Technological, Pedagogical And Content Knowledge Framework Research Articles

Centering Cultural Knowledge in TPACK— Evidence From a Collaborative Online International Learning Collaboration

In this qualitative study, we analyzed the processes of a collaborative online international learning (COIL) collaboration between two higher education institutions in Japan and the United States from the perspective of the technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge (TPACK) framework. The research question this study aimed to address was: What is the utility of the TPACK framework, as a lens of analysis, for this online cultural exchange? To address this question, we conducted semi-structured interviews with student participants and examined their written works. From the student participants’ learning experiences, we identified evidence of cultural exchange as well as evidence of missed opportunities for cultural exchange arising from the limited knowledge of technology, pedagogy, content, and culture. COIL and TPACK both share a common goal of increasing students’ access to multiple knowledge systems using educational technology. As a result, COIL conceptually aligns well with the TPACK framework. This collaboration showed an ongoing need for the centering of cultural knowledge and cultural exchange in both COIL and TPACK. We, accordingly, outline potential for a TPACCK, a modified TPACK framework to center cultural knowledge in both with the hope of taking steps towards a more culturally sustaining framework of international collaboration.

Evaluating teaching readiness using the TPACK model: factor, reliability and validity analyses for Indonesian economics teacher candidates

Introduction. The preparedness of future economics teachers matters as it affects the quality of education, student results, workforce training, critical thinking abilities, global mindset, college prep, and adjustment to shifting economies. The future generation needs educated people to act as members of society and the world economy; hence, it requires a cadre of trained economists and teachers and is significantly shaped by intrinsic factors such as technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge (TPACK). This study refines and validates a measurement instrument to reliably and validity assess the essential competencies of these teachers, tailored to meet the evolving standards of economics education. Materials and Methods. The study used an online questionnaire with a purposive sample of 100 pre-service economics educators from Indonesia for Explanatory Factor Analysis (EFA) and 389 samples for Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), all of whom had completed their teaching practicums. Then, statistical analysis was conducted using EFA in SPSS and CFA in AMOS. The EFA was employed to determine how well the instrument’s items capture the components of the TPACK framework and their relevance to the prospective teachers’ readiness for professional practice post-graduation. The CFA is Performed to guarantee that each variable analyzed has the validity of the configuration and the reliability of the construct as needed and is used to establish the extent to which the measured variable may represent the construct or variable that has previously been considered. Results. This study first developed seven factors, namely Technological Knowledge (TK), Pedagogical Knowledge (PK), Content Knowledge (CK), Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK), Technological Pedagogical Knowledge (TPK), Technological Content Knowledge (TCK), and Technological, Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK), consisting of 39 items. However, four items were removed because their factor loading was below 0.50. As a result, 35 items were retained as the factor loading was significantly greater than .50. The Cronbach's alpha value for each item of the TPACK construct was > .60 and met all the criteria of goodness of fit index, which means that it meets the requirements and can measure the TPACK construct in measuring job readiness of prospective teachers in Indonesia. As this study fulfills the requirements of validity and reliability of the constructs that lead to TPACK, the results of this study will help prospective teachers prepare themselves to become professional economics teachers. Conclusion. The teaching readiness of prospective teachers can be assessed using valid and reliable tools such as EFA in pilot testing and CFA in large-scale analysis assessments of the TPACK construct with 35 question items.

Enhancing ICT Literacy and Achievement: A TPACK-Based Blended Learning Model for Thai Business Administration Students

The COVID-19 pandemic has heightened the need for 21st century skills, particularly computer and ICT literacy (CICT) in Thailand. This study aimed to develop a TPACK (Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge)-based blended learning model (BLM) to enhance CICT skills and academic performance among 179 Business Administration (BA) undergraduates in the 2022 academic year Computer and Information Applications course. Research instruments were designed and evaluated by experts. Over 18 weeks, qualitative and quantitative data were collected, with the qualitative data undergoing content analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze quantitative data, comparing pretests, post-tests, and 2-week retests using a repeated measure ANOVA. One-sample t-tests were used to assess the model’s impact on CICT skills. The results showed a significant score improvement between tests, with the highest mean being seen in the 2-week retest. The BA-TPACK model significantly enhanced CICT skills, exceeding 80%. The students expressed high satisfaction, with the BA-TPACK model effectively enhancing CICT skills and academic achievement, recommending its integration into future computer and information courses. This study’s contribution lies in addressing the pressing need for CICT skills in the ‘new normal’. By developing and implementing a BLM grounded in the TPACK framework, this study not only enhances students’ CICT proficiency but also fills a crucial gap in the literature regarding effective pedagogical approaches to foster 21st century skills.

TPACK Framework Into TEFL for Meaningful-Effective EFL Learning and Teaching at Indonesian Context

This literature review study was conducted to reviewing and exploring more thoroughly how the Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK) is implemented in the Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL) to achieve meaningful and effective EFL teaching-learning. Employing a qualitative approach, we the present researchers gather various types of relevant literatures dealing with the discussed issue and then the information or data obtained are analyzed by utilizing thematic analysis where the data are classified according to the theme, rigorously interpreted, and then qualitatively described as well as concluded comprehensively. The findings of this review study hopefully strengthen the authors’ belief that the implementation of English language teaching integrated with TPACK leads to a meaningful and affective EFL teaching and learning. In addition to that, these reviews of related literatures will be fruitful references for other researchers to conduct any correlated studies.

ENHANCING CRITICAL THINKING ON CLIMATE CHANGE: TPACK IMPLEMENTATION IN PBL WITH DIGITAL POSTERS

Critical thinking skills are vital in the 21st Century to identify solutions to real-world problems like climate change. This research aims to test the effect of integrating the PBL (Problem-based Learning) Model with Digital Posters within the TPACK (Technological, Pedagogical, and Content Knowledge) framework on the critical thinking skills of junior high school students in Samarinda on climate change. The research approach used is quantitative with a quasi-experimental method involving two classes, an experimental and a control class. The treatment given to the experimental class was the PBL model with the help of digital posters, and the control class used the traditional lecture method. Data on students' critical thinking skills was collected using a test technique in the form of 10 essay questions. Data analysis techniques used quantitative descriptive and T-tests. The research results showed significant differences in the critical thinking skills of the experimental and control classes after each class was treated. Based on these findings, it recommends the need for similar adoption by teachers in teaching complex topics such as climate change. These results also show the importance of integrating technology in learning to support the development of student's critical thinking skills, especially in understanding complex topics.

Development and validation of the secondary mathematics teachers’ TPACK scale: A study in the Chinese context

This study aimed to develop and validate the secondary mathematics teachers’ technological pedagogical and content knowledge (TPACK) scale (SMTTS) to assess the knowledge domains of TPACK framework among secondary mathematics teachers in China. SMTTS was designed to be subject-oriented and culturally relevant, addressing the specific needs and context of mathematics education in China. Data were collected using a web-based questionnaire from secondary mathematics teachers in Chongqing Jiulongpo District. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to assess the reliability and validity of the scale. The findings demonstrated that SMTTS exhibited strong reliability and validity, supporting its use as a robust measurement tool for assessing secondary mathematics teachers’ TPACK. The scale demonstrated good psychometric properties, including satisfactory factor loadings, internal consistency, and model fit indices. The development of SMTTS contributes to the field by providing a precise and reliable instrument that can inform the design of targeted professional development programs and guide policy decisions regarding technology integration in mathematics education. This study has theoretical and practical implications. SMTTS addresses the need for a subject-specific and culturally relevant assessment tool for measuring TPACK in mathematics education. It acknowledges mathematics teachers’ unique challenges in integrating digital technologies into their instructional practices. The scale’s development and validation process incorporated considerations of the Chinese educational context, enhancing its relevance for practitioners and researchers in China. SMTTS can facilitate the identification of areas for improvement in teachers’ TPACK and guide the implementation of tailored interventions and support initiatives.

Analysis of the Current Situation of TPACK Research for Primary School Teachers in China

TPACK (Technological Pedagogical And Content Knowledge) is a form of knowledge that involves the interaction and integration of subject content, teaching methods, and technology in education. It represents a novel knowledge framework essential for teachers in the information age. The TPACK framework necessitates a deep understanding of each facet of knowledge to effectively integrate technology, teaching methods, and subject content for impactful instruction. This study employs literature research methodology and CiteSpace software to comprehensively identify and visually analyze the research landscape of TPACK among primary school teachers in China. It explores the distribution patterns, research hotspots, knowledge base, transformations, and emerging trends within TPACK research. The findings reveal that literature on TPACK studies has been published in CSSCI journals since 2011, illustrating the increasing attention towards TPACK research. Initially, the research focuses on the entire group of primary school teachers and subsequently narrows down to rural primary school teachers, further segmented by disciplines. Researchers primarily investigate the current status, influencing factors, and strategies related to professional development of primary school teachers. Domestically, collaborative research groups primarily concentrate in key normal universities, often encompassing cooperation between different departments within the same institution, while cross-institutional collaboration remains limited. Furthermore, intercollegiate cooperation is sporadic, with minimal established collaborative relationships.

Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK) Assessment of Basic Education Teachers in St. Paul University Surigao

This study determined the level of teachers’ readiness in technology, content, pedagogy, and knowledge using the TPACK framework. This study employed the quantitative approach using the standard questionnaire developed by Koehler & Mishra (2008). The participants were the 67 teachers of St. Paul University Surigao Basic Education Department employed during academic year 2018-2019. In analyzing the data, the Chi-Square Statistics (X2) was used to determine the significant association of TPCK and profile variables. Results showed that there is a significant association between content knowledge and area of specialization. Significant association was also drawn between content knowledge and academic units. The action plan program by the researcher in this study can be utilized in future training on the formulation of content knowledge, pedagogical knowledge, technological knowledge, pedagogical content knowledge, technological content knowledge, technological pedagogical knowledge, and technological pedagogical content knowledge.

Digital transformation of post-pandemic learning and teaching: Utilising TPACK to support educator development in a flipped learning pilot

As higher education looks to continue on its path of digital transformation to support pedagogical approaches such as online and blended learning, lessons must be taken from the emergency distance learning response, during Covid-19, and steps implemented to move towards a more thoughtfully designed strategic approach to digital education.This case study examines an Australian university’s global campus in the United Arab Emirates, a traditionally teacher-led institution, that aims to address ‘what’ post-pandemic education will look like by articulating an approach to the digital transformation of learning and teaching, specifically related to educator professional development. The specific focus of this research considers the ‘how’ by proposing a Technological, Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework to guide the learning design of a faculty training pilot that supports educators in the development and implementation of a specific pedagogical model, namely flipped learning. The TPACK framework was used to inform the design of the flipped learning faculty training pilot and was used in the analysis coding of participants’ feedback to determine what domains of knowledge were touched and what domains require further attention.The study found that the TPACK framework can be a useful learning design tool for the development of faculty training programs that look to digitally transform learning and teaching, however, while the framework prompts explicit consideration of pedagogical and technological knowledge development, it can be found lacking in the fostering of community elements for a more impactful approach. The author believes this study will provide valuable insight for researchers and policymakers concerned with the digital transformation of learning and teaching in the post-pandemic higher educational landscape, specifically those interested in the development of teaching practice for blended learning approaches.Keywords: digital transformation; higher education; professional development; educator competencies; blended learning; flipped learning; TPACK; learning designPart of the Special Issue Teaching practices in times of digital transformation <https://doi.org/10.21428/8c225f6e.ac86609b>

From TPACK to N-TPACK Framework for Vocational Education and Training With a Focus on Nutritional Science and Home Economics

Context: In Germany, vocational education and training (VET) plays a key role in the transition from school to working life. Due to its proximity to the labour market and an increasingly digitised, connected world, the professional knowledge requirements of VET teachers are changing and an adjustment of competence frameworks for vocational teachers is needed. Approach: Since its introduction, the TPACK (Technological Pedagogical And Content Knowledge) framework of Shulman and Mishra and Koehler has been repeatedly used in the international research discourse as a framework for capturing teachers' professional knowledge. Given the infrequent reference to TPACK in the field of vocational education and training (VET), this theoretical article aims to adapt the TPACK framework for VET teachers. A literature review revealed the importance of developing an adapted TPACK framework that takes into account the peculiarities of the German vocational school system as well as the non technical personal service sector. Based on this research gap, an appropriately adapted TPACK framework was developed. The focus of this article lies on VET of nutritional science and home economics. Findings: After considering and analysing the requirements of the VET system in Germany in the context of digitalisation, it is suggested to adapt and enlarge the existing TPACK framework, thus creating an N-TPACK framework, taking into account "Networking and Collaborative Knowledge (NK)" as an aspect of essential VET teachers' professional knowledge. Conclusion: The present theoretical article considers the research desideratum of extending the TPACK framework by developing a theoretical N-TPACK framework as well as examining and discussing the various knowledge areas. Building on this theoretical article, a survey of the current status quo of these professional knowledge areas among (prospective) VET teachers in the subject area of nutrition and home economics is necessary, in order to provide orientation and to be able to derive recommended actions for an up-to-date and forward looking teacher education and training.

The Impact of Teachers’ LoTI and ICT Integration Abilities on Students’ L2 Writing Competency in the Context of TPACK Framework

Although the outbreak of COVID-19 necessitated greater emphasis on digital education systems in Lebanon, public schools encountered barriers to implementing such improvements, chief among which involved English language teachers’ lesser level of technology implementation (LoTI) capability in addition to their lower level of technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge (TPACK). Sixty students and four teachers were involved in this study. The teachers were asked to complete a survey and the data collected were analyzed quantitatively to investigate the relationship between the teacher respondents’ level of understanding of information communication technology (ICT) implementation and the TPACK construct. To obtain additional information on the teachers’ ICT competency, each was interviewed at the onset of the academic year using Newhouse’s model (2002). To examine the relationship between students’ performance and teachers’ LoTI, IBM SPSS Statistics (Version 25) was used to analyze the interview data in addition to the results obtained from the experimental and control groups of the pre-and post-tests. These results revealed a constructive association between instructors’ ability to combine their content knowledge with their best pedagogical practices and technology knowledge to leverage students’ writing competency. This research explored this relationship in a novel approach that may be utilized by AlRafid school to provide a basis for further studies in various academic contexts at other public schools in Lebanon regarding teachers’ technology use and understanding and its impact on student achievement.

Leveraging Technology to Develop Students’ Critical Thinking Skills

This article describes the nexus of the Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework, principles of the Backward Curriculum Design process, and the Education 1.0, 2.0, &amp; 3.0 communication flows working together to help TK-12 educators leverage technology tools to support the development of students’ critical thinking skills. We offer the addition of the Backward Curriculum Design and Ed 1.0–3.0 communication flow to the TPACK framework to provide educators with a roadmap that evaluates the use of technology tools to reinforce higher levels of student learning and thinking. As well, we contextualize our additions to the TPACK framework with examples demonstrating how to assess, select and effectively incorporate technology, inclusive of artificial intelligence applications, into classroom instruction. A set of guiding questions using the principles of this new framework are included.

Rasch measurement and strategies of Science Teacher's Technological, Pedagogical, and Content Knowledge in Augmented Reality

The use of Augmented Reality in the Teachers’ Technological, Pedagogical, and Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework is one of the systematic approaches to enriching students' experience in a science classroom. A study was conducted to explore teachers’ TPACK in Augmented Reality abilities. This article aims to identify science teachers’ level of TPACK in Augmented Reality using a questionnaire. A group of teachers (n=100) was trained to determine science teachers' TPACK at AR levels. Selected Science teachers then responded to a survey and analyzed using the Rasch Model. Male teachers (1.77 logits) outperformed female teachers (-0.55 logit) in TPACK abilities. In addition, teachers 36-40 years of age with 6-10 years of teaching experience had higher ability in TPACK in AR. Findings also indicated the Pedagogical Knowledge (PK) scoring is at +1.23logit and TPACK +0.29 logit suggesting both PK and TPACK components were of higher difficulty level compared to other components.The findings suggest that the training on TPACK in AR especially in the areas of PK and TPACK is necessary and should be based on the teacher’s demographic profile, teaching experiences, and other components of the TPACK framework.

The TPACK Implementation in Physics Textbook with Augmented Reality: Enhance The 4C Skills at Mechanics Wave Concept

The 21st-century skills require a minimum of 4C skills. Learning media also need to apply TPACK (Technological, Pedagogical, and Content Knowledge) framework. This article describes the research and development result of the TPACK implementation in a high school physics textbook to enhance 4C skills for students’ 21st-century skills. The obtained physics textbook uses dick and Carey’s research and development model. Technology in this textbook using augmented reality media. The TPACK physics textbook assisted by AR (Augmented Reality) had produced for the 11th grade even semester at mechanics wave concept to enhance students’ 4C skills. The book feasibility received an assessment from the content expert, media expert, and pedagogical expert using the continuum scale 4 in the questionnaire instrument. The final result shows the implementation of TPACK in a resulting high school physics textbook product is proper to enhance 4C skills as a provision for 21st-century skills.

TEACHERS’ SELF-PERCEPTIONS FOR TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION IN TEACHING THROUGH THE LENS OF TPACK FRAMEWORK

Technology can provide everlasting advantages in teaching and learning if utilized effectively however, it seems impossible without enhancing teachers’ technological skills. The aim of this study is to analyze the current status of teachers’ use of technology in their pedagogy and to examine teachers’ self-perceptions regarding their technological and pedagogical knowledge using technological, pedagogical and content knowledge (TPACK) framework. The study was carried out in the context of Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur. The quantitative survey method was adopted for current case study to explore self-perceptions of the participants regarding level of understanding for their technological and pedagogical skills. Total 123 Teaching Assistant (TAs) taught in different departments of SALU, Khairpur, holding master degrees in their concerned field were selected purposively. Results revealed that all teaching assistants perceived themselves at high level of understanding in all pedagogical related skills while their self-perceptions displayed that they were at low level of understanding in all technological based domains. In the light of findings, current study recommended that the areas where TAs perceived themselves at low level need to be strengthened through technology trainings, secondly TAs can prepare themselves for technology aligned pedagogical practices to contribute in teaching and learning and administration needs to plan and execute trainings on technological pedagogy specifically using TPACK framework to promote and encourage technological enriched teaching and learning environment.

Interrelationship between levels of digital competences and Technological, Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK): a preliminary study with Polish academic teachers

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to develop and to validate a study tool for determining the levels of academic teachers’ digital competence regarding the TPACK framework and self-reflection questionnaire of the European Competence Framework for the Digital Competence of Educators in the context of higher education. The classic 7-factor TPACK model was changed to a 2-factor model (Pedagogical and Technological Knowledge). A survey was administered to 103 academic teachers from Polish universities. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the goodness-of-fit for the 2-factor TPACK model for higher education studies and internal consistency of the study survey. Descriptive analysis indicated a significant negative correlation between some demographic variables and domains from both factors. However, some positive associations with certain variables from the professional background were also noticed. Implications for professional development and suggestions regarding teachers’ digital competences and TPACK are discussed.

Profile of Technological Pedagogical And Content Knowledge (TPACK) Middle School Teachers in Sekarbela District, Mataram City

Teachers with TPACK perspectives are teachers who understand the correct pedagogy and conceptual understanding by using technology in teaching subject matter. By having the right TPACK, teachers will be able to engage and motivate students in exploring learning content to a greater extent. This study examines the TPACK profile of junior high school teachers in the Sekarbela sub-district of Mataram city using the TPACK framework. This research is ex-post-facto research and causal associative research with a quantitative approach. The population in this study were junior high school teachers in Sekarbela District, Mataram City, totaling 120 teachers, with a sample of 60 teachers who were taken using a proportional random sampling technique. The data collection technique used questionnaires and documentation, while the data analysis technique used multiple regression using SPSS for windows 21. The results showed that the component of Technological Content Knowledge scored 36.50, which fell into the low category. Pedagogical Knowledge (PK) got a score of 54.80, Technological Knowledge (TK) got a score of 40.83, Content Knowledge (CK) got a score of 47.97, and Technological Pedagogical Knowledge fell into the medium category. Meanwhile, Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) scored 60.93, and Technological, Pedagogical, and Content Knowledge (TPACK) scored 63.53, which fell into the high category. Hence, it can be concluded that the research results show the average overall ability of teachers in the seven TPACK frameworks has a score of 50.07 within high criteria.

Instructors’ Readiness to Teach Online: A Review of TPACK Standards in Online Professional Development Programmes in Higher Education

Online learning has been developed in higher education offering a flexible environment for learners. Faculty knowledge is among the most important domains required to be updated in order to ensure a successful integration of instructional technology and online learning in higher education. This update can be performed by providing faculty training on how to use technology. However, this should be integrated with pedagogical knowledge, which is represented in the Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge framework (TPACK). This paper reviewed the literature to find how higher education institutions support online instructors with professional development programmes and, moreover, to discover how these programmes are shaped by the TPACK framework. The paper also summarises the effective online teaching practices based on the TPACK framework presented in the literature. Teaching online is a challenge and does not mean having to move traditional instructions and activities into the online platform, but this does mean a shift might require building a whole new material to ensure the quality of online teaching and learning. Reviewing the previous literature regarding the available professional development programmes increases the need to integrate online teaching competence as a main objective into teacher education and professional development programmes to follow up with the skills of the 21st century students. The framework includes three main domains of teachers’ knowledge: Content (CK), which is related to the subject matter and answers the question “what will be taught?” such as concepts, theories and terms; Pedagogy (PK), which refers to teaching strategies required for addressing the students’ learning needs; and Technology (TK), which refers to the variety of technologies and instructional materials used, such as learning management systems.

Exploring the Factor Structure of the Constructs of Technological, Pedagogical, and Content Knowledge (TPACK): An Exploratory Factor Analysis Based on the Perceptions of TESOL Pre-Service Teachers at a British Private University in Malaysia

Using the TPACK framework, this research study investigated how pre-service teachers perceive their development of the knowledge, skills, and self-efficacy necessary for technology integration; and explored the opportunities that pre-service teachers have to learn about technology integration. It employed a convergent parallel mixed methods case study design. It has a single-embedded case design. The unit of analysis for inquiry is the undergraduate teacher preparation program at a private British university in Malaysia. This study incorporates quantitative data collection in the form of a survey alongside qualitative data collection conducted through semi-structured interviews. The participants for the survey comprised of three purposefully selected convenience samples of pre-service teachers (Years One, Two, and Three) studying the undergraduate teacher preparation program. Following the administration of the survey, a maximum variation sample of pre-service teachers who participated in the survey was invited for semi-structured interviews. The results indicated that the EFA found support for TK and CK being distinctive knowledge constructs within the pre-service teachers’ knowledge perceptions. While PK, PCK, TPK, TCK, and TPACK were postulated to be distinct knowledge constructs in the TPACK framework, these were not reflected in the perceptions of the pre-service teacher participants of this study. Implications and recommendations are suggested.

Introducing IWB to preservice mathematics teachers: An evaluation using the TPACK framework

The study used the intervention mixed methods design to evaluate the technological, pedagogical and content knowledge (TPACK) of mathematics preservice teachers while doing their lesson planning and teaching with interactive whiteboards (IWBs). The method has the following parts: (1) qualitative data collection to establish the priority competencies for the intervention, (2) conducting a single-subject experimental design to equip the preservice teachers with technology-enhanced lessons and (3) final qualitative data collection on experiences in planning and teaching with IWBs. The results revealed that the TPACK framework reflects improvements in lesson planning and teaching demonstration skills of the preservice teachers. While the preservice teachers quickly responded to digitise their lesson activities, the formulation of lesson objectives is left behind. Thus, in lesson planning and teaching with IWBs, the pedagogical skills must align with the technological skills they expect to employ. Although the Philippine basic education is not fully implementing IWB technologies in the classroom, policymakers may want this technology to become part of the system.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Interactive whiteboard, mathematics teaching, TPACK, preservice teachers, educational technology.