Techno-economic Perspective Research Articles

Design, off-design and operation study of concentrating solar power system with calcium-looping thermochemical energy storage and photovoltaic-driven compressed CO2 energy storage

The combination of thermochemical energy storage (TCES) based on calcium-looping (CaL) and concentrating solar power (CSP) is favorable as the potential choice for large-scale, low-cost green power production in the future. However, the self-consumption power of TCES based on CaL accounts for a relatively large proportion compared to the existing molten salt energy storage. To this end, this paper innovatively proposes a 50 MW CSP system integrated with CaL-TCES and photovoltaic (PV)-driven compressed CO2 energy storage (CCES). The percentage of system self-consumption has been significantly reduced after system being optimized based on the results of energy and energy analysis. Consequently, the overall system performance is significantly improved with the energy and exergy efficiencies increased from 14.6 % and 15.7 % to 29.4 % and 31.6 %, respectively, at design-point. Furthermore, a parametric study of the optimized system is investigated. Moreover, the annual operational performance of the optimized CSP-CaL system located in Delingha, China is predicted on an hourly basis. Finally, from a techno-economic perspective, the solar multiple (SM) and TCES capacity are optimized aiming the minimal levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). The results indicate that LCOE ranges from 0.010 to 0.159 $∙kWh-1 for different plant sizes and TCES capacities.

Performance of sCO2 Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery and Techno-Economic Perspective as Gas Turbine Bottoming Cycle

Abstract Supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) cycles are compact, cost-effective and widely adaptable to various heat sources, including the waste heat from gas turbine (GT) exhaust gases. While the addition of a steam cycle enhances the typical 40% efficiency of GTs up to 60%, their substantial investments render them less appealing for smaller GTs. This creates an opportunity for sCO2 cycles, but a comprehensive comparison of their performance with that of steam across a range of applications remains lacking. Moreover, their applicability to various industrial scenarios based on existing installations is missing from a techno-economic standpoint. To address these needs, four promising sCO2 cycles are evaluated and optimized using Aspen, and compared with the simple steam cycle. Their techno-economic performances are then investigated for 20 industrial GTs of different size up to the larger combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) units incorporating amine-based carbon capture systems. Due to the significant investments required by the carbon capture unit, the implementation of a CC unit is only investigated for the largest CCGT units. The analysis yielded performance maps demonstrating comparable performances for sCO2 and steam cycles, as well as significant techno-economic advantages for sCO2 bottoming cycles for smaller GTs. However, when it comes to larger GTs combined with reheats and expansions steam cycles, sCO2 cannot outperform them in current technological standards. Nevertheless sCO2 cycles offers an attractive alternative, facilitating cogeneration. Among the different approaches designed to integrate the heat requirements of amine-based capture, steam cycles have always proved more suitable because of the thermal stability of amines. In conclusion, the research underscores the cost-effectiveness and adaptability of sCO2 cycles for heat recovery applications, particularly as bottoming cycles for smaller GTs, while larger GTs present a challenge. The work conducted sheds light on the substantial promise of sCO2 cycles, encouraging further exploration and implementation of these systems in the energy sector.

Towards Sustainable Energy Solutions: Evaluating the Impact of Floating PV Systems in Reducing Water Evaporation and Enhancing Energy Production in Northern Cyprus

Floating photovoltaic systems (FPVSs) are gaining popularity, especially in countries with high population density and abundant solar energy resources. FPVSs provide a variety of advantages, particularly in situations where land is limited. Therefore, the main objective of the study is to evaluate the solar energy potential and investigate the techno-economic perspective of FPVSs at 15 water reservoirs in Northern Cyprus for the first time. Due to the solar radiation variations, solar power generation is uncertain; therefore, precise characterization is required to manage the grid effectively. In this paper, four distribution functions (Johnson SB, pert, Phased Bi-Weibull, and Kumaraswamy) are newly introduced to analyze the characteristics of solar irradiation, expressed by global horizontal irradiation (GHI), at the selected sites. These distribution functions are compared with common distribution functions to assess their suitability. The results demonstrated that the proposed distribution functions, with the exception of Phased Bi-Weibull, outperform the common distribution regarding fitting GHI distribution. Moreover, this work aims to evaluate the effects of floating photovoltaic systems on water evaporation rates at 15 reservoirs. To this aim, five methods were used to estimate the rate of water evaporation based on weather data. Different scenarios of covering the reservoir’s surface with an FPVS were studied and discussed. The findings showed that annual savings at 100% coverage can reach 6.21 × 105 m3 compared to 0 m3 without PV panels. Finally, technical and economic assessment of FPVSs with various scales, floating assemblies, and PV technologies was conducted to determine the optimal system. The results revealed that a floating structure (North orientation-tilt 6°) and bifacial panels produced the maximum performance for the proposed FPVSs at the selected sites. Consequently, it is observed that the percentage of reduction in electricity production from fossil fuel can be varied from 10.19% to 47.21% at 75% FPV occupancy.

EV Fleet Energy Management Strategy For Smart Microgrids Considering Multiple Objectives: Techno-Economic Perspective

EV Fleet Energy Management Strategy For Smart Microgrids Considering Multiple Objectives: Techno-Economic Perspective

Optimizing Wind-to-Hydrogen Production in Newfoundland for Export: A Techno-Economic Perspective

This study explores the feasibility of generating green hydrogen using wind energy in Newfoundland and Labrador (NL) for potential export to Germany, aiming to reduce their heavy reliance on grey hydrogen. NL features abundant wind resources, deep-water export harbours, and proximity to Europe, making it an ideal location to contribute to Europe’s energy security. Utilizing the Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER Pro) microgrid software, we conducted a techno-economic analysis of a wind-to-hydrogen case study at the Port au Port location aimed at offsetting 1% of Germany’s grey hydrogen consumption. The optimal system comprises 49 wind turbines, each with 4.2 MW capacity, a 130 MW PEM electrolyzer, a liquid hydrogen storage facility, and a grid as a backup. We evaluated various financial metrics, including Net Present Cost (NPC), Levelized Cost of Energy (LCoE), and Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCoH) for short-term, mid-term, and long-term storage scenarios. The financial metrics were compared with similar case studies around the globe to highlight the economic competitiveness of clean hydrogen production in Newfoundland and Labrador.

A techno-economic perspective on efficient hybrid renewable energy solutions in Douala, Cameroon’s grid-connected systems

Cameroon is currently grappling with a significant energy crisis, which is adversely affecting its economy due to cost, reliability, and availability constraints within the power infrastructure. While electrochemical storage presents a potential remedy, its implementation faces hurdles like high costs and technical limitations. Conversely, generator-based systems, although a viable alternative, bring their own set of issues such as noise pollution and demanding maintenance requirements. This paper meticulously assesses a novel hybrid energy system specifically engineered to meet the diverse energy needs of Douala, Cameroon. By employing advanced simulation techniques, especially the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) Pro program, the study carefully examines the intricacies of load demands across distinct consumer categories while accommodating varied pricing models. The paper offers a detailed analysis of the proposed grid-connected PV/Diesel/Generator system, aiming to gauge its performance, economic feasibility, and reliability in ensuring uninterrupted energy supply. Notably, the study unveils significant potential for cost reduction per kilowatt-hour, indicating promising updated rates of $0.07/kW, $0.08/kW, and $0.06/kW for low, medium, and high usage groups, respectively. Furthermore, the research underscores the importance of overcoming operational challenges and constraints such as temperature fluctuations, equipment costs, and regulatory compliance. It also acknowledges the impact of operational nuances like maintenance and grid integration on system efficiency. As the world progresses towards renewable energy adoption and hybrid systems, this investigation lays a strong foundation for future advancements in renewable energy integration and energy management strategies. It strives to create a sustainable energy ecosystem in Cameroon and beyond, where hybrid energy systems play a pivotal role in mitigating power deficiencies and supporting sustainable development.

Underground hydrogen storage: The techno-economic perspective

The changes in the energy sector after the Paris agreement and the establishment of the Green Deal, pressed the governments to embrace new measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Among them, is the replacement of fossil fuels by renewable energy sources or carbon-neutral alternative means, such as green hydrogen. As the European Commission approved green hydrogen as a clean fuel, the interest in investments and dedicated action plans related to its production and storage has significantly increased. Hydrogen storage is feasible in aboveground infrastructures as well as in underground constructions. Proper geological environments for underground hydrogen storage are porous media and rock cavities. Porous media are classified into depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs and aquifers, while rock cavities are subdivided into hard rock caverns, salt caverns, and abandoned mines. Depending on the storage option, various technological requirements are mandatory, influencing the required capital cost. Although the selection of the optimum storage technology is site depending, the techno-economical appraisal of the available underground storage options featured the porous media as the most economically attractive option. Depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs were of high interest as site characterisation and cavern mining are omitted due to pre-existing infrastructure, followed by aquifers, where hydrogen storage requires a much simpler construction. Research on data analytics and machine learning tools will open avenues for consolidated knowledge of geological storage technologies.

Techno-economic assessment of hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines and proton exchange membrane fuel cells on long haul applications

Powertrain energy conversion and management are critical factors in providing affordable and robust solutions for transport decarbonization. Various powertrain technologies are being proposed to reduce the impacts of transportation-related carbon dioxide emissions, such as battery electric, fuel cell, and conventional vehicles running with lower carbon fuels. Specifically for the commercial sector, hydrogen internal combustion engines and fuel cells are being extensively discussed. In this sense, this investigation evaluates the benefits and areas of enhancement for hydrogen internal combustion engines and fuel cells from a techno-economic perspective. Power plant models were developed and validated in GT-Power, and detailed investigations on the energy loss pathways were performed. In addition, the powertrains are included in full longitudinal vehicle models and submitted to different driving cycles, representing homologation and real-world driving conditions, with the intent to understand the effect of the cycles from a global energy management perspective. Finally, the fuel consumption results are used as inputs for a total cost of ownership calculation to determine the economic viability of each powertrain. Overall, fuel cells offered efficient operation across the conditions assessed, with engine-powered powertrains showing reduced efficiencies ranging from 23 % to 63 % depending on the cycle and payload. The limited peak efficiency for the spark-ignited low-pressure hydrogen direct injection engine was a dominant factor for the reduced performance of this platform. Strategies for efficiency improvement are identified that could lead to improved internal combustion engine operation. Despite the limited efficiency benefits of hydrogen internal combustion engines, total cost of ownership calculations show hydrogen internal combustion engines being the most cost-effective solution in the near to medium-term scenario.

Life cycle and techno-economic assessment of bioresource production from wastewater

Thermochemical conversion technologies present an opportunity to flip the paradigm of wastewater biosolids management operations from energy-intense and expensive waste management processes into energy-positive and economical resource extraction centers. Herein, we present a uniform “grading framework” to consistently evaluate the environmental and commercial benefits of established and emerging wastewater biosolids management processes from a life cycle and techno-economic perspective. Application of this approach reveals that established wastewater biosolids management practices such as landfilling, land application, incineration, and anaerobic digestion, while commercially viable, offer little environmental benefit. On the other hand, emerging thermochemical bioresource recovery technologies such as hydrothermal liquefaction, gasification, pyrolysis, and torrefaction show potential to provide substantial economic and environmental benefit through the recovery of carbon and nutrients from wastewater biosolids in the form of biofuels, fertilizers, and other high-value products. Some emerging thermochemical technologies have developed beyond pilot scale although their commercial viability remains to be seen.

Advancing sustainable water treatment strategies: harnessing magnetite-based photocatalysts and techno-economic analysis for enhanced wastewater management in the context of SDGs.

Herein, we explore the holistic integration of magnetite-based photocatalysts and techno-economic analysis (TEA) as a sustainable approach in wastewater treatment aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). While considerable attention has been devoted to photocatalytic dye degradation, the nexus between these processes and techno-economic considerations remains relatively unexplored. The review comprehensively examines the fundamental characteristics of magnetite-based photocatalysts, encompassing synthesis methods, composition, and unique properties. It investigates their efficacy in photocatalytic degradation, addressing homogeneous and heterogeneous aspects while discussing strategies to optimize photodegradation efficiency, including curbing electron-hole recombination and mitigating scavenging effects and interference by ions and humic acid. Moreover, the management aspects of magnetite-based photocatalysts are examined, focusing on their reusability and regeneration post-dye removal, along with the potential for reusing treated wastewater in relevant industrial applications. From a techno-economic perspective, the study evaluates the financial feasibility of deploying magnetite-based photocatalysts in wastewater treatment, correlating reduced pollution and the marketing of treated water with social, economic, and environmental objectives. By advocating the integration of magnetite-based photocatalysts and TEA, this paper contributes insights into scalable and profitable sustainable wastewater treatment practices. It underscores the alignment of these practices with SDGs, emphasizing a comprehensive and holistic approach to managing wastewater in ways that meet environmental, economic, and societal objectives.

Artificial intelligence-enabled optimization of Fe/Zn@biochar photocatalyst for 2,6-dichlorophenol removal from petrochemical wastewater: A techno-economic perspective

While numerous studies have addressed the photocatalytic degradation of 2,6-dichlorophenol (2,6-DCP) in wastewater, an existing research gap pertains to operational factors’ optimization by non-linear prediction models to ensure a cost-effective and sustainable process. Herein, we focus on optimizing the photocatalytic degradation of 2,6-DCP using artificial intelligence modeling, aiming at minimizing initial capital outlay and ongoing operational expenses. Hence, Fe/Zn@biochar, a novel material, was synthesized, characterized, and applied to harness the dual capabilities of 2,6-DCP adsorption and degradation. Fe/Zn@biochar exhibited an adsorption energy of −21.858 kJ/mol, effectively capturing the 2,6-DCP molecules. This catalyst accumulated photo-excited electrons, which, upon interaction with adsorbed oxygen and/or dissolved oxygen generated •O2−. The •OH radicals could also be produced from h+ in the Fe/Zn@biochar valence band, cleaving the C–Cl bonds to Cl− ions, dechlorinated byproducts, and phenols. An artificial neural network (ANN) model, with a 4-10-1 topology, “trainlm” training function, and feed-forward back-propagation algorithm, was developed to predict the 2,6-DCP removal efficiency. The ANN prediction accuracy was expressed as R2 = 0.967 and mean squared error = 5.56e–22. The ANN-based optimized condition depicted that over 90% of 2,6-DCP could be eliminated under C0 = 130 mg/L, pH = 2.74, and catalyst dosage = 168 mg/L within ∼4 h. This optimum condition corresponded to a total cost of $7.70/m3, which was cheaper than the price estimated from the unoptimized photocatalytic system by 16%. Hence, the proposed ANN could be employed to enhance the 2,6-DCP photocatalytic degradation process with reduced operational expenses, providing practical and cost-effective solutions for petrochemical wastewater treatment.

Techno-Economic Optimization of Radiator Configurations in Power Transformer Cooling

In this research, a numerical approach is created to assess the effective parameters of power transformer thermal management and, as a result, improve their cooling systems. This study analyzes the radiator’s thermal performance across several arrangements and optimizes the dimensions and configurations for varied cooling loads from a techno-economic perspective. The optimization criteria were the radiator’s height (L), fin spacing (D), and number of fins (N). Due to the great complexity of the generated models, the coupled thermo-hydraulic numerical simulations were carried out on a computer cluster. An in-house radiator test facility was constructed for the experiments in order to verify the numerical model. The simulation findings accord well with the empirically obtained values. A total of 76 radiator sets were investigated. Following that, the generated findings were used to perform an optimization analysis. Finally, the response surface method was used to establish an ideal radiator layout for the specified cooling capacity at the lowest possible cost. These findings reveal that the best cooling performance is obtained when the spacing between the fins is 50 mm. Cooling capacity per unit cost rises as radiator size decreases. The cost factor and geometric details were shown to have strong connections.

Underground hydrogen storage: The techno-economic perspective.

The changes in the energy sector after the Paris agreement and the establishment of the Green Deal, pressed the governments to embrace new measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Among them, is the replacement of fossil fuels by renewable energy sources or carbon-neutral alternative means, such as green hydrogen. As the European Commission approved green hydrogen as a clean fuel, the interest in investments and dedicated action plans related to its production and storage has significantly increased. Hydrogen storage is feasible in aboveground infrastructures as well as in underground constructions. Proper geological environments for underground hydrogen storage are porous media and rock cavities. Porous media are classified into depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs and aquifers, while rock cavities are subdivided into hard rock caverns, salt caverns, and abandoned mines. Depending on the storage option, various technological requirements are mandatory, influencing the required capital cost. Although the selection of the optimum storage technology is site depending, the techno-economical appraisal of the available underground storage options featured the porous media as the most economically attractive option. Depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs were of high interest as site characterisation and cavern mining are omitted due to pre-existing infrastructure, followed by aquifers, where hydrogen storage requires a much simpler construction. Research on data analytics and machine learning tools will open avenues for consolidated knowledge of geological storage technologies.

A techno-economic perspective on 3D printing for aerospace propulsion

This work aims to provide a fresh techno-economic perspective on the use of 3D printing (3Dp) for aerospace propulsion. 3Dp has brought to the aerospace industry several improvements in various areas. Historically, it has been used to produce jigs and fixtures, surrogates, mounting brackets, and prototypes. More recently, component production by 3Dp has further evolved, permitting more design freedom, lighter structures, quicker prototyping and iteration, supply chain optimization, increased customization and personalization, improved maintenance, repair, overhaul (MRO), and innovation for better materials. 3Dp is particularly relevant to designing better, quicker, and cheaper new components that integrate into more performing systems. Looking ahead, expected developments include the increased scale of 3Dp production, further enhanced performance of components and systems, in-situ manufacturing, and integration with other technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) or the Internet of Things (IoT). From a market perspective, global 3Dp in the aerospace market was valued at USD 1.76–2.66 billion in 2021, with a predicted compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 19.4–20.23 % over the next few years. Drivers for an even larger CAGR are the expected new developments, such as hydrogen general aviation, urban air mobility (UAM), electrification of aircraft, and hypersonic commercial and military applications.

Driving Urban Energy Sustainability: A Techno-Economic Perspective on Nanogrid Solutions

In response to technological advances, environmental concerns, and the depletion of conventional energy sources, the world is increasingly focusing on renewable energy sources (RES) as a means of generating electricity in a more sustainable and environmentally friendly manner. Türkiye, with its advantageous geographical location, long hours of sunshine, and favourable climatic conditions, has a high potential for the use of solar energy. The objective of this study was to identify an energy system that minimizes investment costs while optimizing the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and minimizing greenhouse-gas (GHG) and carbon dioxide emissions. To achieve this, the study used the concept of nanogrids (NGs) and carried out different evaluations for electric vehicle charging stations (EVCS) at different energy levels connected to the grid. The research focused on classic apartment buildings and multistory condominium-style buildings in Istanbul, Türkiye. Using HOMER Grid 1.11.1 version software, the study identified two optimal configurations: a PV–GRID system with 7 kW photovoltaic capacity and a PV–WT–GRID system with 90 kW PV capacity and 6 kW wind-turbine capacity. These configurations had a significantly lower LCOE compared to the cost of electricity from the conventional grid. When examining the sensitivity to economic factors, it was observed that the net present cost (NPC) and LCOE values fluctuated with electricity prices, inflation rates, and equipment costs. In particular, the two optimal configurations did not include a battery energy-storage system (BESS) due to the low energy demand in the PV–GRID system and the efficiency of the wind turbines in the PV–WT–GRID system. This highlights the need to tailor energy solutions to specific consumption patterns and resource types. In conclusion, the adoption of PV–GRID and PV–WT–GRID systems in Istanbul’s urban buildings demonstrates economic viability and environmental benefits, highlighting the importance of renewable energy sources, particularly solar PV, in mitigating energy-related environmental challenges, such as reducing CO2 emissions and reducing dependence on conventional grid electricity.

Retrofit of a coal-fired power plant with a rock bed thermal energy storage

Power production accounts for about one-fifth of the global final energy consumption and over one-third of all energy-related CO2 emissions. Low-cost, large-scale thermal energy storages are considered as solutions for the decarbonization of fossil-fired power plants by their conversion into power-to-heat-to-power systems, so-called thermal storage power plants. This paper investigates the retrofit of a Chilean coal-fired power plant with an innovative solid media storage from a techno-economic perspective. Selecting a storage capacity of 5.27 GWhth, corresponding to 8 h of discharge, and increasing the inlet steam generator temperature from 590 to 650 °C lead to the highest annual round-trip efficiency of 34.9% and to up to 3.4% lower levelized cost of electricity. Minimum levelized cost of electricity as low as 88.1 €/MWh is attained and considered as close to competitiveness with well-established molten salt storage systems. A sensitivity analysis shows that assuming even five times lower storage costs, initially the strongest driver of capital expenditure, only meant 4% lower levelized costs of electricity on average. On the other hand, the design of electricity purchase for charging, for example with green power purchase agreements, turns out to be the key lever to a successful implementation.

The political economy of electricity system resource adequacy and renewable energy integration: A comparative study of Britain, Italy and California

The need to integrate growing shares of variable renewable resources, like solar and wind, into the power system has initiated a new wave of resource adequacy policy reforms. Securing adequate resources on the system, particularly flexible and peak capacity, is indeed crucial for ensuring long-term grid reliability amid increased supply variability. While extensively explored from a techno-economic perspective, the political economy drivers and implications of these changes are frequently overlooked. Yet, power system evolution is not merely shaped by logics of techno-economic optimisation, it is also inherently political, rooted in specific liberalisation histories, political and institutional settings.This paper contributes to the literature by conducting a comparative political economy analysis of recent resource adequacy reforms in Britain, Italy, and California. It explores how differences in the technical and political economy contexts of these jurisdictions affected their strategies for securing resource adequacy capacity and investment between 2013 and 2021. Conclusions draw on the analysis of over 134 policy documents and 53 in-depth interviews with power system stakeholders.All jurisdictions introduced significant changes in resource adequacy policy, including explicit out-of-market mechanisms to remunerate resource adequacy capacity. The energy transition is thus reconfiguring state-market relations in the power sector, even in traditionally liberal countries. However, variation exists in the scope of reform, mechanism designs, policy trade-offs, and technological outcomes. This stems from context-specific political priorities, state-market relations, national and multi-level governance arrangements, market structures and stakeholder interests. This has important implications for power sector governance, as discussed in this paper.

Review of microbial fuel cell from a techno-economic perspective

This review presents a techno-economic analysis of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) in the domain of generating sustainable energy and treating wastewater with the aim of attracting investors through research and development for residential and commercial applications. The operation principles and various MFC types, along with their advantages and disadvantages, are thoroughly considered. The efficiency of various MFC types is considered to present appropriate options for commercial applications. However, large-scale integrations face substantial financial limitations owing to the reluctance of investors. This review explores the cost-benefit balance associated with the operation of an MFC system. For encouraging investors, different cost variables, such as the initial investment, operating costs, potential electricity generation, and waste treatment capacity, are thoroughly considered. These variables are placed on the spectrum of a cost-benefit analysis to vitalize the economic feasibility of the MFC technology in various scenarios, considering an order of financial variables. MFC development at an optimized cost is the pivotal pre-requisite to secure a competitive advantage over conventional sources of energy with carbon emissions. Thus, this study is expected to prompt decision-makers to adopt the MFC technology at the commercial level.

Techno-economic and environmental evaluation of a supercritical CO2 coal-fired circulating fluidized bed boiler power generation

Replacing the steam cycle with the supercritical CO2 (S–CO2) cycle applied in coal-fired power generation is a demonstrated approach to greatly improving efficiency and flexibility. This promotes carbon reduction through efficient use of fossil fuels and improving utilization rate of renewable energy by deep peak shaving. Unlike most studies focusing on conceptual design and efficiency-based investigation, the techno-economic and environmental performance evaluations of the S–CO2 power generation are still rare and undiscovered. In this paper, techno-economic and environmental investigation of a 600 MW S–CO2 coal-fired circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler power plant is firstly considered. During this process, a series of economic cost and environmental assessment models and methods integrated with process simulation were proposed. The results showed that there exits an optimum turbine inlet temperature of 635 °C from the techno-economic perspective. The total cost of the S–CO2 power plant increases by ∼10 % and the cost of electricity (COE) decreases by 4.6 % compared to the same-capacity steam plants. The life cycle assessment (LCA) environmental impact potential of the S–CO2 power is far less compared to steam power plants. Its environmental impact is greatest on a global scale and relatively low on a regional scale, such as a country or region.

Enabling LVRT Compliance of Electrolyzer Systems Using Energy Storage Technologies

This paper presents a comprehensive techno-economic analysis of different energy storage systems (ESSs) in providing low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) support for power electronics-based electrolyzer systems. A framework for analyzing the performance of a grid-integrated electrolyzer-ESS system is developed, taking into account realistic scenarios and accurate models. The system components consist of a 500 kW alkaline electrolyzer module integrated with a medium-voltage grid and three different commercially available ESSs based on Li-ion battery, Li-ion capacitor, and supercapacitor technology, respectively. The performance of these ESSs is extensively studied for three LVRT profiles, with a primary focus on the upcoming Danish grid code. In order to perform simulation studies, the system is implemented on the MATLAB®/Simulink®-PLECS® platform. The results demonstrate that all three energy storage technologies are capable of supporting the electrolyzer systems during low-voltage abnormalities in the distribution grid. The study also reveals that the supercapacitor-based technology seems to be more appropriate, from a techno-economic perspective, for fault ride-through (FRT) compliance.