documents, it was under-stood that Japanese engineers throw large raw ore into the furnace under operation, to make it blockade. It was the simplest way to avoid further financial loss, and to conceal serious carelessness of preliminary survey. Blockage of the furnace was not the main factor of the iron mill business discontinuance, however, it had significant meaning. It was useful to minimize the initial risk of the following private enterprise, which succeeded the iron mill management. And it had big influence in iron manufacture which had grown up to the Japanese key industry in modern ages.

Why Does Technology Transfer Fail? Two Technology Transfer Projects from Peronist Argentina

Despite the vast research on the effectiveness of technology transfer or the adsorptive capacity of the nation, society, or firm receiving the technology, little is known about the nature of the failure of technology transfer. When failure does occur, it is too often diagnosed in absolute terms, without delving into the possibilities of particular instances of success obscured by the overall disappointment. As a step toward examining failure more fully, this study explores two examples of technology transfer from post–World War II Peronist Argentina (1946–1955): the development of the Pulqui II jet fighter and the atomic fusion research project known as el Proyecto Huemul. An analysis of the complex historical contexts in which these cases of failure took place and the individual components of technology transfer—people, knowledge, institutions, and machines—yields three main conclusions. First, one historical context in particular, Argentina's policy of import-substitution industrialization, clearly contributed to the short-term failure of these projects. Second, the reliance of the national innovation system on state-sponsored research and development made implementation of technical success unachievable. Finally, the lack of knowledge transfer from the German scientists, engineers, and technicians involved with these projects to Argentine personnel ensured the long-term failure of the transfer of this technology. Overall, this study helps us to understand that the complexities of technology transfer projects found in historical contexts and technology components drive the difficult task of determining the triumph or disappointment of technology transfer. In addition, this analysis refines our understanding of the nature of failure itself.

Background of the technology transfer failure at Kamaishi iron mill

In Japan, from the last stage of Edo era, introduction of western technology was performed thick and fast. However, the failure example of many technology transfers are also included in these. This paper considers the cause of failure of the national Kamaishi iron mill, which was the greatest failure at that time. Lack of the iron demand accompanying with lacked market research, the Kamaishi iron mill generated a large amount of deficit. It was simplest way to avoid another deficit, that stopping operation immediately, engineer throw in raw ore into the furnace under operation, to make it blockade, in order to prevent pointing out the carelessness of preliminary survey, moreover, and to have laid on physical failure. This blockade of furnace was secondary factor as discontinuance of business, but there was a big meaning. Furthermore, this was useful to mitigation of the initial risk of the following private enterprise, which succeeded management, and had big influence when Japanese key industry growing up.

Environmental technology transfer synergism: health risk assessment and community rejection of commercial electronic chip fabrication in upstate New York

A prerequisite to technology transfer is community acceptance of a new technology to be transferred. Health risk assessment is the instrument typically used for evaluating technologies relative to public health issues, which often constitute one basis for community concern about a technology. Technology transfer, therefore, also depends upon community acceptance of risk assessment technology, which itself is new to many communities. Interdependence of a hardware technology, such as electronic chip fabrication supporting the computer industry, with a software technology, specifically health risk assessment, may be termed "technology transfer synergism". Here, a case study is presented in which transfer of chip fabrication technology to an upstate New York community failed. The primary basis for this technology transfer failure was community rejection of the chip fabrication technology, not mistrust of risk assessment as an evaluating instrument.

Virtual risks: Rich domain risk and technology transfer failure as design criteria in the Sheffield Knee Arthroscopy Trainer (SKATS)

In this paper an example of Virtual Reality (VR) system design in a safety-critical training domain is discussed. In particular, a model for design is presented. This model seeks to create operational definitions of risk in the surgical domain. Perhaps more importantly, it also seeks to discover operational predictors of the risk of technology-transfer failure as a fundamental requisite for the early design. Typically both of these activities do take place in some form in most designs, but they are frequently III-conceived due to inappropriate timing, low importance, insufficient methodological rigour and the absence of a pre-existent integration model. Using examples from the Sheffield Knee Arthroscopy Training System (SKATS), we will discuss the contention that equal research effort needs to be spent on core design issues as on the technological VR design. Specifically, we will propose a set of guidelines for the research and development of risk metrics in Virtual Environment (VE) design and technology-transfer for safety-critical training.

Technology, Gender and Employment in the 'Developing' Countries

This paper considers the effects of technology on women's employment in the 'developing countries', particularly in the areas of offshore electronics, mining and food production and processing. The factors which lead to the 'gendering' of employment are presented and the interaction of technology with these different factors is considered. Indigenous women's technology and the reasons for the failure of technology transfer to rural women are also discussed.

Strategies for successful expert system inception, management, and institutionalization

Often times, expert systems never move from the prototype or field testing stage into the implemented, operational stage. There is strong evidence that this occurs because of poorly managed expert systems projects. Specifically, ineffective strategies are often employed in creating an awareness of expert systems within the organization, managing the expert systems project, and then properly institutionalizing the expert system within the organization. This paper will address strategies leading to successful expert system inception, management, and institutionalization and should help both knowledge engineers and managers in better understanding the management of an expert systems project. Engineers should be especially interested in this paper to safeguard against the risk of having an expert system technology transfer failure.