Technological Development Of Country Research Articles

The paradox of government-funded innovation in weakly institutionalized environments

Government intention to spur innovation can result in the proliferation of low-quality patents, which is especially pronounced in countries with a low level of government accountability. This study examines the paradoxical effects of government-funded innovation in weakly institutionalized environments. I offer a game-theoretic model, in which the government has a stake in technological development and invests in research and development, although this encourages the growth of low-quality patents. Using Russian patents data between 1998 and 2016, I illustrate this mechanism by demonstrating the causal impact of Russia's government policy, which resulted in a simultaneous increase in the number of patents and a decrease in the absolute number of high-quality patents in the patent pool. This study provides a theoretical background for evaluating the impact of political incentives for investing in the creation of new technologies in the technological development of countries.

Internationalization of Higher Education in China with Spain: Challenges and Complexities

The coronavirus 2019 pandemic has influenced the internationalization of higher education, reflecting its broader impacts on the economic, geopolitical, and technological development of countries. Governments have prioritized the internationalization of higher education post-pandemic to generate income and create a sustainable economy by cultivating foreign language talents. Although there are studies analyzing the internationalization of higher education through the students’ mobility, in our case, there is a scarcity of studies on the internationalization between China and Spain; in particular, Spanish universities lack references to attract more Chinese students. To bridge this gap in the literature, we conducted semi-structured interviews with eight experts in the implementation of internationalization in higher education from four universities in China and Spain. The findings reveal that internationalization is associated with promoting Chinese regional development, and their students can access better quality education. Key motivators for Chinese students in Spain include the improved world ranking of universities and the demand for more courses in English. Although the biggest obstacle to cooperation between both countries is communication, a trusted intermediary could overcome part of this problem. Moreover, the use of new technologies could facilitate sustainable internationalization and regional development.

Державне регулювання процесу ініціювання інноваційних проектів за умов обмеженого фінансування

Державне регулювання процесу ініціювання інноваційних проектів за умов обмеженого фінансування

Human Resources as the Main Direction of the Development of Public Administration of Technological Development in the Context of Digital Transformation

Relevance. The economic success of any state is inextricably linked with the development of education, science and innovative technologies based on them, which contribute to the growth and development of the country as a whole, as well as the creation of conditions for further human development. Attention to the problem of human resource management has increased in recent years, due to the increasing gap between ongoing changes in production (orientation towards innovative development) and their actual state.The development of new technical principles and technologies requires certain models of thinking and action, which are put into practice through the human resource development system. Therefore, when determining the role of human resources in the technological development of countries, it is necessary to pay special attention to education, which is a powerful engine of economic growth that increases the efficiency and competitiveness of national economies. The ongoing changes will require people to develop fundamentally new skills and competencies necessary to participate in the creation and dissemination of digital technologies.The purpose of the study is to identify the relationship between human resources and technological development of the state.Objectives: to analyze the quantity and quality of human resources of the Russian Federation and countries close in terms of technological development, to consider the level of education and the level of economic activity of the population in the Central Federal District and the Kursk region.Methodology. The study is based on a review of the works of domestic economists, analysis of statistical data.Results. In the course of the work, the place of the Russian Federation in the global innovation rating was analyzed, a comparative analysis of the quantity and quality of labor resources with countries in similar positions of the rating was carried out, a more in-depth analysis of the labor resources of the Russian Federation and the Central Federal District was carried out, the influence of human capital on the technological development of the region and countries as a whole was proved. Conclusions. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that human capital is recognized as an integral factor of economic growth.

Motivational factors for patenting: A study of the Brazilian researchers profile

The motivation that leads researchers to engage in patenting and licensing activities is a complex topic that needs to be further investigated, especially in emerging countries. In Brazil, universities stand out as the main patent depositors, being important actors in the country's technological development process. The objective of this study is to present the profile of researchers from Brazilian universities and the motivational factors that lead them to patent the results of their research. Based on a literature review, 27 factors were identified, which were classified according to the nature of motivation and expected results. Data from curricula vitae were collected to verify the researchers' academic and sociodemographic profile. A survey was conducted to measure the importance attributed to different motivational factors. The results show that, in addition to the royalties established in Brazilian legislation, universities need to provide other conditions and incentives to engage more researchers in patenting and licensing activities. Therefore, this study can provide subsidies for the formulation of policies aimed at promoting innovation and technology transfer in Brazilian universities.

Aerodynamic Calculation and Computer Numerical Simulation Methods Applied in Jet Engine Research

The development status of aero-engines is a sign of a country's technological development level and comprehensive national strength. Jet engines undergone a rapid development since being invented and are widely applied in both commercial and military aircraft nowadays. The objective of jet engines is to provide thrust for aircraft and maintain high performance in different flight segments. Engine design choice must be compromised to balance different selection criteria. This article reviews the development history of jet engines and reviews the development paths of jet engines in various technical fields in detail. It also summarizes the current state and development of jet engines from the civil and military fields and finally looks forward to the future development of jet engines. The discussion of several publications shows that considerable attention has been paid in reducing emissions, increasing fuel efficiency and reducing noise. Advanced manufacturing technologies and materials could improve engine performance. Establish new operations could be another future direction while it has limitations. Bio-fuel could be a promising solution in reducing emissions while its feasibility in meeting real operating conditions still need to be investigated.

DO ICT AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT FACILITATE SUPPLY CHAIN TRADE?

This paper aims to estimate the impact of ICT and technological development of countries on supply chain trade. As proxy measures of supply chain trade, the author applies domestic value added (DVAFX) included in gross-foreign exports, and foreign-value added included in domestic exports (FVA) from the Eora MRIO database while constructing the ICT variable by using confirmatory factor analysis. Furthermore, as a proxy variable for the country’s technological development, the author applies the economic complexity index developed by Harvard’s Growth Lab, conducting her analysis based on the structural gravity model estimated with the Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood Estimator (PPML). Together with the standard gravity regressors, the model includes the bilateral position of countries in the supply chain. Our panel dataset covers the 2000-2019 period, including 130 world countries. To control for the potential source of endogeneity, the model includes reporter and partner country fixed effects, yearly fixed effects, and country-pair fixed effects. The results confirm a statistically significant relationship between the country’s technological development and supply-chain trade. Technological development enables a country to produce more complex, higher value-added products and thus to be more upstream positioned in the supply chain. The more upstream the country is in the supply chain, the higher the domestic value added is included in its exports.

The use of fisheries resources in the Brazilian patent system.

Recent years have seen a significant increase in the number of patents related to products and/or processes from aquatic organisms. Therefore, this paper aims to identify patent documents related to fishery resources available in the Brazilian patent system of the National Institute of Industrial Property. The research involved patents deposited/provided between 1999 and 2019, with the search in the system occurring through the descriptors: fish(s), mollusk(s), crustacean(s), and algae(s). A total of 363 records were found, where the group of fish presented the highest representation (40%), followed by algae (35%), crustaceans (14%), and mollusks (10%). The apex of 34 patent applications was found in the year 2011. Moreover, the results showed that the inventions registered are directed mainly to food, drugs, biocides, cosmetics, cultivation, processing and beneficiation, water treatment, patents for sustainable technologies (green patents), and biotechnology. Brazil holds most patent applications, followed by the United States of America (USA), which focuses its patent applications mainly on algae and fish. Considering the Brazilian biodiversity and the country's technological development in recent years, Brazil needs to expand its technological autonomy and competitive capacity in the aquaculture and fisheries sector, mainly through the strengthening of R&D and innovation activities.

Frontier academic research, industrial R&D and technological progress: The case of OECD countries

Since frontier academic research is often thought to be driven by recognition and promotion rather than commercial values, its real contribution to a country's technological progress is sometimes doubted. Against this skepticism, this paper argues that frontier academic research resembles a public good and creates important scientific foundations for industrial innovation. When diffused to industry, it significantly contributes to the country's technological improvement. Using panel OLS and dynamic panel OLS estimation methods to analyze a dataset of 18 OECD countries during 2003–2017, this paper finds substantial support to this theory. Obtained results indicate that both frontier academic research and industrial R&D are beneficial to a country's technological progress, but a large proportion of the effect of frontier academic research on a country's technological development is transferred through industrial R&D. In countries with relatively abundant industrial R&D, frontier academic knowledge becomes relatively less attractive in production. These results are robust across different estimation methods, regression specifications, and different proxies of frontier academic research and technological progress. They convey important implications for policymakers in designing national strategies towards promoting a nation's long-term technological development.

Critical success factors throughout the life cycle of information technology start-ups

Information technology start-ups (ITSs) contribute towards the rapid growth of society as well as encourage innovation, create technical jobs, and support the economic and technological development of countries. Despite their importance, however, ITSs have a high failure rate worldwide, making it important to identify the factors that influence their success throughout the life cycle. Moreover, studies of this topic are scarce. This study aims to identify the factors that influence the success of an ITS throughout its development stages to mitigate the risks of failure. We review the critical success factors that affect ITSs and their life cycle stages based on the literature and consider the relationship between these factors and stages. An empirical study is carried out to test the presented hypotheses about the perceptions of 125 CEOs of ITSs in Peru using a descriptive analysis, simple and multiple correspondence analysis, and the Student’s t hypothesis test. Five stages of the life cycle of an ITS are established: seed, early, growth, expansion, and exit. Of the 93 hypotheses tested to assess the influence of 27 critical success factors, 77 are supported. This study proposes an ITS life cycle composed of five stages, defines the critical success factors for each of them, and establishes their influence in all stages.

Patterns identification in the dynamics of countries’ technological development in the context of military conflict

A comparative assessment of the dynamics of technological development of Ukraine and Russia for 2014–2019 has been carried out in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war. A method for assessing the economic losses of the conflicting parties due to a slowdown in their technological development, under the influence of militarization, based on the parameter of technological progress of the Solow-Tinbergen production function, built according to the World Bank 1991–2019 data, was proposed and tested. It is substantiated that during the Russian-Ukrainian war, starting from 2015, the technological development of the Russian Federation was curtailed and the economy transitioned to an extensive basis, when the parameter of technological progress acquired a negative value. In the case of Ukraine, a deterioration in technological development was detected due to a decrease in the values of the parameter of technological progress during 2014–2019. It has been proven that the economic recession of the aggressor is the worst in comparison with the victim country, but the relative losses of GDP due to the curtailment of technological development caused by the war are much less. In the case of the Russian Federation as an aggressor country, it is substantiated that the main catalyst for the economic recession was the curtailment of the participation of the real sector of the economy in the international transfer of technologies under the influence of international economic sanctions. In the case of Ukraine, as a country-victim of military intervention, it is justified that the replacement of international partnership in the field of technological cooperation ensured a slowdown in the economic recession. The results of the development of methodological support for the process of assessing GDP losses of the parties to a military conflict are universal for use in international comparisons. The proposed methods are relevant in assessing the technological development of countries that are or were in a state of military confrontation, which significantly expands the basis for future research by the authors

Formation of a model for the implementation of the tasks of complex development of rural areas of agriculture-oriented region

Subject. Implementation of the adopted state program for the integrated development of rural territories is fraught with difficulties such as lack of funding, lack of clear approaches to organizing and managing development processes in rural areas. In this regard, it is necessary to work out and propose an effective mechanism for implementing the proposed measures and directions to achieve the values of the target indicators of the state program at all levels of the national economic system.Goals. Under the current conditions, the formation of the modern look of rural territories should be carried out primarily through the development of new technologies, which was reflected in the tasks presented in Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated 05.05.2018 No. 204 “On national goals and strategic objectives of the development of the Russian Federation on period until 2024. " Methodology. In the process of researching the problems of creating a model for implementing the tasks of the integrated development of rural areas of an agrarian-oriented region, methods of logical, system, comparative, economic and statistical analysis are used.Results. Accelerating the country's technological development, increasing the number of organizations implementing technological innovations, ensuring the accelerated introduction of digital technologies in the economy and social sphere is the main goal of innovative development. The effective introduction of innovations in the country should contribute to the creation of an attractive lifestyle in rural areas not only for the local population, but also for the urban population, which will ensure the inclusion of rural areas in the single socio-economic space of the country. The results of the analysis and forecasting of stability parameters indicate the presence of deficiencies in the existing system of strategic planning of the region, which significantly reduce the effectiveness of program activities and expendable resources.Conclusions. To eliminate the identified shortcomings, a model of interagency and inter-territorial interaction was developed, the use of which will improve the performance of rural territorial systems and the strategic planning mechanism at the regional level.

MODELING RATING OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE COUNTRIES

The subject of the article is rating assessment and development of recommendations on management of scientific and technological development of the countries. The purpose of the article is to develop an index that assesses the scientific and technological potential, the results of scientific and technological activities and the pace of changes in the scientific and technological development of different countries of the world. The following tasks are solved in the article: the model of rating estimation of scientific and technical development of the countries of the world is developed; the countries of the world are classified depending on a level of their scientific and technical development; recommendations on development of scientific and technical potential of the countries depending on the chosen groups are given. The following methods are used: indexing method, ranking and grouping. The following results were obtained: the calculations possible to identify three groups of countries according to the level of their scientific and technological development: leaders, potential leaders and "overtaking" countries. Main result of the project is to promote the development of the scientific and technological potential, to demonstrate the insignificant results of the scientific and technological activity, and to reduce the low level of development of new technologies. For each of the above groups of countries, recommendations have been made for raising the level of their scientific and technological development. Conclusions: the current stage of the world’s technological development creates new opportunities for the countries of the world to ensure their sustainable growth. Therefore, the creating and maintaining the potential of scientific and technological development, coupled with an adequate government policy of economic development, opens up tremendous opportunities for the countries to ensure global competitiveness. The study presented provides general recommendations for individual countries to improve the processes of managing scientific and technological potential of individual groups of countries. The obtained results can become the basis for the concept and strategy development of scientific and technological development of different countries of the world.

Dynamics analysis of sustainable development indicators in Ukraine

The article is devoted to the study of the current state and features of the dynamics of the economic, environmental and social indicators of sustainable development in Ukraine in comparison with other countries. The need for adherence to the concept is linked to the continued economic, scientific and technological development of countries, the rapid pace of urbanization, the depletion of natural resources and excessive anthropogenic interference with the environment. “Global Competitiveness Index”, “Environmental Performance Index”, “Quality of Life Index” and “Index of Economic Freedom” are highlighted as research objects, which describe economic, environmental and social spheres of a concept. As a result of research, a trend model for the social indicator “Quality of Life Index” and forecast for it have been built; a comparative analysis of growth trends across countries has been done for the “Human Development Index”. The authors have constructed a multifactorial model based on data from 180 countries over 20 years (2000-2019) for “Index of Economic Freedom” to make a comparative analysis. That makes possible to count Index for 6 more countries that have not been introduced in the “Index of Economic Freedom” report and create 8 clusters with the help of data mining methods. That affords to highlight the place of Ukraine between other countries, found special country’s characteristics and explore features of the country’s development process. The general conclusions on the state and features of the dynamics of Ukraine in light of the concept of sustainable development have been formulated.

A COOPERAÇÃO SUL-SUL E O DESENVOLVIMENTO TECNOLÓGICO EM DEFESA: O CASO DO MÍSSIL A-DARTER

Em uma atualidade marcada pela interdependência complexa, conceito analítico que, segundo Robert Keohane e Joseph Nye, “refere-se a situações caracterizadas por efeitos recíprocos entre países ou entre atores em diferentes países” (2011, 22), existem duas maneiras básicas para a ação dos Estados no sistema internacional: pela cooperação ou pelo conflito. Sendo a cooperação internacional analisada, nesta pesquisa, como uma relação entre atores que possuem como objetivo atingir planos conjuntos de ação e desenvolvimento. A partir do método hipotético-dedutivo, e utilizando-se do estudo do caso do míssil A-Darter, projeto conjunto entre Brasil e África do Sul, objetiva-se compreender o modelo empregado neste caso de cooperação sul-sul, especificamente voltado para a inovação de produtos de defesa, e quais as dinâmicas e consequências destes projetos para o desenvolvimento tecnológico de países do Sul global. A hipótese é que há uma recorrente busca por alternativas mais independentes e sustentáveis de desenvolvimento tecnológico por países do Sul, que a partir de projetos conjuntos e por meio do compartilhamento de competências, podem possibilitar a redução da dependência tecnológica mundial. Busca-se, portanto, compreender as razões, dinâmicas e consequências da cooperação sul-sul em matéria de defesa a partir do estudo de caso do míssil A-Darter. Especificamente, abordam-se as razões da cooperação sul-sul para o desenvolvimento do projeto conjunto Brasil-África do Sul, suas dinâmicas de cooperação (objetivos, características e execução do projeto) e consequências positivas e negativas da iniciativa. As fontes utilizadas serão secundárias e primárias, inclusive mediante pesquisa de campo e realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas. Espera-se contribuir para a compreensão acerca da estrutura e concepção do caso de cooperação selecionado, suas oportunidades e dificuldades, a fim de evidenciar alternativas de avanço e que permitam fortalecer novos modelos de desenvolvimento tecnológico à BID brasileira, produzindo assim resultados com ganhos em capacidades militares, econômicas e políticas nacionais.

GLOBAL PROBLEMS OF MANKIND. REALITIES AND PREDICTION FOR THE FUTURE

Global problems are generated by the contradictions of social development, the sharply increased scale of human impact on the environment and are also associated with the uneven social, economic, scientific and technological development of countries and regions. The purpose of the work was to designate the relevance of global environmental disasters on a global scale, the reasoning and figures give the scale of these disasters, their impact on the human body, and the planet's climate in the future.

Innovative and Technological Development of the Russian Arctic

The article presents an analysis of the innovative and technological development of the Russian Arctic. Innovative development has a great significance for the economy of the country. Economic development of territories should be based on new knowledge and innovation. The purpose of the study is to assess the innovative and technological development of the Russian Arctic in order to forecast and create a strategy for the Russian Arctic based on knowledge and innovation. The author issues theoretical approaches to the problem of innovative and technological development of countries. The author suggests a methodology for innovative analysis and assesses the innovative and technological index of the Russian Arctic regions using the index method based on integrated index calculation. The analysis is based on the official data of the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation of 2015. The results of the study show that Arctic regions can be divided into three groups, namely: 1) regions with a high level of innovative and technological development (Krasnoyarsk region); 2) regions with a medium level of innovative and technological development (Arkhangelsk region, Komi Republic, Yamalo-Nenets and Chukotka Autonomous Areas); 3) the least developed regions (Nenets Autonomous Area). The results of the study can be used to create a strategy of innovative and technological development for each group of Russian Arctic regions.

Forward-thinking education and modernization of the union state

The next stage of the technological revolution is changing not only production, but also the labor market, presenting new requirements for the competencies of graduates. The study of international experience shows that the leading countries have already entered the «educational race» to form readiness of young people to master the technologies of the new industry. It is critically important for the Union State Belarus - Russia to use the potential of advanced education, which is one of the most important long-term factors for increasing the country's technological development and its prosperity. The article discusses specific steps that can be useful to design modern education in the Union State of Belarus and Russia as a outrunning one. The prerequisite for the progress of our states is the promotion of personal growth and the upbringing of the human creator. This thesis is substantiated from the standpoint of the theory of the humanitarian-technological revolution. Within the framework of the concept being developed, a special place is occupied by the activity-oriented vocational orientation of schoolchildren, which is interconnected with the problem of interdisciplinarity in school and university education. As a separate important aspect, the expediency of incorporating elements of educational robotics, as well as problem and project training in the daily practice of school education, is substantiated. The listed educational innovations require the adoption of a number of decisions at the state level.

ФАКТОРЫ ПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ ВОЗОБНОВЛЯЕМЫХ ИСТОЧНИКОВ ЭНЕРГИИ НА МЕЖДУНАРОДНОМ УРОВНЕ: РАЗРАБОТКА МОДЕЛИ ОЦЕНКИ

Based on the use of panel data, the work establishes the relationship between the development of renewable energy sources and (1) the price of fossil energy, (2) the supply of oil and gas consumption through its own production, (3) the factor of the country's technological development and (4) the influence of non-competitive political institutions. The period of high prices for fossil energy (1999-2014) became the catalyst for changes in the structure of the energy balance, especially in Europe, with an increase in the production of renewable energy. However, the fall in prices in 2014 - to the present has led to stagnation in the production of renewable energy with a rapid increase in the use of fossil fuels. In the context of this work, the significance of the factors under study on the consumption of renewable energy sources is proved.

Опыт и перспективы политического и экономико-правового сотрудничества России (СССР) и Индии

The expansion of relations between Russia and In-dia is a relevant and significant issue. It is dictated by the need to improve the economic potential of the Russian Federation and consolidate its position in the world economic and political systems be-cause of the improvement of economic relationship, especially in the face of sanctions. In the authors’ opinion, Russia should cooperate with countries having the long-standing friendly relations with it that can be objectively enhanced in future in the context of mutual supplies. These countries include India. At the present stage of the aggravated compe-tition for commodity and raw material markets and the mechanisms for influencing the pace of eco-nomic and technological development of countries, it is pivotal to assess properly the opportunities for the economic Russian-Indian cooperation according to their geographical and economic status, the his-torical experience of economic relations, their role and place in the global economic system. Nowa-days, these countries are involved in the strategic partnership on the basis of the friendly and mutually beneficial relations having developed over seventy years. The research presents and substantiates the areas for further progress in political, economic and legal cooperation between Russia and India upgrad-ing their political and economic relationship.