Technology Readiness Index Research Articles

Demystification of Readiness, Security, and Technological Enhancements in the Adoption of a Cashless Economy

The adoption of a cashless economy was accelerated globally by the devastating impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Brunei Darussalam was not excluded from this trend, as pandemic-related restrictions were implemented to ensure the safety of its population. In light of the COVID-19 crisis, this research paper examines the factors influencing the readiness and acceptance of a cashless economy among working society in Brunei Darussalam. The integrated concepts of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Technology Readiness Index (TRI) are applied to examine perceptions impacting their acceptance and readiness to continue adopting a cashless economy. The methodology includes a literature review and the use of secondary data from government reports and industry publications. A quantitative approach is employed, utilizing an online survey to collect non-probability samples from 212 respondents. The main instruments used in the survey are structured questionnaires. The study’s findings show that factors such as the assessment of payment modes, technological development, digital literacy, knowledge, regulatory policies, and security concerns significantly affect working society’s perceptions, readiness, and acceptance of a cashless economy. These results provide insights for policymakers and stakeholders on the key factors influencing continued cashlessness adoption and shaping societal behavior towards cashless payments.

Do Energy Efficiency and Technology Boost Sustainable Environment: Evidence from GCC Countries

Sustainable Environment practices significantly reduce carbon emissions by ensuring the continuous use of materials and energy resources, thus making them intrinsically aligned with the underlying objectives of the decarbonization agenda. Technological advancement has the potential to contribute significantly to this shift by streamlining resource flows, enhancing waste management procedures, and allowing more efficient energy consumption. Although Gulf Cooperation Council countries have experienced robust economic growth over the decades, rising pollution emissions and low renewable energy consumption have raised concerns among policymakers about the long-term stability of this growth. In recent years, Gulf countries have paid significant concern to environmental matters and achieved carbon-free development. This study seeks to investigate the relationship between energy efficiency, technology, and sustainability, particularly emphasizing the green economy perspective. Carbon dioxide emission taken as the dependent variable. Frontier Technology Readiness Index reflects the utilization of technology within economies. Energy efficiency is also considered, symbolizing the transition from fossil fuels to green energy due to technological progression in the energy sector. The findings suggest that factors such as the Frontier Technology Readiness Index, the energy intensity level of primary energy, and medium and high-tech manufacturing significantly harm the environment, while scientific and technical journal articles and agriculture significantly improve the environment over time. To improve Gulf Cooperation Council countries' environmental quality, policymakers must understand the factors causing climate change. This study gives policymakers useful information about how to make the Gulf Cooperation Council community more sustainable by looking at energy efficiency, technology, and digital adaptation.

Investigating older adults users' willingness to adopt wearable devices by integrating the technology acceptance model (UTAUT2) and the Technology Readiness Index theory.

With the continuous advancement of wearable technology, smart wearable devices are increasingly recognized for their value in health monitoring, assessment, and intervention for the older adults, thus promoting intelligent older adults care. This study, based on the theoretical framework of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 (UTAUT2) and the Technology Readiness Index (TRI) model, aims to identify and explore the key factors influencing older adults consumers' willingness to adopt smart wearable devices and their impact mechanisms. A questionnaire survey was conducted to collect valid data from 389 older adults respondents. Empirical analysis validated the model's applicability and explored the key factors influencing acceptance. Factors influencing the use of smart wearable devices by the older adults include performance expectancy (β = 0.152, p < 0.001), effort expectancy (β = 0.154, p < 0.001), social influence (β = 0.135, p < 0.05), facilitating conditions (β = 0.126, p < 0.05), hedonic motivation (β = 0.166, p < 0.001), price value (β = 0.182, p < 0.001), and digital health literacy (β = 0.189, p < 0.001). Additionally, optimism (β = 0.208, p < 0.001), innovativeness (β = 0.218, p < 0.001), and discomfort (β = -0.245, p < 0.001) significantly positively influenced performance expectancy, while optimism (β = 0.282, p < 0.001), innovativeness (β = 0.144, p < 0.01), discomfort (β = -0.239, p < 0.001), and insecurity (β = -0.117, p < 0.05) significantly positively influenced effort expectancy. Insecurity did not significantly influence performance expectancy. Performance expectancy and effort expectancy partially mediated the relationship between personality traits (optimism, innovativeness, discomfort, and insecurity) and behavioral intention. Digital health literacy significantly negatively moderated the relationship between performance expectancy and behavioral intention, as well as between effort expectancy and behavioral intention. The study confirms that integrating the UTAUT2 model and TRI theory effectively explains the acceptance of smart wearable devices among older adults consumers, emphasizing the importance of enhancing digital health literacy in the design and promotion of smart health devices. The findings provide guidance for developers, increasing the acceptance and usage rate of these devices among the older adults.

Conference interpreters’ technology readiness and perception of digital technologies

Abstract The author reports on the findings of a survey among conference interpreters regarding their readiness for and perceptions of digital technologies and artificial intelligence. The Technology Readiness Index (TRI 2.0) was administered to a sample of 496 conference interpreters, most of them members of AIIC. In addition, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 25 of them to gain deeper insights into their attitudes towards AI-enabled tools and the potential impact on their professional practice. The results indicate a cautious openness towards technology balanced by concerns about cognitive load, ethical issues and the impact on traditional skills. The findings suggest the need for comprehensive training to enhance technological skills while maintaining ethical standards and also for research on the cognitive effects of AI-generated content and the evolving role of interpreters in a technology-driven landscape.

Technology Readiness and Users Satisfaction towards Self-Service Technology at Malaysian Airport

This study examines the relationship between four dimensions of Technology Readiness Index (TR) namely optimism, innovativeness, insecurity, discomfort, and the level of customer’s satisfaction towards the use of self-service technology (SSTs) at the airport. SSTs used by the airport operators or airlines at the terminal for check-in or when performing other transactions includes booking airline ticket online, kiosk check-in and mobile check-in. At the same time, this study also tries to look at whether there is any difference in technology readiness between different demographic groups of Malaysians. Survey questionnaires were distributed to passengers at Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) and Low Cost Carrier Terminal (LCCT) in Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia. The result of the analysis shows that innovativeness and optimism have a positive relationship with customer satisfaction. There are also differences in technology readiness among different gender for innovativeness and insecurity index. The implication of the study suggests that Malaysia’s airport or airline providers should increase customer satisfaction especially by introducing new innovative technology at their premises. The findings may also help firms develop their strategy to further increase the customer’s satisfaction when using the self- service technology (SST) at airports in Malaysia.

Acceptance intention toward kiosk technology in golf courses

This study examined users' intention to accept the introduction of kiosks into golf courses by using the Technology Readiness Index 2.0 and the technology acceptance model. We conducted an online survey of 274 golf course users and used structural equation modeling to analyze the data. The analysis showed that golf course users were ready to accept new technology in the form of kiosks, owing to their greater efficiency and convenience. On the basis of our findings, golf courses should provide a seamless service to users, raising their awareness of kiosks and encouraging them to consider these as easy and convenient to use.

Embracing the Future of Health Care: Investigating Medical Students' Willingness to Become Online Doctors.

Purpose: With the rapid advancement of technology, online health care services are becoming increasingly prominent. This study aims to investigate medical students' perceptions, attitudes, and readiness to adopt online health care services. Methods: Based on a literature review, this study constructed a conceptual model describing the relationships among medical students' perception, personality traits, and usage intention, grounded in the Technology Acceptance Model and Technology Readiness Index (TRI). The data for this study were collected from January to February 2023 through a questionnaire survey at Wenzhou Medical University, China. The proposed hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling through AMOS software. Results: Out of the 340 respondents, 281 (82.6%) validly responded. Among these, 58.4% of medical students agreed and strongly agreed with the intention to become an online doctor. Within the TRI's motivational factors, optimism positively and significantly affected perceived usefulness (PU) and perceived ease of use (PEOU). Innovativeness also significantly enhanced PEOU. Among the inhibitory factors, insecurity was found to have a negative and statistically significant influence on PU. The rest of the dimensions did not have a significant effect on either PU or PEOU. Importantly, both PU and PEOU demonstrated a direct and substantial effect on usage intention. Conclusions: This study emphasizes the significance of comprehending medical students' readiness to adopt the role of online doctors in shaping the future of health care. By equipping medical students with the necessary skills and competencies, health care institutions can effectively leverage the full potential of online health care services while ensuring the provision of high-quality, accessible, and patient-centered care in the digital era.

The Factors of the Psychotherapists' Attitude Towards Technology: Combining Attitudes Towards Technology and Technology Readiness Models

ABSTRACTObjectivesThe study aimed to explore psychotherapists' attitudes towards new technologies. Understanding the factors influencing their acceptance of technologies is essential to improving the accessibility, quality, and effectiveness of psychotherapeutic care in the digital age. Based on previous research from different fields (e.g., e‐government and mobile applications), we integrated the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT‐T) with the Technology Readiness Index (TRI). UTAUT‐T focuses on one's perception of technology, while TRI emphasizes individual characteristics. Therefore, we regard psychotherapists' attitudes towards digital solutions by analysing factors related to technology and users (psychotherapists).MethodsWe conducted an online questionnaire study involving 391 psychotherapists aged 25–66 (M = 40.90; SD = 7.79). Participants completed self‐report questionnaires: UTAUT‐T, TRI 2.0, and a survey measuring technology usage at work.ResultsThe model explained 30.2% of the variance in actual technology usage and 57.6% in behavioural intention. Both technology‐related and therapist‐related factors affect technology use. Some factors directly influence use behaviour (optimism, ease of use, convenience), while others are mediated by behavioural intention (pressure from others, professional support, therapy quality expectations).ConclusionsTechnology‐related and therapist‐related factors influence psychotherapists' use of technology. The study revealed that optimism plays a crucial role in addition to behavioural intention. This insight is vital for implementing new technologies in mental health services.

Understanding AI Chatbot adoption in education: PLS-SEM analysis of user behavior factors

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into education is a recent development, with chatbots emerging as a noteworthy addition to this transformative landscape. As online learning platforms rapidly advance, students need to adapt swiftly to excel in this dynamic environment. Consequently, understanding the acceptance of chatbots, particularly those employing Large Language Models (LLM) such as Chat Generative Pretrained Transformer (ChatGPT), Google Bard, and other interactive AI technologies, is of paramount importance. Investigating how students accept and view chatbots is essential to directing their incorporation into Industry 4.0 and enabling a smooth transition to Industry 5.0's customized and human-centered methodology. However, existing research on chatbots in education has overlooked key behavior-related aspects, such as Optimism, Innovativeness, Discomfort, Insecurity, Transparency, Ethics, Interaction, Engagement, and Accuracy, creating a significant literature gap. To address this gap, this study employs Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to investigate the determinant of chatbots adoption in education among students, considering the Technology Readiness Index and Technology Acceptance Model. Utilizing a five-point Likert scale for data collection, we gathered a total of 185 responses, which were analyzed using R-Studio software. We established 12 hypotheses to achieve its objectives. The results showed that Optimism and Innovativeness are positively associated with Perceived Ease of Use and Perceived Usefulness. Conversely, Discomfort and Insecurity negatively impact Perceived Ease of Use, with only Insecurity negatively affecting Perceived Usefulness. Furthermore, Perceived Ease of Use, Perceived Usefulness, Interaction and Engagement, Accuracy, and Responsiveness all significantly contribute to the Intention to Use, whereas Transparency and Ethics have a negative impact on Intention to Use. Finally, Intention to Use mediates the relationships between Interaction, Engagement, Accuracy, Responsiveness, Transparency, Ethics, and Perception of Decision Making. These findings provide insights for future technology designers, elucidating critical user behavior factors influencing chatbots adoption and utilization in educational contexts.

Innovative strategies for overcoming barriers to technology adoption in small and medium-sized enterprises

ABSTRACT This study introduces the SME [small and medium-sized enterprise] innovation acceleration framework, a novel approach to addressing technology adoption barriers in Malaysia’s manufacturing and related services SMEs. Integrating Lewin’s three-stage model, Kotter’s eight-step change management framework, and Parasuraman’s technology readiness index, the research presents a comprehensive, culturally sensitive roadmap designed for the unique challenges SMEs face. Employing a Delphi study methodology with industry experts, the article identifies critical barriers to technology adoption and offers actionable strategies for enhancing technological readiness and innovation. The framework distinguishes itself by providing a mechanism to improve global competitiveness and economic contributions of SMEs, offering a replicable model for similar contexts internationally. This contribution enriches the literature with a practical, culturally attuned model for advancing SME innovation and technology adoption, which is of significant interest to scholars, policy makers, and practitioners worldwide.

Measuring the relationship between reciprocity behaviour and technology readiness of nursing staff working in residential care and community nursing: A cross-sectional study.

The aim of this study is to measure how collaborative factors are associated with the technology readiness of nursing staff working in residential care and community nursing. The Reciprocity Instrument and Technology Readiness Index 2.0 were applied to measure this association. A cross-sectional survey was conducted between October 2020 and January 2021. The Technology Readiness Index 2.0 was translated into Dutch, administered together with the Reciprocity Instrument and linguistically validated. And 1660 Registered Nurses and Nursing Assistants received an invitation to the online survey. Descriptive statistics and regression analyses were used to analyse the data. A total of 475 nursing staff responded, a response rate of 28.6%. The following factors have a statistically significant association with technology readiness: age, education level, years of working experience, type of organization, reciprocity behaviour and conditions of reciprocity behaviour: digital communication usage to reach one another, multilayeredness and future perspective. This study shows that reciprocity behaviour is positively associated with technology readiness. The influencing factor reciprocity remains intact after the correction of the other factors that were measured. This confirms the relevance of collaborative factors that influence the technology adoption process of nursing staff working in residential care and community nursing. This study offers insights into how collaboration based on reciprocity behaviour positively impacts the technology readiness of nursing staff engaged in residential care and community nursing and could be used in the education of nursing staff and healthcare teams. Being aware of the impact that collaborative factors have on the adoption process of ICT among nursing staff could be used to support the desired preparatory activities as part of ICT implementation for healthcare managers, innovators, and nursing work groups charged with implementing technology in the healthcare process. The study has adhered to STROBE guidelines. No Patient or Public Contribution.

Integration of technology acceptance models and government support to improve digital literacy

Digital domain is important for the expansion of micro and small enterprises but the gap in readiness to accept the technology impacts businesses. Therefore, this research aims to build an integrated model of Technology Readiness Index, Technology Acceptance Models, and Theory of Reasoned Action expanded with Motivation and government support to increase digital literacy. There are 551 respondents consisting of owners and managers who have been running a business for at least a year. The integration model between Technology Readiness Index, Technology Acceptance Models, and Theory of Reasoned Action expanded with Motivation increases digital literacy, while government support positively influences the variable. The model emphasizes optimism and innovation as key factors in enhancing the construct of Technology Readiness Index model. The results show that there is a strong foundation for the establishment of Technology Acceptance Models and Theory of Reasoned Action expanded with Motivation aimed at supporting digital literacy. This contributes to developing knowledge about the integration model for digital technology acceptance. Practical contributions guide the government in creating appropriate policies to increase digital literacy in SMEs.

Factors Affecting Customer Readiness to Trust Chatbots in an Online Shopping Context

This study expands the limited research on chatbots by integrating factors from the unified technology acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) model and the technology readiness index (TRI) framework to explain individuals' trust in chatbots within an online shopping context. According to our findings, customer readiness characteristics (innovativeness and optimism) positively affect customers' expectations of chatbots (effort expectations as well as performance expectations), whereas discomfort negatively impacts effort expectations but does not significantly affect performance expectations. In addition, our results indicate that customers' expectancy characteristics of chatbots will positively impact their trust in this technology. These outcomes highlight the importance of an individual's personality and his expectations of the chatbots which will lead to his trust in this technology within the online shopping context. The results provide insights into building trust in chatbots, thus increasing customer willingness to use them.

IT Management Shapes Marketing Using React Native at Gold Konveksi

Gold Konveksi is a small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) engaged in the garment industry that has not yet fully utilized technology in its marketing and product promotion. As a result, Gold Konveksi's market reach has been limited. This study aims to analyze the responses from questionnaires completed by respondents, with a specific focus on respondent profiles to generate brief demographic information. The objective of this study is to assess the readiness of both employees and customers of Gold Konveksi towards the adoption of new technology. The methods used in this research include data collection through questionnaires filled out by 247 respondents. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire instruments were tested using SPSS data processing. The validity test involved applying the r-value formula, compared to the r-table value, to determine validity. The reliability test was conducted using Cronbach's Alpha value compared to the reliability threshold. Additionally, the Technology Readiness Index (TRI) was calculated to measure user readiness in adopting new technology. The results of the study indicated a high level of readiness among users. The program interface was evaluated, and system testing was conducted using black box testing to ensure its functionality. Overall, the findings of the research show a high level of readiness among users in adopting new technology, which is expected to enhance transactions and sales data recording at Gold Konveksi.

THE FUTURE STUDY OF UNMANNED CONVENIENCE STORE IN MALAYSIA

Most conventional convenience stores in Malaysia face operation time and manpower problems, indicating the need for solutions such as unmanned convenience store. The unmanned convenience store is a retail outlet without service personnel or cashier. The technology of artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things are typically used to facilitate transactions in unmanned stores. However, whether unmanned convenience stores might replace conventional stores in the future has not been investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the key drivers of the unmanned convenience store from merged issues, trends, and challenges and its future scenarios of the unmanned convenience store in Malaysia. This study used exploratory research design by using descriptive survey developed from the STEEPV analysis. Eight merged key drivers had been identified after the merging of all the drivers from STEEPV analysis. Descriptive questionnaires were distributed to the consumers who went to unmanned convenience stores. The technology readiness of unmanned convenience stores was also evaluated using Technology Readiness Index (TRI). The top two drivers that were identified which are “innovation of technology adoption” and “consumer preference” in impact-uncertainty analysis and were used for developing future scenarios of unmanned convenience store in the next 5 to 10 years. Four future scenarios discussed were “technology is at par with customer demand”, “improvement is observed”, “uses of technology are not welcome by customers”, and “not fulfilling customer’s demand”. Consequently, this study may assist future researcher and developers to enhance their understanding of the unmanned convenience store in Malaysia.

The readiness of Jordanian-listed firms toward CAATTs application in the post Covid-19 epidemic period

This study examines the readiness of Jordanian-listed firms toward the application of Computer Assisted Audit Tools and Techniques (CAATTs) during the post-Covid-19 epidemic period. In particular, this study investigates the auditee perspective regarding the factors impacting the adoption of CAATTs based on the Organizational Readiness for Change (ORC) and the Technology Readiness Index (TRI) models. A cross-sectional survey was developed and distributed to 138 employees working in the accounting departments of Jordanian-listed firms. Partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was employed as the statistical analysis method to examine the study hypotheses. The results show a significant direct relationship of motivation for change, staff attributes, institutional resources, organizational climate and discomfort on readiness for change. Moreover, the results reveal that perceived fear of Covid-19 has a moderating effect on the direct relationship between motivation for change and readiness for change. However, the proposed relationships between optimism, innovativeness, and insecurity with readiness for change were not significant. This paper highlights the readiness toward CAATTs application from the auditee perspective rather than the external auditors. Moreover, this paper considers the changes in the work environment resulting from the Covid-19 pandemic on the motivation for change toward CAATTs. Lastly, the paper reveals the moderating role of perceived fear of Covid-19 on the influence of motivation for change on readiness to change. Hence, this paper set the basis for policymakers and practitioners toward evaluating the readiness of Jordanian-listed firms for CAATTs application.

Enhancing education quality: Exploring teachers' attitudes and intentions towards intelligent MR devices

AbstractThis research paper focuses on the adoption of multi‐perspective theory to study teachers' attitudes and intentions towards using intelligent mixed reality (MR) devices for classroom behaviour analysis. The research model integrates TRI (Technology Readiness Index), IDT (Innovation Diffusion Theory), ECM (Expectation Confirmation Theory) and TAM (Technology Acceptance Model) model. The variable of insecurity is considered to address the concerns regarding information security in the use of artificial intelligence in education. The study identifies that innovation and relative advantage significantly and positively influence teachers' attitudes towards using intelligent MR devices. PeoU (perceived ease of use), however, does not have a significant impact on attitudes, suggesting that teachers prioritize the benefits of enhancing teaching quality over the complexity of the devices. PU (perceived usefulness) emerges as a key variable for teachers' adoption of intelligent MR devices, prompting the need for attention from designers and manufacturers. Regression analysis reveals that gender does not influence the use of new technology, while teachers with more teaching experience and those working in remote areas express greater receptiveness towards utilizing new technology. The paper recognizes the potential of intelligent teaching devices to address educational challenges and promote equity in remote areas by providing auxiliary tools for teachers to improve teaching efficiency and quality. Teacher training and technical support are emphasized as crucial factors for effective use of artificial intelligence teaching devices.

ANALISIS KESIAPAN SEKOLAH MENENGAH DALAM MENERAPKAN E-VOTING MENGGUNAKAN MODEL TECHNOLOGY READINESS INDEX

Voting can be interpreted as a way of making decisions based on the largest number of votes. So far, voting is carried out by ticking or voting on a ballot paper as an option in holding the election for OSIS chairman at SMAN 15 Pekanbaru. This method is considered still very conventional amidst advances in technology and information which has weaknesses in terms of efficiency and effectiveness. The weaknesses of conventional voting are: the decision is not the result of consensus, some participants are forced to accept the decision that has been taken, some participants often do not accept the decision, the aspirations of the participants are not fully channeled. To reduce problems arising from manual voting, it is necessary to analyze the readiness of secondary schools in implementing e-voting using the Technology Readiness Index model. The method that can be used to measure the level of user readiness in using technology is the Technology Readiness Index (TRI). In order to find out the results of the analysis and test the readiness of secondary schools in implementing the new system, the author will conduct a survey by distributing a Google Form link containing a list of statements regarding the readiness of secondary school residents, especially at SMAN 15 Pekanbaru, in using the web-based E-Voting system for the election of chairman. Student Council. The survey results will be analyzed using the SPSS 25.0 application and also calculated using the Technology Readiness Index Method

The readiness and acceptance of patients with tuberculosis to use telecare

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) has been a global health burden and a leading infectious killer. The evolving healthcare technology allows telecare services to improve treatment support for TB patients. However, patient readiness and acceptance to use the service still need to be discovered. Objective: To evaluate the readiness and acceptance of TB patients in using telecare services. Methods: A cross-sectional survey involving patients at a respiratory hospital in Surabaya, Indonesia, was conducted using an accidental sampling technique from April to June 2023. A validated questionnaire was developed from the technology readiness index (TRI) and technology acceptance model (TAM) framework. Data were analysed using partial least squares-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). Results: A total of 188 respondents participated. Respondents had low to medium-range attitudes towards a readiness to use the telecare service. Nevertheless, the majority of the respondents accepted the idea of telecare service. Optimism and innovativeness were two significant factors influencing patient readiness to use telecare services. Respondents had a positive perception of the perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness of the service. Conclusion: Not all patients were ready to use telecare despite their high acceptance towards the service. However, the positive perception towards the benefits of the service can be the leveraging factor for gradually adopting the service.

Enablers and disablers for contactless payment acceptance among Malaysian adults

While a body of knowledge on contactless payment acceptance exists, a comprehensive understanding of the core motivations underpinning such acceptance, particularly in developing countries, is lacking in the literature. This study identified the predictors for contactless payment acceptance in Malaysia by constructing a Contactless Payment Acceptance model using the Technology Readiness Index 2.0 and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 models. Employing a cross-sectional research design, this study utilized survey research as its primary method, administered self-reporting questionnaires through online channels, and garnered 434 valid responses. Structured Equation Modeling identified perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, lack of awareness, and discomfort as the most influential factors affecting customers’ acceptance of contactless payment systems, with an R-squared value of 71.2%. These results have implications for service providers and can guide future research endeavors, thus facilitating the development and implementation of effective strategies to encourage wider adoption of contactless payment systems among individuals in developing countries.