Technique For Sex Determination Research Articles

Discovery of the human homolog of sex-determining region (SRY) gene in dioecious plants

Sex determination in the early developmental stages of dioecious crops is economically-beneficial. During this study, a human homology of SRY gene was successfully identified in dioecious crops. SRY gene sequences of date palm and jojoba were submitted to GenBank under the accession numbers KC577225 and MK991776, respectively. This is the first report regarding the novel sex-determination methodology of four dioecious plants (jojoba, date palm, papaya, and pistachios). SRY sex gene was found in all the tested dioecious plant and human samples. This novel approach is simple and of significant importance for breeders. It facilitates the unambiguous selection of jojoba and date palm female plants at an early age and reduces the plantation cost of cultivating non-productive male plants. This is a rapid sex-determination technique for dioecious plants and mammals at an early stage. This technique specifically targets the SRY sequence that has been comprehensively investigated in humans. The kit development for the SRY-based sex determination of various crops is in progress.

Sex and age determination of human mandible using anthropological parameters and TCI and Kvaal methods: study of a Serbian medieval sample.

The aim of the study was to test the efficacy, reliability, and applicability of the Kvaal and Tooth Coronal Index (TCI) age determination techniques, and then to compare them with each other, as well as with the conventional anthropological age and sex determination techniques. The analyzed material originates from the medieval necropolis of the Vinča-Belo brdo site. During the research, 60 periapical (PA) and 30 orthopantomographic (OPT) images were analyzed. On each analyzed tooth, age assessment was performed using both TCI and Kvaal techniques. The obtained values of dental estimated age were compared with age estimated by anthropological analysis, and the deviations between the estimated and chronological age were analyzed in relation to the assessment technique, type of dental radiograph, tooth group, sex, and age. The mean error between TCI and the osteological method was 8.44 (SD = 7.56, Min = 0.169, Max = 36.4) and between Kvaal and the osteological method was 7.71 (SD = 5.57, Min = 0.133, Max = 26.7). The average value of age recorded by TCI method was 32.5years and by Kvaal method was 34.7years. There was no statistically significant difference based on the two radiographic methods, gender, individual teeth, or tooth group pairs. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between age and the error present. Gender determination based only on the mandible has a high correlation with the anthropological gender determination. The Kvaal method and the TCI method have proven their efficiency, reliability, and applicability. Significant correlation has been observed between dental and anthropological age and sex determination methods.

No butts about it: using urogenital disparity in a deep-water snapper, Etelis carbunculus (Lutjanidae), for field-based sexual identification.

In this study, the authors describe a process that consistently identified sex based on differences in the length and characteristics of the urogenital papilla septum of Etelis carbunculus, a deep-water snapper (Lutjanidae, Etelinae). These characteristics, regardless of fish size, were found to be accurate for 96% of 157 specimens evaluated. The application of this external sex determination technique expedites the collection of sex-specific data and may perform well for other morphologically similar lutjanid snappers. The non-invasive method also minimizes damage to the fish, thereby allowing either its return to the ocean or landing as a valuable whole fish.

The Semenya case or the besieged sports fortress. Intersex athletes and sex determination techniques at the dawn of the 21st century

Fondé sur l’analyse de la carrière sportive mouvementée de Caster Semenya, spécialiste du 800m, cet article vise plus largement à interroger les techniques d’identification du sexe des athlètes employées par les instances sportives (CIO, IAAF) de 2000 à 2021 et leurs conséquences sur le devenir des athlètes intersexuées. Il met en lumière les problèmes que ces techniques soulèvent au regard notamment de l’évolution des connaissances scientifiques mais aussi des mentalités. Il éclaire également les différents enjeux qui se nouent autour des athlètes intersexes confrontées aux techniques d’identification/ construction des identités sexuées qui se déploient dans un champ sportif fondée sur la bicatégorisation et la séparation des sexes.

Fertilization potential test of sperm from nano monoclonal antibody injected goats

• Over 90 % of X bearing sperm could be available using NMA™ sex selection technique. • In vitro fertility potential of sperm sorted by NMA™ injection was comparable to that in the control group. • The percentage of female offspring was more than 90 %. Controlling the sex of an animal’s offspring has long been the dream of most livestock producers. To produce a very higher percentage of X chromosome bearing sperm, calcium phosphate nano monoclonal antibody (NMA™) against Guanzhong dairy goat sperm epitope was developed in advance, and the detailed development technique has been applied for patent protection. The present study focused on the fertilization potential detection of sperm which was treated by testis injection of NMA™ to implementing sex selection of Guanzhong dairy goat. Results showed that no significant differences in sperm viability, sperm velocities, acrosomal integrity and plasma membrane integrity, although the volume and density of a single ejaculate were slightly lower in goats from the NMA™ injection group than those of the control group. From the 6th to 30th week following NMA™ injection, the percentage of X chromosome bearing sperm was more than 90 %; at the week 40th, it dropped to 88 %. After the second NMA™ injection performed at the 40th week, over 90 % of sperm with X chromosome could be obtained again. Moreover, the in vitro fertilization capacity of sperm derived from NMA™ injection was the same as that of the control group. No significant difference in pregnancy rates and kidding rates was observed following artificial insemination using sorted sperm versus unsorted sperm, but the proportion of female offspring was more than 90 %, which was significantly higher in the sex sorted group than that of the control group. The sex determination technique presented here can be mainly applied to facilitate the mass production of female Guanzhong dairy goats.

تعیین جنسیت گوزن قرمز (زیرگونه مرال) با استفاده از تکنیک Duplex PCR به عنوان، روشی مناسب برای تخمین اندازه مؤثر جمعیت، جهت طراحی برنامه های حفاظت ژنتیکی آن در زیستگاه های کشور

Unfortunately, due to the small population size and isolation of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in protected area-Arasbaran-Aynalu, there are inbreeding and the highly rate of bottleneck. Sex controlling for sex maintain effective population size as appropriate, may reduce inbreeding. For this purpose the objective of this study was access and optimization techniques for Sex determination in Red deer(Ceruvus elaphus); suitable method for estimating the effective population size for genetic conservation programs in Arasbaran and the country habitats. For this purpose, bleeding in deer, taken from jugular vein and tail vein after anesthesia, blood samples in tubes containing EDTA vaccum with ice -40c to the gen bank of Department of East Azerbaijan was transferred. Duplex PCR using primers based on the chromosome (Y) in accordance with the sex-determining gene DEAD-box Y-linked protein (DBY) simultaneously used with BMC1009 locus were amplified as an internal control per each reaction. The results are reliable, there are two bands 280-310 (polymorphic band) and 180 base pairs (bp) in male deer and 280-310 (polymorphic band) base pairs (bp) in female deer showed. To confirm this, residual PCR products was applied for sequencing. Genotyping results showed that 8 females and 15 males were identified as indicators of effective population size 4, respectively.

The accuracy of field sex determination in the Common Whitethroat Sylvia c. communis

The accuracy of field sex determination of Common Whitethroats captured during spring migration in Nigeria was tested with a genetic sex determination technique. Among both age classes males were more often correctly sexed than females. In total, one out of four birds were incorrectly sexed, and the ability to sex correctly varied considerably between ringers. Hence, a cautious attitude must be held at all times towards the use of field sex assessment in Common Whitethroats.

A Simple and Rapid Staining Technique for Sex Determination of Trichinella Larvae Parasites by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy

The roundworms of Trichinella genus are worldwide distributed and their prevalence in nature is high. Trichinella genus parasites are the causative agents of foodborne zoonosis trichinellosis. The main prevention and control of the infection are meat inspection by the magnetic stirrer method for the detection of Trichinella larvae in muscle samples. The treatment can be effective if the parasite is discovered early in the intestinal phase. Once the Trichinella larva has reached the muscle tissue, the parasite remains therein and there is no treatment for this life cycle stage. The Trichinella species is dioecious with separate male and female individuals. The developed staining technique that uses confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) displays sufficient results for Trichinella larvae examination and this protocol is applicable to study the internal and external structures and for the sex determination of T. britovi and T. spiralis larvae samples. In the present study, a luminescent derivative was synthesized and used for staining of T. spiralis and T. britovi larvae samples for the examination by CLSM. Various fixatives, such as AFA, 70% ethanol, and Bouin's and Carnoy's solutions were tested for sample preparation. The synthesized luminescent compound demonstrates best visualization results for samples fixed in Bouin's fixative.

A study to assess gender preference and sex determination in married women attending opd and antenatal clinic in UHTC, KIMS Koppal

Introduction: A low sex ratio indicates strong male child preference and consequent gender inequities, neglect of girl child resulting in higher mortality at young ages, female feticide. Objectives: To assess gender preference in married women having children and to know attitude and awareness regarding the sex determination techniques among married women attending OPD and antenatal clinic in UHTC, KIMS. Materials and Methods: The cross sectional study was carried out in UHTC, department of community medicine, KIMS, Koppal from January to March 2018. All the women who were registered in antenatal clinic and those who are coming to OPD in the reproductive age group were enrolled. Result: 78.4% were in 17-27 age group. Half of the study paricipants (53%) belongs to lower middle and lower class.31.4% have completed their primary education and more than half of them are having nuclear family. Awareness about sex determination 19.6% told yes, only 9.8% were opined that sex determination can be done. 96.2% not knowing any method of fetal sex determination. Only 33.4% were aware that fetal sex determination is a crime. 57.8% were not known about punishment for sex determination. 64.7% told they have no inerest in gender preferring for additioinal child. Recommendation: Improving the literacy status of women and creating awareness about the consequences of female feticide is need of hour Keywords: Gender bias, Sex determination, Married women, UHTC.

Estimación de la proporción de sexos de neonatos de tortuga charapa (Podocnemis unifilis) mediante morfometría del caparazón, en la Amazonía ecuatoriana

Una de las causas de la declinación de poblaciones de Podocnemis unifilis es la captura y consumo de hembras adultas y sus huevos; por esta presión, existen varios programas de manejo comunitario, los cuales mediante incubación, crianza y liberación de juveniles intentan mitigar esta disminución, sin embargo, en estos programas no conocen la proporción de sexos que van a ser devueltos al río. Este estudio busca determinar la proporción de sexos en neonatos de P. unifilis, mediante métodos morfométricos como una técnica alternativa a procedimientos invasivos de determinación sexual.Se registró un promedio de 31.1 huevos por nido, con un 70 % de éxito de eclosión y períodos de incubación de 72-83 días. El análisis histológico gonadal de 35 individuos permitió la clasificación de 14 neonatos machos y 21 neonatos hembras. El resultado del PCA, realizado con las medidas morfométricas de neonatos, mostró una tendencia en la separación de machos y hembras, con el largo, ancho, plastrón del caparazón como las medidas que más aportaron con esta tendencia, y un porcentaje de clasificación del 77.8 %. Sin embargo no se encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p <0.05) de las medidas morfométricas con respecto a la separación de sexos.

Awareness of prenatal sex determination and preconception and prenatal diagnostic techniques act: A comparative study among rural and urban females of reproductive age group (15–45 years) attending a tertiary care teaching hospital in North India

Background: Preference for a male child by the family leading to a sex-selective abortion has been a leading factor for the skewed sex ratio in India. This has long-term social and demographic consequences. The present study was conducted with the aim to assess the awareness and attitudes regarding prenatal sex determination and preconception and prenatal diagnostic technique act (PC-PNDT) among females of reproductive age group (15–45 years) attending a tertiary care teaching hospital in Jammu district of J and K state in North India. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out among 210 females of reproductive age group. The study participants were administered a predesigned and pretested questionnaire. Data thus obtained were analyzed using SPSS Version 20.0 and expressed in percentages. Chi-square test was used as test of statistical significance with P Results: Awareness about sex determination among respondents was 94%. Higher proportion of urban respondents knew about ultrasound as the technique for sex determination than their rural counterparts (P Conclusion: Respondents had high awareness about sex determination as well as technique used for it. Awareness about PC-PNDT act was on the lower side. Education programs for the women about gender equality and wider publicity of the act in the mass media need to be scaled up.

Knowledge and attitude of men towards sex determination and PCPNDT act in the field practice area of a medical college in coastal Karnataka

Background: Usage of modern sophisticated diagnostic techniques for sex determination and preconception sex selection has been attributed to sex selective abortions and thus, may be a major contributor in decline of sex ratio.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted amongst married male patients attending OPDs of Rural Health Centres of K S Hegde Medical Academy over a period of 3 months (July 2016–September 2016) using a semi-structured and validated questionnaire which contained information on demographic characteristics, knowledge and attitude of married men towards sex determination and PCPNDT act. Sample size: 200. Data was analysed using SPSS 21.Results: Among 200 married men, about 62% of the illiterate knew about sex determination, whereas awareness among college passed out and graduates were 95% and 85% respectively. Awareness about PCPNDT act was 42% in graduates whereas none of the illiterates were aware and 60% of the subject thought sex determination should be punishable. 45% of them did not have any gender preference.Conclusions: This study shows that the knowledge and attitude of participants was better with a higher educational status. Thus, the illiterate part of society needs more awareness about the sex determination and PCPNDT act.

Sex determination in the wild: a field application of loop-mediated isothermal amplification successfully determines sex across three raptor species.

PCR-based methods are the most common technique for sex determination of birds. Although these methods are fast, easy and accurate, they still require special facilities that preclude their application outdoors. Consequently, there is a time lag between sampling and obtaining results that impedes researchers to take decisions insitu and in real time considering individuals' sex. We present an outdoor technique for sex determination of birds based on the amplification of the duplicated sex-chromosome-specific gene Chromo-Helicase-DNA binding protein using a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). We tested our method on Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus), Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus) and Black Kite (Milvus migrans) (family Accipitridae). We introduce the first fieldwork procedure for sex determination of animals in the wild, successfully applied to raptor species of three different subfamilies using the same specific LAMP primers. This molecular technique can be deployed directly in sampling areas because it only needs a voltage inverter to adapt a thermo-block to a car lighter and results can be obtained by the unaided eye based on colour change within the reaction tubes. Primers and reagents are prepared in advance to facilitate their storage at room temperature. We provide detailed guidelines how to implement this procedure, which is simpler (no electrophoresis required), cheaper and faster (results in c. 90min) than PCR-based laboratory methods. Our successful cross-species application across three different raptor subfamilies posits our set of markers as a promising tool for molecular sexing of other raptor families and our field protocol extensible to all bird species.

Gender Preference and Awareness on Sex Determination among Married Woman in Ranchi

Sharp decline in sex-ratio has been observed in India resulting in 40–50 million missing girls since 1901 which cannot be explained by migration, undercount or biologically-ordained differentials at birth alone. A Cross-sectional study was undertaken among married women (in the reproductive age group, 15–45 years) attending G/O OPD, RIMS, Ranchi to study the extent of gender preference and socio-demographic factors associated with it, awareness regarding sex determination techniques and laws governing them. Sample Size — 127; Overall male preference was seen in 66.7%, 23.5% of respondents preferred female child, whereas 9.8% of respondents were indifferent. For male preference the reason offered most commonly being prestige in society. Preference for male child was higher in rural respondents (76.9%). Majority of respondents (70.59%) were aware of sex-determination techniques. Awareness about USG as technique for PNDT was universal. Main sources of information about sex-determination were media (72%). 2/3rd of subjects were aware of place where sex-determination could be carried out. 61% of them had also knowledge about existing laws on PNDT. Rural respondents (60%) were more willing for sex-determination compared to urban counterparts (37.5%).

Sex Identification of Jackass Penguins (Spheniscus demersus) using the CHD Gene

In many avian species, it is difficult to distinguish the sexes based on their external features. Sex determination is an important area of study in developmental and evolutionary biology, as well as in ecology. In penguins, physical sexual characteristics between males and females are hard to differentiate particularly the Jackass penguins (Spheniscus demersus) which show little sexual dimorphism. Although it is always thought that males are usually larger than females, sexing by direct observation may be difficult especially in young birds. In this research, we evaluated a sex determination technique in Jackass Penguins using genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) amplification using primers. Genomic DNA was extracted from feathers of Jackass penguins, Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) and Ducks (Anas Platyrhynchos var. domestica) using E prep (Viagenkorea.CO, Korea) reagent. A primer set is designed for sex determination. The primers amplifythe homologous region of the CHD-W gene (chromo-helicase-DNA-binding gene) unique to females, and the CHD-Z gene, occurring in both sexes and characterized by two bands in females and only one band in males. The results showed that analyses of the polymerase chain reaction products in Jackass penguins using 2550F-2718R and P2/P8 primer sets showed one band in both males and females. Moreover, 2550F-2718R primer set identified the sex of chickens but not in ducks while primer P2/P8 showed only one band in both chickens and ducks. The 1272L-1237H primer showed one band in male and two bands in female in all species tested. It was confirmed that the use of 1272L-1237H primer concur in identifying the sex of the following species: Jackass penguins, ducks and chickens.

274 USE OF DOPPLER ULTRASOUND FOR EQUINE FETAL SEX DETERMINATION

Fetal sex determination in horses is increasingly practiced because of commercial interests, such as obtaining offspring of a desired sex. However, in the last several years, the sex determination technique has been done exclusively by genital tubercle evaluation (55 to 70 days of pregnancy), and it has begun to be done more frequently in horses through evaluation of the fetal gonad (100 to 160 days of pregnancy) because of the difficulties of finding the genital tubercle and the large size of the fetal gonad around 4 months of pregnancy. Doppler ultrasound constitutes a practical, effective, and non-invasive technique for real-time blood flow evaluation of the reproductive tract in horses. The aim of this work was to compare two methods of ultrasound to diagnose equine fetal sex between 100 and 140 days and between 140 and 160 days. Evaluations were performed in 112 pregnant mares between 100 and 160 days of pregnancy using B-mode and colour Doppler ultrasound (My Laboratory Five®, Esaote, Nutricell, Campinas, São Paulo) transrectally. The accuracy of sex identification by ultrasound was successfully tested after birth in all the fetuses analysed (44 females and 68 males). By B-mode ultrasound, it was possible to visualise the gonad in all fetuses (44/44) of females between 100 and 160 days of pregnancy. In males, during the period of 100 to 140 days of pregnancy, gonads and mediastinum were observed in all male fetuses (48/48) of evaluations, and between 141 and 160 days of pregnancy, gonads were detected in 100% (20/20) of fetuses and the mediastinum was detected in 30% (6/20). With colour Doppler ultrasound, the vascularization of the female gonad (between the cortical and medullary zones) was observed in 100% (44/44) of females. In males, between 100 and 120 days of pregnancy, the vascularization of the pampiniform plexus and testicular vein were observed in 100% (28/28) of cases. During the period between 121 and 140 days, vascularization of the pampiniform plexus was observed in 100% (20/20) of the fetuses, and vascularization of the testicular vein was observed in 90% (18/20). When evaluated between 141 and 160 days of pregnancy, vascularization of the pampiniform plexus was detected in 100% (20/29) of male fetuses and vascularization of the testicular vein was detected in 80% (8/10). There was no statistical difference between results obtained with B-mode and colour Doppler ultrasound. Both techniques had high accuracy for equine fetal sex determination. However, according to information from the operators, the colour Doppler ultrasound allowed for a faster and more practical exam because visualisation of tissue blood perfusion facilitated the anatomical assessment of fetal structures. In summary, colour Doppler ultrasound is an effective technique for equine fetal sex determination between 100 and 160 days of pregnancy.

Study of knowledge and attitude regarding prenatal diagnostic techniques act among the pregnant women at a tertiary care teaching hospital in Mumbai

Background:Sex ratio, an important social indicator measuring extent of prevailing equity between males and females in society, is defined as number of females per 1000 males. Changes in sex ratio reflect underlying socioeconomic, cultural patterns of a society. As per 2011 census sex ratio in India is 914/1000 males, which continues to be significantly adverse towards women.Objectives:This study was conducted to assess the knowledge and attitude regarding Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques (PNDT) Act among the pregnant women at a tertiary care teaching hospital in Mumbai.Materials and Methods:A cross-sectional study was carried out in the antenatal ward of Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College and General Hospital, Mumbai during the period of January to April 2008. A total of 143 women were included and a pre-designed and pre-tested questionnaire was used to get information regarding socio-demographic details of the pregnant women. They were asked regarding the knowledge and attitude towards the PNDT Act. Data was analyzed by using Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) 16.0.Results:In the present study, out of 143 women, 105 (73.5%) knew about sex determination. Even out of those who had heard, the correct knowledge regarding PNDT act was very less. Sonography as a technique for sex determination done at private hospital was known to the majority of women.Conclusion:Education of women about gender equality and recommendations under PNDT act in order to improve declining sex ratio in our country must be done. Wide publicization in the media of the Act must be scaled up.

Nonmetric Sex Determination from the Distal and Posterior Humerus in Black and White South Africans

The successful identification of human skeletal remains relies on proven diagnostic techniques for sex determination. This research utilized 608 individuals from South Africa (420 men, 188 women) to conduct a blind nonmetric determination of sex from three features of the distal humerus: olecranon fossa shape, angle of the medial epicondyle, and trochlear extension. A scoring system between males and females was implemented, and the aggregate score of the three features determined the estimated sex of the skeletal element in question. With all features combined, black and white South Africans were categorized successfully as either male or female 75.5% (77% accuracy rate for females, 74% accuracy rate for males). This classification rate is lower than what was found in previous studies, but suggests that characteristics of the distal humerus are still quite valuable when estimating skeletal sex. More research is needed to assess reasons for the differential expression of these traits in different populations and to determine whether the method is nonpopulation specific.

Comparison of techniques for sex determination of American martens

AbstractAccurate determination of sex in harvested species is critical for understanding demography and developing population models for management. We used genetic‐based sex identification to assess accuracy of external carcass and pelt examination at registration and maximum canine root area (MRA) to determine sex of American martens (Martes americana) trapped in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, 2000–2004. Overall percent similarity between MRA and genetic‐based sex determination was 98.4% (n = 188). In contrast, only 84.6% (n = 421) of martens were similarly classified using external examination. For external examination, percent similarity to genetic‐based sex determination for juveniles (<1‐yr old) and adults (≥1‐yr old; Wald χ21 = 2.168, P = 0.141), as well as for males and females (Wald χ21 = 0.005, P = 0.946), was similar. We recommend MRA as a suitable technique for sex determination of martens; thus, marten sex and age (using cementum annuli counts) can be obtained from one lower canine tooth. We do not recommend use of external examination at registration to identify sex of martens without implementing additional quality assurance measures. © 2010 The Wildlife Society.

An ARMS‐based technique for sex determination of red panda (Ailurus fulgens)

Molecular sexing is a key component in the investigation of wild populations. In this study, we developed a fast, accurate and reliable amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) technique for sex determination of red panda based on the exon 4 of the ZFX/ZFY gene. The amplicons were distinguished simply by agarose gel electrophoresis, exhibiting one fragment in females (X: 300 bp) and two in males (X: 300 bp, Y: 166 bp). Robustness of this ARMS system was confirmed by testing both 43 captive red pandas using DNA samples with known-sex and 10 wild red pandas using faecal DNA samples with unknown sex.