Technique In China Research Articles

Multi-fracture growth behavior during TPDF in a horizontal well of multi-clustered perforations: An experimental research

Temporary plugging and diverting fracturing (TPDF), involving inner-fracture temporary plugging (IFTP) and inner-stage temporary plugging (ISTP), has been proposed as a widely applied technique in China, for promoting the uniform initiation and propagation of multi-clustered hydraulic fractures (HFs) in a horizontal well of the shale oil/gas reservoirs. However, how the key plugging parameters controlling the multi-fracture growth and the pumping pressure response during TPDF in shale with dense bedding planes (BPs) and natural fractures (NFs) is still unclear, which limits the optimization of TPDF scheme. In this paper, a series of TPDF simulation experiments within a stage of multi-cluster in a horizontal well were carried out on outcrops of Longmaxi Formation shale using a large-scale true tri-axial fracturing simulation system, combined with the acoustic emission (AE) monitor and computed tomography (CT) scanning techniques. Each experiment was divided into three stages, including the conventional fracturing (CF), IFTP and ISTP. Multi-fracture initiation and propagation behavior, and the dominant controlling parameters were examined, containing the particle sizes, concentration of temporary plugging agent (TPA), and cluster number. The results showed that the number of transverse HFs (THFs) and the overall complexity of fracture morphology increase with the increase in TPA concentration and perforation cluster number. Obviously, the required concentration of TPA is positively correlated with the cluster number. Higher peak values and continuous fluctuations of pumping pressure during TPDF may indicate the creation of diversion fractures. The creation of standard THFs during CF is favorable to the creation of diversion fractures during TPDF. Moreover, the activation of BPs nearby the wellbore during CF is unfavorable to the subsequent pressure buildup during TPDF, resulting in poor plugging and diverting effect. Notably, under the strike-slip fault stress regime, the diversion of THFs is not likely during IFTP, which is similar as the results of ISTP to initiate mainly the un-initiated or under-propagated perforation clusters. Three typical pressure curve types during TPDF can be summarized to briefly identify the hydraulic fracture diversion effects, including good (multiple branches or/and THFs can be newly created), fair (HF initiation along the slightly opened BPs and then activating the NFs), and bad (HF initiation along the largely opened BPs and then connecting with the NFs).

Application of Intelligent Construction Techniques in China

Application of Intelligent Construction Techniques in China

Implementation and development of endoscopic benign breast lump resection and breast-conserving surgery for cancer

To review the development of endoscopic techniques in breast surgery, focusing on their use in benign breast lump resection and breast-conserving surgery for cancer, and also summarize the development and application of these techniques in China, highlighting promotion and homogenization challenges and future directions. A systematic review of relevant literature was conducted to trace the historical evolution, clinical applications, and related research of endoscopic techniques in breast surgery, emphasizing their advantages and disadvantages of endoscopic benign breast lump resection and breast-conserving surgery for cancer. Endoscopic benign breast lump resection and breast-conserving surgery for cancer have improved patients' postoperative psychological health and quality of life, particularly in scar-free surgery. However, challenges such as limited intraoperative visibility and prolonged surgery time lead to controversy in clinical practice. Despite significant advancements, endoscopic techniques in breast surgery also face challenges. Future efforts should focus on technological improvements and clinical research to address these issues, promoting widespread application and standardization. The key to future development lies in the promotion and homogenization of these technologies.

O-123 Trends and challenges in the practice of ART in China

Abstract China is a large country with a population of over 1.4 billion. In 1988, the first in-vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) baby was born in Peking University Third Hospital. In the following 3 decades, assisted reproductive technology (ART) has developed rapidly in China, and the availability and accessibility of the ART service have improved markedly. In 2004 totally, only 37 institutions had passed the administrative licensing procedure to carry out ART. While in 2020, 536 institutions obtained the ART license. Since 2016, the total number of ART service cycles(Artificial insemination included)has exceeded 1 million, and the number of babies born has exceeded 300,000, accounting for about 2% of the total live births in China in 2016. At present, assisted reproductive technology has become one of the important medical interventions for the treatment of infertility in China, which has brought good news to infertile couples and their families, and has made great contributions to social harmony and family happiness. Cycles per million population (C/M) in 2009 was 120. In 2020, it has increased to 668, with more and more infertile couples having access to this technique in China. The success rate of assisted reproductive technology remained stable. In 2020, the clinical pregnancy rates (CPR)of conventional IVF and ICSI fresh embryo transfer cycles reached 52.4% and 49.4%, respectively, and the live birth rates were 43.0% and 40.6%, respectively. The clinical pregnancy rate and live birth rate of frozen-thawed embryo cycle were 51.3% and 40.5% per transfer. With the widespread application of embryo freezing technology, the cumulative live birth rate was estimated to reach 49.5% (CLBR estimate) in 2020. The safety monitoring indicators of assisted reproductive technology showed that since 2015, the multiple pregnancy rates of conventional IVF, ICSI and FET have decreased year by year, and have dropped to 22.4%, 21.4% and 17.6% in 2020, respectively. The incidence of moderate-severe ovarian hyper-stimulation syndrome (OHSS) and severe bleeding were also under control, within a reasonable range. Assisted reproductive technology, which involves many medical, social, ethical and legal issues, is a special clinical technology with limit application for medical indication. The Chinese government attaches great importance to the quality and safety management of assisted reproductive technology. A series of management documents such as the Administrative Measures for Human Assisted Reproductive Technology, the Regulations for Human Assisted Reproductive Technology and so forth, have been issued since 2001. Further improvement of key performance indicators (KPIs) correlated with ART quality and safety control is of the top priority and also challenging. In addition, the ART surveillance data in China is still aggregated data, which does not include important indicators such as age stratification, infertile factors or indications and delivery gestational age, maternal and infant outcomes, with some limitations for surveillance. Continuous improvement of data quality, and initiation of cycle-based data collection and security measures of case information are also challenging for the next step.

薰衣草收获技术发展综述

The harvesting technology of China's lavender industry is in urgent need of improvement, and there is a pressing demand to expedite the development of mechanized collection equipment to facilitate the modernization process and optimize efficiency within the sector. This article adopts a literature review method to introduce the current research status of lavender harvesting techniques, including mechanical properties, harvesting time, and distribution of essential oils in stems and leaves, both domestically and internationally. It is found that there is relatively little research on lavender harvesting techniques in China, and the main research hotspots are focused on industrial development and essential oil extraction. By summarizing the mechanical harvesting equipment and its characteristics of lavender both domestically and internationally, it is analyzed that developed countries have fully achieved mechanical harvesting of lavender, while China's level of mechanical harvesting of lavender lags far behind developed countries. It is proposed to develop diversified lavender harvesting equipment, strengthen the research and cooperation of lavender harvesting machinery, promote the integration of agricultural machinery and agronomy, and combine basic research with equipment development. These development measures have a certain reference and promotion effect on accelerating the process of mechanical harvesting of lavender in China.

Efficacy and safety of traditional Chinese manual therapy (Tuina) in patients with non-specific chronic low back pain: a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

IntroductionNon-pharmacological interventions play a crucial role in the management of non-specific chronic low back pain (NSCLBP). One prime example is Tuina, a traditional Chinese manual therapy that incorporates pressing, kneading...

Occurrence and fate of antibiotics and ARGs in a wastewater treatment plant with JHB process in Guangzhou, South China: Removal performance, interaction and host analysis

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are recognized as sinks for antibiotics and sources of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Thus, it is crucial to understand the occurrence and fate of antibiotics and ARGs in each treatment unit to propose an optimal regulation strategy for pollution control. In this study, the occurrence and fate of antibiotics and ARGs in a WWTP from Guangzhou, southern China with Johannesburg (JHB) process, a common WWTP treatment technique in China, were investigated. Occurrence and fate of a total of 17 common antibiotics and 14 ARGs types were determined in each treatment unit in the WWTP. The contribution of each treatment unit to the total removal efficiency of antibiotics and ARGs in the WWTP were investigated. Although a high removal rate (95.32 %) was observed for total antibiotics, risk quotient (RQ) analysis showed that chloramphenicol in effluent still presented notable ecological risk. We further found that disinfection dramatically increased ARGs abundance and risk of horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Contribution of various environmental factors to microbial community structure and ARGs variation were also quantified with variation partitioning analysis (VPA). Co-occurrence network analysis further revealed the potential hosts of ARGs. This study contributed to a specific understanding of the fate of antibiotics and ARGs within the WWTP with JHB process and provided insight into the removal of antibiotics and ARGs in the wastewater.

SECURING THE WORLD LOCALLY: UNVEILING CHINA'S COUNTERTERRORISM POLICY

Terrorism has become a critical worldwide security concern in the aftermath of the 9/11 tragedy, provoking varying reactions from various states. This research focuses on the distinguishing features of China's counterterrorism policy. The study methodically unravels China's multifaceted perspective on terrorism through interpretative research supported by qualitative analysis. The glocalization lens sheds light on the dynamic interaction of China's local context within the larger global discourse. Within this context, terrorism within China's borders is recast as separatist, a notion intrinsically tied to China's entire understanding of the threat. China effectively turns global terrorist worries into a rationale for its region-focused counterterrorism efforts, which are localized in Xinjiang and Tibet. Furthermore, China's technique departs from Western paradigms by adding socioeconomic factors as crucial components, resulting in a complex and distinctively Chinese approach. In addition, China deliberately utilizes its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) projects to spread its counterterrorism narrative worldwide while simultaneously legitimizing its internal measures. The paper thoroughly explains China's counterterrorism policy through this analysis to highlight the roots of its unique interpretation, localized remedies, socioeconomic integration, and global outreach strategies.

Chinese expert consensus on clinical practice of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction techniques in molecular pathological diagnostics of tumor(2023 edition)

Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is one of the most widely used molecular pathological diagnostic techniques in China due to its advantages of the simple operation, short turnaround time, high sensitivity, and standardizable result analysis. However, in clinical practice, there is not yet an expert consensus to guide molecular pathological diagnostics of tumor using qPCR techniques in terms of validation and verification of method performance, quality management and interpretation of complex results. Therefore, this expert consensus aims to provide standardized opinions on the practical application of qPCR techniques, and suggestions on how to deal with common problems and abnormal results, and reach a Chinese expert consensus on the clinical practice of qPCR techniques in molecular pathological diagnostics of tumor, in order to standardize the testing process, improve the accuracy of results, and promote the clinical applications of qPCR techniques.

Rammed Earth Techniques in China and the Mediterranean Area: A Comparative Analysis

ABSTRACT Rammed earth techniques have a long history and are widely used in the Mediterranean and China. These traditional techniques developed independently in the two regions, producing differences and similarities. Tools and materials as two essential aspects are compared in this paper. For ease of movement and secure fixing, formworks comprise forms, end-stops, and retaining devices. The latter determines how the formwork is used. The formwork size represents the main difference and influences various aspects. Although the choice of the earth for construction is similar, the different local soil components and materials constitute essential differences in reinforcing rammed earth in the two areas.

Interpretation of Detection and identification standard of hookworm-Hook-worm larvae coproculture techniques (WS/T 791-2021)

Detection and identification standard of hookworm-Hookworm larvae coproculture techniques (WS/T 791-2021) is the first recommended technical standard for hookworm detection and species identification using the hookworm larvae coproculture technique in China. This standard was issued on November 23, 2021, and had been in effect since May 1, 2022. This article provides a detailed interpretation pertaining to the background, drafting process, main contents, and dos and don'ts for better understanding and application of this standard among professionals working in disease control and prevention institutions and medical institutions.

Fostering inclusive green growth in China: what is the role of industrial intellectualisation?

ABSTRACT Inclusive green growth is a style of long-term development that prioritises economic growth, social fairness, human well-being, and energy conservation. This research explores the impact of industrial intellectualisation on regional inclusive green growth using panel data from 30 provinces from 2006 to 2018. The research begins by calculating the level of industrial intellectualisation and inclusive green growth employing the entropy technique in China. Second, the benchmark regression results show that industrial intellectualisation boosts regional inclusive green growth significantly. This is true for a variety of robustness tests, including IV regression. Furthermore, spatial autocorrelation exists in regional inclusive green growth, and industrial intellectualisation has a favourable stimulating influence as well as a considerable spatial repercussions on regional inclusive green growth. Furthermore, the mediating effect model is employed to explore the mechanism of industrial intellectualisation's effects on inclusive green growth. The findings demonstrate that industrial intellectualisation has an effect on regional inclusive green growth via industrial structure upgrades, urbanisation, education, and financial development.

A History of Smallpox Vaccination in Modern China: Vaccine Techniques, Instruments, and Localization.

This paper examines how smallpox vaccination has been implemented in China from a technological perspective. It is an attempt not only to investigate the impact of technology and instruments on medical advances, but also to deepen the understanding of modern Chinese society through smallpox vaccination. Smallpox vaccination helps people develop immunity to smallpox by inoculating into them pus from cowpox which is an infectious disease that affects cows. In 1805, Alexander Pearson succeeded in smallpox vaccination using the arm-to-arm transfer method for the first time in China thanks to the arrival of the vaccine in Macao. As Pearson and Quixi, who followed in the footsteps of Pearson, used the arm-to-arm method, they did not have much interest in vaccine containers. However, the vaccine administration technique changed: the vaccine obtained from people was inoculated into cows, and then again, into people. It thus resulted in the manufacturing of various vaccine containers including glass vials and tubes. The development of tools contributed to the expansion of cowpox vaccination. In addition, cowpox vaccines were imported directly from foreign countries. Advertisements which remain to date indicate that vaccines were widely imported. Pharmacies promoted vaccines, contending that the sale and import of vaccines was for the Chinese people. On the other hand, there were voices against imported vaccines, saying that they were expensive and foreign-made. Under the banner of patriotism and nationalism, people demanded that vaccines be made in China, which led to the production of vaccines in large cities such as Shanghai and Beijing. Along with the aforementioned efforts to obtain vaccines, techniques for smallpox vaccination can also be understood in the Chinese context. For example, traditional Chinese medicine maintains that acupuncture can be used as a vaccination lancet. Since traditional Chinese medicine already embraced the use of cowpox for protection against smallpox, they advocated using acupuncture instead of western instruments in order to expand the influence of traditional Chinese medicine. The belief that inoculation should be done into acupuncture points in the upper arms shows the significant influence of traditional Chinese medicine. On the other hand, Chinese people being reluctant to leave vaccine marks show the general view of what was considered as beautiful at the time, rather than the Chinese traditional perspective. Consequently, smallpox vaccine techniques in China, while following the technological advancement in general, could not help but be adapted to the Chinese context under the influence of modern Chinese society. Thus, smallpox vaccine techniques provide clues for understanding modern Chinese society. As such, historians who conduct research mainly with literature should also take interest in medical technology and instruments as well.

Examination of Yao Henglu's Artistic Development and the Influence on Chinese Contemporary Music Composition

The qualitative research method is used in this study. The objectives were to: 1) investigate Yao Henglu's artistic developments. 2) Examine the influence of Chinese contemporary music. This study selects six music works composed by Professor Yao Henglu, using the literature research method and the field investigation method. The method is then used to sort out Yao Henglu's music composition developments and the formation of music composition thought. The results of the research are as follows: 1) Yao Henglu's six musical works are created by combining traditional Chinese music elements with modern western composition techniques. particularly the theory and practice of three-pitch arrangements as well as the connotation of latent tonality in tonal music. 2) Through analysis, the influence of Yao Henglu's music works on modern Chinese music creation aids musicians in understanding modern music and promotes the development of modern western composition techniques in China. Yao has developed musical talents and created the foundation for music analysis through composition practice. Yao preserves his academic vitality and influence, drives curriculum reform, and promotes the development of modern music analysis systems and the development of modern music creation.

Ensuring the Authenticity of the Conservation and Reuse of Modern Industrial Heritage Architecture: A Case Study of the Large Machine Factory, China

The Large Machine Factory (LMF) was built in the complex historical context of the late Qing Dynasty (1840–1912). Its space and construction faithfully record the architectural and cultural fusion between Chinese and western traditions and mark the beginning of modern architectural techniques in China. Through historical data and empirical studies, the historical background and architectural characteristics of the LMF were analyzed, and interventions aimed at ensuring authenticity were established. The cultural significance and results of construction were considered two crucial elements in terms of outstanding characteristics. Comprehensive inspection and assessment strategies were discussed, with minimal intervention and interpretation principles. Preventive reinforcement of the foundation, complementary reinforcement of the main structures, restoration of the historic façade and environment, and adaptive spatial interventions were found to be effective ways to ensure authenticity. The principles of minimal intervention and interpretability, which include prevention, recognizability, invisibility, subsidiarity, and intertextuality, were proposed through a comparison with the literature and practical experience. This study provides an appropriate technical reference for ensuring authenticity in the conservation and reuse of modern historic buildings with complex contexts. We propose a new understanding of intervention principles and suggest a guiding intervention path that avoids the complexities arising from the generalized interpretations of authenticity.

Association of Sedentary Time With Cardiocerebral Deaths: A Prospective Cohort Study

Abstract Background To explore the association of sedentary time with cardiocerebral deaths. Methods A total of 12,608 community residents aged 35 years or above in Jiangxi Province who took part in “the study on prevalence of major cardiovascular diseases and key techniques in China” during 2013–2014 were enrolled in this prospective, observational cohort study. Sedentary time was obtained through baseline questionnaire, and all death events were collected by telephone follow-up, information report from the departments of public health in township health centers and village doctors, and death surveillance system of Jiangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to evaluate the association of sedentary time with cardiocerebral deaths. Results A total of 11,744 participants were included in final analysis. During an average 5.4 years of follow-up (63,298 person-year), 796 all-cause deaths occurred, including 373 cardiocerebral deaths. The difference of cardiocerebral death rate was statistically significant in 3 groups of <6 h/d (2.9%), 6–8 h/d (3.9%), and >8 h/d (5.4%). Kaplan–Meier curve showed that there was a significant difference in the cumulative mortality among the 3 groups (log rank χ2 = 17.27, P < 0.01). Cox regression analysis showed that after adjusting for relevant confounding factors, older age, high diastolic pressure and body mass index, male, country of residence, unemployment, and long sedentary time were risk factors for cardiocerebral deaths. Compared with the <6 h/d group, the risk of cardiocerebral deaths increased by 68.3% (HR = 1.683, 95% CI: 1.186–2.388) for participants with sedentary time of >8 h/d. Conclusions Long sedentary time independently increases the risk of cardiocerebral deaths.

Multiple Gas Seepage Mechanisms and Production Development Research for Shale Gas Reservoirs from Experimental Techniques and Theoretical Models.

Shale gas seepage theory provides a scientific basis for dynamically analyzing the physical gas flow processes involved in shale gas extraction and for estimating shale gas production. Conventional experimental techniques and theoretical methods applied in seepage research are unable to accurately illustrate shale gas mass transfer processes at the micro- and nanoscale. In view of these scientific issues, the knowledge of seepage mechanisms and production development design was improved from the perspective of experimental techniques and theoretical models in the paper. First, multiple techniques (e.g., focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy and a combination of mercury intrusion porosimetry and adsorption measurement techniques) were integrated to characterize the micro- and nanopore distribution in shales. Then, molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to analyze the microscale distribution of gas molecules in nanopores. In addition, an upscaled gas flow model for the shale matrix was developed based on molecular dynamics simulations. Finally, the coupled flow and productivity models were set up according to a long-term production physical simulation to identify the production patterns for adsorbed and free gas. The research results show that micropores (diameter: <2 nm) and mesopores (diameter: 2-50 nm) account for more than 70% of all the pores in shales and that they are the primary space hosting adsorbed gas. Molecular simulations reveal that microscopic adsorption layers in organic matter nanopores can be as thick as 0.7 nm and that desorption and diffusion are the main mechanisms behind the migration of gas molecules. An apparent permeability model that comprehensively accounts for adsorption, diffusion, and seepage was developed to address the deficiency of Darcy's law in characterizing gas flowability in shale reservoirs. The productivity model results for a certain gas well show that the production in the first three years accounts for more than 50% of its estimated ultimate recovery and that adsorbed gas contributes more to the annual production than free gas in the eighth year. These research results provide theoretical and technical support for improving the theoretical understanding of shale gas seepage and optimizing shale gas extraction techniques in China.

Recent Developments in the Vacuum Preloading Technique in China

A series of studies have confirmed that vacuum preloading can effectively accelerate the consolidation process of soft soil. In recent years, further improvement in the efficiency of this method is still the continuing goal of scholars. This paper reviews the recent improvements in the vacuum preloading techniques as well as their practical applications in China. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed. It is found that replacing or eliminating one or more components of the vacuum preloading system, such as sand-free, membrane-free, horizontal drain, multiple-step, and air booster vacuum preloading methods, achieved similar soil improvement effects to those of the traditional vacuum preloading method. Vacuum preloading combined with other soil improvement methods could improve the soil with the lower average water content and the higher average shear strength.

Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy in severe male factor infertility: protocol for a multicenter randomised controlled trial

IntroductionConventional intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is a widely used treatment for couples with severe male infertility. However, there are controversies regarding the selection and the damage to gametes during the...

Fluorite used in ancient Chinese glassmaking during the 10th to 12th centuries: Evidence from glass products excavated in the capital city site of the Liao dynasty

AbstractThis study conducts a scientific analysis of six pieces of glass artefacts unearthed from Shang‐Jing, the capital city of the Liao dynasty. The test methods include laser ablation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry and X‐ray diffraction. In terms of chemical composition, one sample is K2O‐CaO‐SiO2 glass and the other samples belong to the K2O‐CaO‐PbO‐SiO2 system. Fluorite crystals were discovered in some of the samples. Ancient literature and some analysis of other archaeological materials suggest that using fluorite minerals as opacifiers in both of these kinds of glass is a traditional technique in China. Therefore, fluorite minerals are likely to be one of the raw materials in the studied glass artefacts. This study provides new information about the glass‐making recipe from the 10th to 12th centuries in China and further sheds some light on the development of ancient Chinese glass production.