Arsenic Removal Technologies Research Articles

Unveiling the potential of Fe2O3/TiO2 system to produce clean water: An effective and low‒cost approach for arsenic removal from ground water

The aim of this project is to estimate and eliminate arsenic by using cost‒effective approach. For the purpose, anatase TiO2 has been synthesized and sensitized with Fe2O3 using hydrothermal approach. As‒synthesized adsorbents namely Fe2O3/TiO2 were employed to remove the arsenic (III and V) contents in the form of arsenomolybdate complex (AMC). The structural morphologies and optical characteristics have been examined and assessed by various advance approaches like XRD, FTIR, Raman, SEM and AFM techniques. The BET, EDX and XPS techniques have confirmed the porosity, phase purity and chemical compositions. The stability of adsorbents was evaluated using thermo–gravimetric analysis. To extend the utility of adsorbents for successful implementation, various ground drinking water samples have been collected from Tehsil Jahania‒PK. For the quick removal and spectroscopic quantifications, arsenic contents were first converted to the arsenomolybdate complex (AMC) and then extracted via adsorption. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were employed to evaluate and confirm the adsorption efficiencies, whereas Temkin model was employed to assure the electrostatic attraction between Fe2O3/TiO2 and AMC. Results indicate that the maximum adsorption capacity of Fe2O3/TiO2 is 130.1 mg/g. On the basis of survey reports and results, it has been concluded that this approach hold potential to replace the traditional adsorbents used for arsenic removal technologies.

Ferrocene-based metal-organic frameworks with dual synergistic active sites for selectively electrochemical removal of arsenic from contaminated water

The effective removal of trace levels of the highly toxic arsenite (As(Ⅲ)) from groundwater is crucial to address the threat to drinking water supply. Herein, we developed an electrochemical separation system utilizing redox-active ferrocene-based metal-organic frameworks (termed Fe-DFc) for selective removal of As(III). This system leveraged 1,1′-ferrocenedicarboxylic acid as a ligand coordinated with iron, enabling the highly selective capture and conversion of As(III) from groundwater. The Fe-DFc electrode-based electrochemical system not only effectively removed As(III) even in the presence of a 1250-fold excess of competing electrolytes, but also converted about 96 % of the adsorbed As(III) into the less toxic As(V), surpassing the results of those documented in the current literature. X-ray absorption fine structure analysis and density functional theory calculations demonstrated that the high selectivity of Fe-O6 moiety and the exceptional redox activity of Fc synergistically contributed to the efficient removal of As(III). Moreover, the electrochemical separation system enabled the remediation of arsenic-contaminated groundwater at a low energy cost of 0.033 kWh m−3 during long-term operation, highlighting the application potential of the electrochemical technology for arsenic removal from contaminated water.

An Arsenic Removal Technology and Its Application in Arsenic-Containing Copper

The usage of copper (Cu) ores containing low or no arsenic (As) has reduced, and Cu ores containing high levels of As have emerged as vital mineral resources for Cu extraction and processing. The quality of the Cu ores has decreased from 1.6% to approximately 1.0%. The proportion of As to Cu in 15% of Cu resources currently reaches 1:5. However, during the extraction and processing of Cu ores, As presents significant environmental harm. Hence, safely and effectively removing As is paramount in Cu smelting and processing, holding substantial importance in fostering environmentally sustainable practices within the Cu extraction and processing industry. This article consolidates the resource distribution of As-containing Cu (ACC) ores, comprehensively and systematically evaluates the present advancements in extracting techniques for these minerals, and identifies the challenges inherent in pyrometallurgical and wet processes for treating ACC deposits. Pyrometallurgy is a simple primary roasting technique and has widespread applicability in the treatment of various ACC minerals. Its disadvantages are the emission of exhaust gas and the high treatment costs associated with it. The wet arsenic removal method boasts advantages including minimal air pollution and a high resource recovery rate, significantly aiding in Cu concentrate recovery; its major drawback is the production of As-containing wastewater. The hydrometallurgical removal of As from ACC mines involves extracting As through leaching. Recently, biometallurgy has presented innovative solutions using specialized microorganisms to bioleach or bioabsorb As, but large-scale industrial applications still lack specific practical implementation. This review explores the underlying causes of the challenges encountered in processing ACC minerals. Additionally, it highlights pyrometallurgical roasting coupled with high-temperature filtration as a pivotal advancement in the extraction and processing of ACC ores.

Assessing the Long-Term Effectiveness of Sustainable Rural Water Treatment Technologies in Mitigating Arsenic Contamination of Groundwater in Afghanistan

Arsenic contamination in groundwater is a pressing global concern, impacting more than fifty million individuals across seventy-plus countries. Various sources contribute to this contamination, including human activities, geological processes, and natural biological factors. Afghanistan, where groundwater serves as the primary drinking water source, faces a critical need for sustainable arsenic removal solutions. Currently, 78% of the population relies on household tub wells for safe drinking water, highlighting the urgency of addressing arsenic contamination. Recent studies have revealed alarming arsenic levels, with approximately 61% of water samples exceeding World Health Organization standards.This study aims to assess and compare existing arsenic removal technologies to determine their suitability for Afghan households. Three commonly used methods—Sono Sand Filter, Kanchan Arsenic Removal, and Arsenic Bio Sand Filter—will be evaluated based on their efficacy and practicality. Preliminary findings indicate that the Arsenic Bio Sand Filter exhibits the highest efficiency, achieving a removal rate of 95%. Furthermore, this method offers additional benefits such as reducing pathogens, bacteria, iron, and turbidity levels. The ultimate goal of this research is to provide insights to policymakers and stakeholders, enabling them to develop effective mitigation strategies. By addressing arsenic-related health risks, these strategies can contribute to improving public health outcomes in Afghanistan

Highly efficient kaolin/g-C3N4/WO3 ternary nanocomposite for the effective removal of Arsenic ions from aqueous media

The effectual removal of arsenic ions from contaminated water sources remains a significant challenge in water treatment. In this study, we propose a novel composite material consisting of kaolin, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and tungsten trioxide (WO3) for effective arsenic removal. The composite material was prepared through a facile synthesis method, and its physicochemical properties were characterized using various analytical techniques. The effects of composite dosage, initial arsenic concentration, contact time and temperature on the adsorption capacity were systematically evaluated. The results revealed that the composite material exhibited excellent arsenic removal efficiency, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 114.63 mg/g. The adsorption isotherms such as Langmuir and Freundlich models were evaluated, and the data finds to fit well with the Langmuir model, suggesting homogeneous adsorption. The mechanism of arsenic removal follows photocatalytic oxidation of As(III) to As(V) followed by adsorption of As(V). The process of adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Additionally, the composite material demonstrated good reusability and stability over multiple cycles. The findings of this study contribute to the progress of sustainable and reliable water treatment technologies for arsenic removal, addressing a pressing global environmental concern.

Development and Prospect of Arsenic Removal Technology for Containing Arsenic Copper Minerals

Development and Prospect of Arsenic Removal Technology for Containing Arsenic Copper Minerals

Arsenic removal from coal-fired flue gas by MnO2 coated magnetic flower-like Fe3O4 composites: Experimental and DFT study

The gaseous arsenic (mainly As2O3) emitted from coal combustion has become another highly toxic volatile pollutant of concern after mercury. Unlike high-temperature arsenic removal technology, injecting adsorbents before dust collectors has more industrial application prospects, where the development of high-performance arsenic removal adsorbents at low temperatures (100–200 °C) is the core. This work developed a magnetic recyclable MnO2 coated magnetic flower-like Fe3O4 (FL-Fe3O4) composites (Fe3MnxOy) adsorbent. It shows the prepared FL-Fe3O4 has both adsorption and catalytic effects on As2O3 removal from the flue gas. The As2O3 removal amount and efficiency of Fe3MnxOy reaches their maximum at 102.96 μg/g and 55.04 % at Mn/Fe molar ratio of 1 (Fe3Mn3Oy) where the comprehensive effect of the adsorption, oxidation, and fixation of As2O3 on Fe3MnxOy gets to optimal. Lattice oxygen plays an important positive role in the arsenic removal process and O2 can continuously supplement it. Priority adsorption of SO2 will consume lattice oxygen and convert it into SO42-, which inhibits the As2O3 removal by Fe3Mn3Oy. Finally, the influence mechanism of MnO2 coating and SO2 on As2O3 removal by Fe3MnxOy was deeply revealed based on density functional theory calculations. The finding has a vital promoting effect on the industrial application of flue gas arsenic removal technology.

Surface sensitization of TiO2 via Pd/Rb2O cocatalysts: Mechanistic insights to the arsenic elimination from ground drinking water†

In order to abide the regulations put forth by World Health Organization (WHO), it is imperative to employ innovative technique that can eliminate arsenic from ground drinking water. The effective sorbents are desperately needed to remove arsenic from the water. In this work, rutile TiO2 surfaces were tuned with nominal ratios of palladium and rubidium oxide cocatalysts via co-precipitation method. Firstly, As (III) contents were converted to As (V) by photooxidation reaction (POR) and then As (V) contents were removed by adsorption over Pd/Rb2O@TiO2 surfaces. The morphology, optical characteristics and structural features were obtained by XRD, Raman, UV-Vis/DRS, SEM, PL and TGA analysis. The surface characteristics and chemical compositions of Pd/Rb2O@TiO2 were obtained using TEM and XPS analysis. Arsenic contaminated water samples were collected from Hasilpur Tehsil (Punjab/Pakistan). The mechanism of As (III) to As (V) conversion, adsorption kinetic for pseudo-second-order (R2꞊0.99919), and the Langmuir adsorption isotherm kinetic model (R2꞊0.98906) provided the significant clarification. Spontaneous arsenic adsorption has been determined (ΔG=−12.52 KJ/mol), which addressed the substantial columbic interactions between adsorbate and substrate. Due to non-toxic nature, dual feautres (photocatalysis and adsorption), easy accesability and low cost, the utilization of titania based sorbents appear to be viable options for arsenic removal technologies. The results of this study depict that, Pd/Rb2O@TiO2 can effectively remove 99% arsenic from contaminated water.

Impact of Microplastics on the Fate and Behaviour of Arsenic in the Environment and Their Significance for Drinking Water Supply

The ubiquitous presence of microplastics (MPs) is a topic of great concern. Not only do MPs themselves represent potential toxicants for human health, they are never found alone in the environment and interact with and adsorb a variety of toxicologically significant pollutants. This review summarises recent work on interactions between MPs and heavy metals in the environment, with a special focus on arsenic, one of the most widespread and problematic water contaminants. Evidence for the adsorption of arsenic onto MP surfaces is given and the recent research into the consequences of this phenomenon for freshwater, marine, and soil environments presented. Finally, the lack of research into the significance of interactions between arsenic and MPs during drinking water treatment is highlighted. The performance of arsenic removal technologies is governed by a multitude of different factors, and with MPs detected in water sources all over the world, data on how these MPs impact the removal of arsenic and, indeed, other major water contaminants are urgently needed.

Recent progress, bottlenecks, improvement strategies and the way forward of membrane distillation technology for arsenic removal from water: A review

Arsenic (As) is a common aquatic pollutant that enters the environment from anthropogenic sources and causes serious public health issues. Various conventional techniques have been applied for As removal from drinking water. However, those conventional techniques could not meet the requirement of the As discharge standard of <10 mg/L in drinking water set by the World Health Organization (WHO). To deal with this bottleneck, membrane distillation (MD) offers a complete As removal from an aqueous solution due to its higher rejection rate with less energy consumption than thermal techniques that require high thermal energy. This article reviews the recent progress of MD configurations, membrane modules, and membrane materials employed for As removal. This work also uncovers the technological solutions of MD in tackling a variety of bottlenecks in removing As from aqueous solutions. This includes integrating MD with alternative energy sources and/or forward osmosis (FO) to incorporate its hybrid systems with less energy consumption or a high separation rate. Limitations, challenges, and opportunities of MD systems for As removal were highlighted with a technological solution to these bottlenecks. The MD systems can effectively remove As (III) and As (V) with 100 % As rejection using hydrophobic ceramic and polymeric membranes. Overall, MD could play a role in helping the water industry meet the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), such as clean water, affordable energy, and climate change mitigation.

H2O2-Enhanced As(III) Removal from Natural Waters by Fe(III) Coagulation at Neutral pH Values and Comparison with the Conventional Fe(II)-H2O2 Fenton Process

Arsenic is a naturally occurring contaminant in waters, which is toxic and adversely affects human health. Therefore, treatment of water for arsenic removal is very important production of safe drinking water. Coagulation using Fe(III) salts is the most frequently applied technology for arsenic removal, but is efficient mostly for As(V) removal. As(III) removal usually requires the application of a pre-oxidation step, which is mainly conducted by chemical or biological means. In this study, we show that Fe(III) coagulation in the presence of H2O2 can be a very efficient treatment process for As(III) removal, which has been never been shown before in the literature. The results showed that addition of 8.7–43.7 mM hydrogen peroxide to Fe(III) coagulation process was able to increase the effectiveness of As(III) removal in synthetic groundwater by 15–20% providing residual concentrations well below the regulatory limit of 10 μg/L from initial As(III) concentrations of 100 μg/L, at pH 7. The enhanced coagulation process was affected by the solution pH. The removal efficiency substantially declined at alkaline pH values (pH &gt; 8). Addition of EDTA in the absence of H2O2 had a strong inhibiting effect where the As(III) removal was almost zero when 88.38 μΜ EDTA were used. Radical quenching experiments with 50, 100 and 200 mM DMSO, methanol and 2-propanol in the H2O2-coagulation process had a slightly adverse effect on the removal efficiency. This is considered as indicative of an adsorption/oxidation of As(III) process onto or very near the surface of iron oxide particles, formed by the hydrolysis of Ferric iron ions. In practice, the results suggest that addition of H2O2 increases the As(III) removal efficiency for Fe(III) coagulation systems. This is an important finding because the pre-oxidation step can be omitted with the addition of H2O2 while treating water contaminated with As(III).

Arsenic removal technologies for middle- and low-income countries to achieve the SDG-3 and SDG-6 targets: A review

• Over 230 million population are suffering from ‘As’ laced drinking water and its associated health hazards worldwide. • To achieve SDG- 3 (Good health and well-being’) and SDG-6 (Safe and clean water and sanitation) ‘As’ problem needs to be managed. • Low and middle income countries have a challenge to implement highly efficient As removal technologies. • Chemical and biological technologies, adsorption, and hybrid technologies with running cost <1 US$/m 3 can be applied in low/middle income countries. • Regular monitoring of As, community participation, research on cost effective As-removal models coupled with policy level intervention is most needed. Contamination of arsenic (As) in groundwater has increased across the world with prominence in the middle- and low-income countries. The United Nations ‘Sustainable Development Goals’ (SDG's)- ‘good health and well-being’ (SDG 3) and ‘safe and clean water and sanitation for all’ (SDG 6), cannot be achieved without monitoring and remediating ‘As’ pollution in groundwater. Over 230 million people worldwide are affected due to arsenic-contaminated drinking water. More than 200 articles discussing the ‘As’ contamination, toxicity and cost effective technology were reviewed in this study focusing on economic status of the affected nation as per World bank report. Cost budget analysis suggested that chemical oxidation followed by precipitation (0. 043-0. 076 US$/m 3 ), low cost adsorbent (0. 1 US$/m 3 ), hybrid treatment technologies (0. 15-0. 17 US$/m 3 ) and biological oxidation (0. 2 US$/m 3 ) can be applied in low income countries through community based models to mitigate the health problem related to As contamination in order to achieve SDG 3 and SDG 6 targets. This study recommends further research on budget friendly ‘As’ remediation systems and policy level interventions in the affected nations to cater safe drinking water to all.

In-situ production of iron flocculation and reactive oxygen species by electrochemically decomposing siderite: An innovative Fe-EC route to remove trivalent arsenic

The removal of trivalent arsenic (As (III)) from water has received extensive attention from researchers. Iron electrocoagulation (Fe-EC) is an efficient technology for arsenic removal. However, electrode passivation hinders the development and application of Fe-EC. In this work, an innovative Fe-EC route was developed to remove As (III) through an electrochemical-siderite packed column (ESC). Ferrous ions were produced from siderite near the anode, and hydroxide was generated near the cathode during the electrochemical decomposition of siderite. As a result, an effect of Fe-EC-like was obtained. The results showed that an excellent removal performance of As (III) (>99%) was obtained by adjusting the parameters (As (III) concentration at 10 mg/L, pH at 7, Na2SO4 at 10 mM and the hydraulic retention time at 30 min) and the oxidation rate of As (III) reached 84.12%. The mechanism analysis indicated that As (III) was oxidized to As (Ⅴ) by the produced active oxide species and electrode, and then was removed by capturing on the iron oxide precipitates. As (III) was likely to be oxidized in two ways, one by the reactive oxygen species (possibly •OH, Fe(IV) and •O2- species), and another directly by the anode. The long-term effectiveness of arsenic removal demonstrated that ESC process based on the electrochemical-siderite packed column was an appropriate candidate for treating As (III) pollution.

Development of arsenic removal unit with electrocoagulation and activated alumina sorption: Field trial at rural West Bengal, India

In the present study, electrocoagulation (EC) with iron electrodes along with adsorption by activated alumina has been evaluated as a treatment process for arsenic removal from groundwater. Batch scale experiments were performed with iron electrodes to assess the removal efficiency of electrocoagulation. The effects of inter-electrode distance and electro-charge loading (ECL) were evaluated on arsenic removal. EC was able to decrease the arsenic concentration in the aqueous phase below 10 ppb at ECL of 60 coulomb/L with 1 cm inter-electrode distance. The optimal condition was obtained by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with the help of central composite design (CCD). The regression equation and analysis of variance were originated using Design-Expert software and F value (131.56), p-value (<0.05), and desirability value of 1 were obtained for the optimized model. Activated alumina adsorption has also been shown to be a promising arsenic removal technology (As5+) with 15 min of equilibrium time. An arsenic removal system was designed with EC unit, sand filter, and activated alumina column in series for field application. The field unit was able to deliver safe water to the local community. During the operation, the electrodes were passivated, and calcium-based deposition was found on the cathodes. Periodic electrode reversal was able to minimise the passivation. Due to the accumulation of ferric hydroxide flocs, the pores of the filter bed become clogged and they must be cleaned by backwashing. The Backwash system should be continued until the water runs clear. An arrangement of a suitable soak pit is made to contain the backwash water avoiding any environmental contamination. EC could be able to deliver safe water locally in rural areas at affordable prices due to its high efficiency and low operation and maintenance costs.

Arsenic Removal Technologies: Mapping Global Research Activities (1970-2019)

Arsenic contamination in drinking water poses worldwide threat to public health and requires emergency actions in some parts of the world. Several technologies have been used to overcome arsenic contamination issues and to meet the arsenic concentration limitations for public health. In this study, research tendencies on arsenic removal technologies were evaluated. A total of 4083 publications, published between 1970 and 2019, on arsenic removal from drinking water, groundwater and wastewater were retrieved from Web of Science (WoS) database. A bibliometric analysis was carried out and word frequency along with visualization map analysis were used to provide a quantitative analysis, and an overview on the current research trends and research prospects. The results showed that annual output of the “arsenic removal” subject increased significantly after the year 2000. “Article” was the most preferable publication type, and “Journal of Hazardous Materials” had the highest publication number. The most productive country in terms of number of total articles on arsenic removal was China. Also, the South-East Asian countries highly contributed to the literature. “Adsorption” was found to be the most frequently researched arsenic removal technology and nanotechnology plays a significant role in the adsorption development.

Efficient removal of arsenic from aqueous solution by continuous adsorption onto iron-coated cork granulates

The search for low-cost technologies for arsenic removal from water is in high demand due to its human toxicity, even at low concentrations. Adsorption can be a cost-effective water treatment technique if applied with inexpensive materials. Arsenic continuous removal by adsorption onto an alternative modified biosorbent, iron-coated cork granulates (ICG), was investigated in this work. Results showed that most experimental parameters of breakthrough curves (BTC) depend on flow rate, bed height, pH, and initial arsenic concentration. The temperature did not significantly affect arsenate removal in continuous mode; however, the adsorption capacity was affected in batch mode. The thermodynamic parameters suggest that the adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic. The maximum adsorption capacity of ICG for As(V) removal at pH 3 was 4.2 ± 0.3 mg g−1, calculated by Yan model fit (R2 = 0.981), and for As(III) at pH 9 was 1.6 ± 0.2 mg g−1 (R2 = 0.994). ICG were able to treat As(V) from 100 µg L−1 to under 10 µg L−1 and 50 µg L−1 for 895 and 1633 bed volumes, and As(III) for 569 and 861 bed volumes, respectively, both at pH 7. The application of ICG in arsenic oxyanions remediation was found to be effective under various conditions.

Recent Progress, Bottlenecks, Improvement Strategies and the Way Forward of Membrane Distillation Technology for Arsenic Removal from Water: A Review

Recent Progress, Bottlenecks, Improvement Strategies and the Way Forward of Membrane Distillation Technology for Arsenic Removal from Water: A Review

Role of Public Awareness Ensuring the Sustainability of Arsenic Mitigation

Arsenic poisoning is the largest mass poisoning in history. It causes numerous toxic effects to human health which ultimately leads to cancer or Alzheimer’s disease. Nearly 300 million people over 180 countries worldwide are suffering from the arsenic contaminated groundwater more than WHO directed limit. Despite of its potential fatal toxicities, there is no effective treatment for arsenicosis. Cost-effective arsenic removal technology is also a matter of considerable research. This study aimed to summarize the individual and social issues related to arsenic problem and the remedies suggested by different authors to cope with the adverse effects of arsenic. Reported studies emphasized that only mass awareness and mass education can stop the spreading of this disaster. This study will be helpful for future research on the awareness on arsenic contamination and studies on assessing behavior in different context. Policymakers may find it as helpful resource since it describes the problem from grass-roots level. Researchers’ of pharmaceuticals and medicines may be inspired to perform their research in this field.

Neural Network and Random Forest-Based Analyses of the Performance of Community Drinking Water Arsenic Treatment Plants

A plethora of technologies has been developed over decades of extensive research on arsenic remediation, although the technical and financial perspective of arsenic removal plants in the field requires critical evaluation. In the present study, focusing on some of the pronounced arsenic-affected areas in West Bengal, India, we assessed the implementation and operation of different arsenic removal technologies using a dataset of 4000 spatio-temporal data collected from an in-depth field survey of 136 arsenic removal plants engaged in the public water supply. Our statistical analysis of this dataset indicates a 120% rise in the average cumulative capacity of the plants during 2014–2021. The majorities of the plants are based on the activated alumina with FeCl3 technology and serve about 49% of the population in the study area. The average cost of water production for the activated alumina with FeCl3 technology was found to be ₹7.56/m3 (USD $1 ≈ INR ₹70), while the lowest was ₹0.39/m3 for granular ferric hydroxide technology. A machine learning-based framework was employed to analyze the impact of water quality and treatment plant parameters on the removal efficiency, capital, and operational cost of the plants. The artificial neural network model exhibited adequate statistical significance, with a high F-value and R2 of 5830.94 and 0.72 for the capital cost model, 136,954, and 0.98 for the operational cost model, respectively. The relative importance of the process variables was identified through random forest models. The models indicated that flow rate, media, and chemicals are the predominant costs, while contaminant loading in influent water and a coagulating agent was important for removal efficiency. The established framework may be instrumental as a decision-making tool for water providers to assess the expected performance and financial involvement for proposed or ongoing arsenic removal plants concerning various design and quality parameters.

Adapting a drinking water treatment technology for arsenic removal to the context of a small, low-income California community

Small, low-income, and rural communities across the United States are disproportionately exposed to arsenic contaminated drinking water because existing treatment solutions are too expensive and difficult to operate. This paper describes efforts to overcome some barriers and limitations of conventional iron electrocoagulation (Fe-EC) to enable its use in the rural Californian (U.S.) context. Barriers and limitations of Fe-EC's application in rural California considered in this work include: 1) Frequent labor intensive electrode cleaning is required to overcome rust accumulation, 2) Electrolysis durations are long, reducing throughput for a given system size, and 3) Waste needs compliance with California standards. We report results from an investigation for overcoming these limitations via a field trial on a farm in Allensworth, a small, low-income, rural community in California. Our strategies to overcome each of the above barriers and limitations are respectively, 1) operating the Fe-EC reactor at high current density to result in sustained Fe production, 2) operating at high charge dosage rate with external H2O2, and 3) characterization of the arsenic-laden waste, and are discussed further in the paper. Main findings are: (1) Fe-EC removed arsenic consistently below the federal (and state) standard of 10 µg/L, (2) high current density failed to sustain Fe production whereas low current density did not, (3) electrolysis time decreased from > 1 hour to < 2 min with H2O2 dosing of 5 mg/L at higher charge dosage rates, (4) dilution of As-sludge is required to comply with State's non-hazardous waste status, and (5) discrepancies were observed between lab and field results in using current density to overcome labor-intensive electrode cleanings. Finally, implications of overcoming limitations to scale-up of Fe-EC in relevant California communities are discussed.