Technology Of Pottery Production Research Articles

한성기 백제토기 생산시스템 발달과 사회 변화의 상관성

In ancient society, earthenware had a meaning beyond its original purpose of containing, storing, or cooking food, and can be seen to have been directly and indirectly influenced politically and socially. The influx of new material culture promoted the emergence of new cultures, divided classes, and gave rise to new food cultures. Additionally, those in demand developed earthenware production technology. In the Hanseong period, with the development of Baekje pottery production technology, the production time was shortened with the spread of blade technology, cutting face, and rotating table, which became the basis for mass production. As firing technology developed, kiln firing, overlap firing, and high-density firing became possible, and complex production methods were operated depending on the model. In addition, it became possible to produce a special type of black polished earthenware. Additionally, with the development of earthenware production technology, the diversity of tableware and eating patterns were established. Exclusive ceremonial earthenware used in ceremonial activities was produced. The production of ultra-large storage containers increased surplus production, and the emergence of ultra-large cooking utensils was used for banquets and ceremonial purposes. And the spread of steaming cooking methods using steaming pots, long-shaped earthenware, and stoves means that alcohol, rice cakes, etc. were manufactured. This technological development and use of earthenware is due to the increase in demand for Baekje earthenware during the Hanseong period, and it can be seen that these earthenware were very closely related to the process of social change. In ancient society, the production and consumption of earthenware triggered social changes, and as society became more complex and diverse, cooking methods and eating methods also became more complex. This is because earthenware and food are related to social stratification and overall culture. It should be seen that Baekje pottery during the Han Dynasty was changed and developed according to various political and social interactions at the time.

The development of pottery production, specialisation and standardisation in the Late Neolithic and Transitional Chalcolithic periods in the Central Plateau of Iran

The prehistoric pottery recovered from Sialk, Ebrahimabad and Pardis sites, the Central Plateau of Iran was studied using the XRF, XRD and SEM/EDX analyses, as well as typological classification. These studies showed the occurrence of a gradual evolution in pottery making in each site from the Sialk I type fragile buff pottery of Late Neolithic period to the dense, strong and more impermeable Sialk II type red pottery in the final phase of Transitional Chalcolithic period. The relative similarity of compositions, and the presence of high- temperature minerals demonstrated a high degree of specialisation in the selection of raw materials and control of the firing temperature and atmosphere in the potters of the three sites in the final phase of Transitional Chalcolithic period.On the other hand, the pottery forms of different sites and historical periods show a great variety of types with astonishing similarities, very little changes are detected in pottery forms from the earliest Sialk I Neolithic pottery of Sialk site to the latest Transitional Chalcolithic pottery of Pardis site for nearly 600 years. However, despite the similarity of most of the vessel types the potters by producing new vessels differing in size or quantity tried to fulfil the changing needs of their communities, ascertaining the existence of specialisation in the three sites.Based on the evidence concerning similarities in the overall evolution pattern of pottery production technology as well as some of the characteristics of pottery such as form the existence of cultural/technical interactions and exchanges between the prehistoric communities living in this region in the specified time period seems to be extremely likely.

Shared traditions and shard conservatism: pottery making at the Chalcolithic site of Radovanu (Romania)

This work investigates the technology of pottery production at the Chalcolithic site of Radovanu-La Muscalu (first half of the fifth millennium BCE), in southern Romania. The excavation of this settlement yielded a rich and well-contextualised archaeological assemblage that represents the last phases of development of Boian material culture, a Chalcolithic phenomenon that spread throughout the lower Danube area at the end of the sixth millennium BCE and the first half of fifth millennium BCE. To carry out this investigation, a total of forty-nine ceramic samples, representative of the different pottery types and chronological horizons attested at this site, together with geological samples collected around Radovanu, were selected. These were analysed using a multi-pronged scientific approach including ceramic petrography, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. This interdisciplinary study elucidates different aspects of the local pottery production and indicates that ceramics at Radovanu were manufactured according to a conservative tradition that consistently made use of grog tempering throughout all phases in which this settlement was inhabited. The results also show that at Radovanu, regional technological traits coexisted with elements that were widely applied in the Balkan region at that time, such as graphite-painted decoration. This investigation together with the identification of potential non-local productions well illustrates the complex interrelationships between the Boian phenomenon and the neighbouring material cultures in the Balkans.

Iron Forms Fe(II) and Fe(III) Determination in Pre-Roman Iron Age Archaeological Pottery as a New Tool in Archaeometry.

This article presents studies on iron speciation in the pottery obtained from archaeological sites. The determination of iron forms Fe(II) and Fe(III) has been provided by a very simple test that is available for routine analysis involving the technique of molecular absorption spectrophotometry (UV–Vis) in the acid leachable fraction of pottery. The elemental composition of the acid leachable fraction has been determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Additionally, the total concentration of the selected elements has been determined by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry with energy dispersion (EDXRF). The results of the iron forms’ determinations in archaeological pottery samples have been applied in the archaeometric studies on the potential recognition of the pottery production technology, definitely going beyond the traditional analysis of the pottery colour.

Pottery and Non-Sedentary Communities: Origins, Technology and Usage

The introduction of the skill of pottery-making has been recognized as the turning point in the human past from the very inception of the disciplines of archaeology/anthropology. Until recently, pottery has been explained as a part of the Neolithic package and linked to the beginnings of agriculture and sedentarism. However, the pottery registered among the hunters-gatherers of the late Pleistocene in the Far East has demonstrated beyond doubt that it represents an innovation completely independent from plant cultivation and domestication of animals. This has induced a reconsideration of our knowledge. Although various hypotheses explained the appearance of the earliest pottery, it seems today that the invention of pottery technology was most probably induced by utilitarian, practical reasons. On the grounds of the analyses of the organic contents of the vessels, their qualities and the distribution of use alterations, it is certain that pottery is closely linked to preparation and partially with storage of food of animal, often aquatic origin, and sometimes of nuts. On the other hand, the causes and mechanisms of adoption of pottery as a new technology may have been diverse and dependent on various factors. For example, pottery production may be seen as prestige technology among hunters-gatherers, where individuals compete for power, prestige and status by organizing feasts, but in the non-stratified societies as well, where it was used as a medium during the festivities aimed at strengthening the group cohesion, or on the occasion of marriages of members of different groups, where they are reminded of communal obligations and alliances. One of the characteristics of pottery in mobile communities is its close link to twined/woven objects: many pottery assemblages from these groups bear traces on their surfaces that are the consequence of pressing such material (cords, baskets, sacks, mats, fabric, etc.), so sometimes “ceramization” of these older technologies is mentioned. However, the importance of spun material should be stressed in the technology of pottery production. These may have been used in the process of modelling of vessels, as supports or moulds. Finally, the text considers the Starčevo pottery. In spite of the fact that it “reaches” into the Balkans along with other characteristics of the Neolithic package, it performs important similarities to the pottery of mobile communities, from its transportability as a desired feature, to indications that at least some forms were executed in baskets as moulds. The examples of the Starčevo pottery exist bearing the impressions of textile on their interior surfaces, probably due to easier separation of the dried vessel from the mould. All these data raise the issue of interdependence of soft technologies and pottery, as well as wider questions, such as mechanisms of cultural transmission.

THE RESULTS AND PERSPECTIVES OF STUDYING CERAMIC WARE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY IN THE MIDDLE DNIEPER REGION IN THE 16th — 18th CENTURIES

The paper focuses on studying ceramic ware production technology in the 16th—18th centuries. The main perspective methods for each production stage, such as chemical, petrographic and trajectory have been considered, as well as archaeological, sphragistic and ethnographic sources have been analysed.
 The ware was made of kaolin clay with the addition of sand. Glaze consisted of lead, sand and metallic oxide for color. Clay with the addition of metallic oxide, such as iron, copper etc. was colorant for painting. The ware was formed with foot potter fast wheel by drawing from a piece of clay. Decor represented relief or painting without or with glaze. The glaze was colored or colorless. The ware was roasted in bicameral kilns with vertical movement of hot gases in oxidizing or reductive medium.
 Perspective directions of the further study of pottery production technology can be physical and chemical methods, petrography and experiment to verify results of the research.

Petrographic and Technological Analysis of the Tell eṣ-Ṣâfi/Gath Pottery

In archaeological research, pottery analysis is of importance for relative dating and reconstructing daily life, as well as for understanding trade patterns and cultural contacts. Trade patterns in table ware and commodities carried in pottery containers can help illuminate the economy and administration of an ancient society. The production technology of pottery, and especially its mode of production, can also reflect social, economic, and political realities in a general manner. However, according to many ethnographic and archaeological studies, the technology of pottery production is relatively conservative, and does not change rapidly.

Defining pottery use and animal management at the Neolithic site of Bylany (Czech Republic)

Archaeological potsherds have become a valuable source of information about diet and the wider economies of ancient communities, especially through the analysis of lipids preserved in the microporous matrix of the ceramic vessels. This study investigated >160 potsherds recovered from settlement phase 19 dated to 5160–5100cal. BC from the Neolithic site of Bylany, one of the largest Linearbandkeramik (LBK) settlement in Central Europe. The aim was to investigate vessel use and animal management at the site and explore variations in organic residue composition and thus human activity at the household level. Pottery technology was also studied revealing a predominance of micro- and mesopores, indicating an advanced level of pottery production technology. >70% of the analysed potsherds yielded appreciable amounts of lipids dominated by C16:0 and C18:0 fatty acids, with compound-specific carbon isotope compositions indicating origins predominantly from ruminant and non-ruminant animal fats. Detection of very long fatty acids, fatty alcohols and traces of terpene compounds originating from plants suggested a combination of meat- and plant-based diet components and specialised use of some vessels. However, evidence of the use of vessels for milk collection or processing was not detectable at Bylany, at least during the settlement phase investigated herein.

THE TECHNOLOGY OF POTTERY PRODUCTION OF THE POPULATION OF THE ALAKUL CULTURE OF THE SETTLEMENT NIJNEINGALSKOE-3 IN THE LOWER TOBOL REGION

The article is devoted to the analysis of the technology of pottery production of the population of alakul culture of the settlement nijneingalskoe-3 in the lower tobol region. the analysis is made within the framework of historical and cultural approach and the structure of the pottery industry, developed by a.a. Bobrinsky. as a result of the study of the pottery revealed that the potters of alakul culture selected natural iron- enriched clay and silty clay containing natural admixture of rivers shell. during compiling of molding masses most often the potters used a fire clay and various organic additives, rarely they used a gruss and calcified bone. in the collection there are just 3 of the bottom part of the vessels, which gave information on the construction aseed-body. they were made from clay patches in accordance with the bottom-capacitive program. the hollow body of the 10 vessels was made with clay patches too. the surface of vessels were treated with wooden and bone spatulas, stamps and cloth or fingers of potters. after smoothing the surface, and in some cases the inner surface of the vessels was glossing on the dry basis. Firing of finished products was manufactured in a simple piles or hearths. Following the results of the comparative analysis of the pottery traditions of the settlements citizens, their mixed characters in selecting the plastic raw material and composing the molding masses havebeen discovered. the comparison of the data with the technological information about ceramics assemblages from the neighboring regions showed that the citizens of the alakul culture are considered to be aliens on the territory of the lower tobol region.

An investigation of pottery production technology for the <i>West Slope</i> wares from Dorylaion (Eskişehir/Turkey)

espanolLa investigacion de la tecnologia utilizada por distintas civilizaciones en la produccion de piezas ceramicas encontradas de un mismo asentamiento arqueologico, puede contribuir al conocimiento de relaciones establecidas entre distintas comunidades culturales. Anatolia (Asia Menor) es considerada una importante encrucijada de antiguas civilizaciones que abarcan del Periodo de Bronce al imperio Otomano. Las piezas conocidas como West Slope son los principales restos de la cultura helenistica (330-30 A.C.) encontrados en las excavaciones de Dorylaion (Eskisehir/ Turquia). En este estudio, diferentes tecnicas analiticas han sido empleadas en la caracterizacion de estas piezas, a fin de dilucidar la tecnologia utilizada en su producion.. Fluorescencia de rayos X por onda dispersa (WDXRF) y difraccion de rayos X (XRD) fueron empleados para estudiar las composicion elemental y mineralogica de las piezas, respectivamente. Microscopia electronica (SEM) y espectrometria de rayos X de energia dispersiva (EDX) fueron a su vez utilizadas para la caracterizacion de microquimica y microestructural de los fragmentos seleccionados. Las materias primas utilizadas, temperaturas y atmosfera de coccion, y las caracteristicas microestructurales son discutidas en este trabajo. EnglishResearches in the field of pottery production technology in ancient times, done in different settlements during the same period, may contribute to know relationships established within the different cultural communities. In ancient times, Anatolia (Asia Minor) was the crossroads of ancient civilizations. There are several ancient settlements and artifacts belonging to Hellenistic culture (330-30 BC). West Slope wares from Dorylaion (Eskisehir/Turkey) excavations are the main Hellenistic culture findings. In this study, different analytical techniques were employed for the characterization of these findings in order to enlighten the pottery production technology. Wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were employed to study the chemical and mineralogical composition of the bodies, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) were also performed for the microstructural and microchemical characterization of body and slip layers of the selected potsherds. The raw materials used, firing temperatures and atmosphere and related microstructural characteristics were discussed.

An investigation of Hellenistic period pottery production technology from Harabebezikan/Turkey

Upper ancient Mesopotamia is a part of Southeastern Anatolia and irrigated by the Euphrates and Tigris rivers. It has several sites, ruins and monuments belonging to ancient civilizations. Among these, an ancient site namely Harabebezikan, is on the east bank of Euphrates (Fırat) river and located 17 km south of Birecik in Şanlıurfa/Turkey. It is left under water by the reservoir lake of Karkamış (Carchemish) dam today. An archaeological salvage project was carried out in 1999 shortly before the reservoir filling. One of the most important results of the excavations was to discover a ceramic workshop of the Hellenistic period. In this study, some selected Hellenistic period potsherds were studied in order to investigate the technological parameters of pottery production such as raw materials used in manufacturing, firing temperatures and conditions. The selected potsherds are probably production of this workshop. Wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis were performed for chemical and phase analysis, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) were further performed for microstructural and microchemical characterization. Micro-Raman analysis was performed for assessing the mineralogical components of the slip layers. Finally, thermal behavior of the potsherds was characterized by thermal gravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) techniques. The obtained results showed that calcareous materials including clays were used for pottery production and the potsherds were fired in the temperatures from 600 to 1000 °C. Furthermore, iron rich slip layers in different colors suggest that Hellenistic period potters at Harabebezikan were aware of adjusting the redox conditions of firing to obtain the desired color.

Style, Technology, and State Production: Inka Pottery Manufacture in the Leche Valley, Peru

According to historical sources, the Inka relocated groups of craft specialists to provincial centers to manufacture goods for the state. Recent fieldwork in the Leche Valley on the north coast of Peru provides insights into the organization and technology of pottery production at these centers. While Inka style jars were added to their repertories, potters continued to manufacture vessels in local styles using local techniques. These results caution against a reliance on style in identifying products made in administered contexts, and question the equivalence of style with polity in the Inka provinces. They also highlight a need to critically evaluate Inka cultural policies and the significance of subject styles in the empire.

Large-Scale Production of Pottery at Gordion : Comparison of the Late Bronze and Early Phrygian Industries.

Analysis of the pottery production technology has suggested large-scale production of pottery in both the Late Bronze Age (1400-1200 ВС) and Early Phrygian (ca 950-700 ВС) periods at Gordion (Turkey). Chemical characterization of both pottery and local clay samples has defined markedly different patterns of resource use in the two periods, suggesting a different geographic scale in the economy as Gordion s socio-political and economic roles changed from local center to royal capital city.

Color Variation on Prehistoric Cypriot Red Polished Pottery

Abstract Archaeologists in the field and laboratory commonly record colors of pottery using Munsell or other standard codes. These data are seldom used for more than primary documentation of individual items or to summarize common colors of a defined type or ware. Despite the many factors affecting pottery color it is possible to use this information to investigate patterns of variation within ceramic traditions and between contemporary sites, and to establish the degree of standardization or quality control achieved by ancient potters. Significant trends can be identified in the range and proportional occurrence of colors on assemblages of Red Polished Ware, the common pottery of the Early and Middle Cypriot Bronze Age (ca. 2300–1650 B.C.). These have implications for establishing the degree of control exercised over the process of manufacture and are relevant to discussions of the context of pottery production technology transfer, and inter-site relationships.