Development Of Techniques Research Articles

Проблемы развития наукоградов Российской Федерации

This article is devoted to the need for the development of cities with the status of a science city of the Russian Federation, whose innovative structure is aimed at creating unique scientific and technical developments and products. The paper analyzed the main indicators of science cities of the Russian Federation (funding volumes, population, etc.), and identified problems affecting the development of these territories. The author also notes that the main task for the state is the economic growth and sovereignty of the country, which can be achieved through the training of highly qualified personnel, breakthrough research and development, modern material and technical base and innovative activities. Further development of the country is possible only thanks to the return of the former image to the science cities of the Russian Federation — the development of territories with high scientific and innovative potential, with a comfortable urban environment attractive for work and life.

Artificial Intelligence in Software Testing for Emerging Fields: A Review of Technical Applications and Developments

The rapid evolution of the Internet industry has transformed software development in emerging fields, making it markedly different from traditional approaches. Consequently, software testing has become increasingly complex. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has introduced innovative technologies and methodologies to software testing, attracting growing research interest in recent years. This study employs a systematic literature review to gather and analyze relevant research on AI applications in software testing over the past four years. Through careful screening, synthesis, and organization of literature, the study provides a detailed analysis of research progress in this field. The review examines 30 carefully selected papers, primarily focusing on the technical advancements and applications of AI in software testing within emerging domains such as cloud technology, autonomous driving, and DevOps. It explores various AI applications in software testing, including test case generation, GUI testing, and defect prediction. As a comprehensive review, this paper summarizes recent progress in AI technology applications for software testing, with particular emphasis on emerging trends. Based on these findings, the study proposes potential research directions and topics, offering valuable insights and laying a foundation for future work in this rapidly evolving field.

A Preliminary Economic Analysis of the Process of Decarbonising an Oil-Exporting Country: The Case of Libya

This paper offers a basic analysis for strategic decision-makers of the process when an economy shifts from oil to non-carbon energy exports and zero carbon emissions. The fundamental concept is how to offer environmental performance without causing an economic contraction. The costs and feasibility of solar, wind, and helium closed-cycle technologies are thoroughly and independently compared. Solar panels make up 0.67% of the USD 1.14 trillion total cost of solar energy, which is the capital investment, with panels accounting for 0.51%. Future technical developments are expected to bring down the cost of such solar farms to USD 0.74 trillion. Turbines comprise 66% of the estimated USD 0.67 trillion wind energy costs. At USD 0.36 trillion, helium closed-cycle gas turbines—which account for 0.78% of the overall cost—are essential for stabilising energy output. With a focus on cost viability, this analysis offers direction for Libya’s transition to energy self-sufficiency and export, in support of global carbon reduction targets. It also offers unique insights into areas not previously covered by other studies. This paper’s unique contribution is its economic analysis of the decarbonisation of an entire oil-exporting nation.

Parameters of oculomotor activity and cerebral hemodynamics in students with different types of autonomic reactivity while performing cognitive tasks

BACKGROUND: At the current state of human development, with the high rates of knowledge accumulation and accelerated social and technical evolution, studying the psychophysiological features of cognitive activity within a limited time is essential. AIM: To examine oculomotor activity and cerebral hemodynamics parameters in students with different types of autonomic reactivity while performing cognitive tasks. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study enrolled 110 students of the Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov (mean age, 19.0±0.5 years). To identify specific features of cognitive activity in various timing conditions, the type of autonomic nervous system reactivity was determined. Eye movements were tracked when solving cognitive tasks at various timing conditions. A rheoencephalogram was simultaneously recorded to assess cerebral hemodynamics. The efficiency of cognitive activity was assessed in various timing conditions with consideration of the identified individual typological features. RESULTS: The participants demonstrated different efficiency levels of cognitive activity when performing cognitive tasks at various timing conditions. Students with a sympathetic-tone type of autonomic reactivity revealed the most efficient and rapid processing of visual information under a time-constraint setting owing to the presence of a more stable relationship between oculomotor activity and cerebral hemodynamics parameters. Participants with parasympathetic-tone reactivity showed the lowest success rates in cognitive activity and the least stable relationships between oculomotor activity and cerebral hemodynamics. CONCLUSIONS: Young individuals with different types of autonomic reactivity exhibited general and specific alterations in cerebral hemodynamics and oculomotor activity when performing cognitive tasks under a time-constraint setting. They showed different efficiency levels of cognitive activity. Thus, human cognitive abilities under stress depend on the reactivity type of the nervous system. The specific changes in oculomotor reactions and cerebral hemodynamics parameters may be considered success markers of cognitive activity. The most successful cognitive activity under limited time conditions is ensured with a more stable statistical relationship between cerebral hemodynamics and oculomotor activity parameters. This is reflected in a stable factor model of visual cognitive activity, regardless of time limitations.

Facile Preparation of Polymerizable Deep Eutectic Solvents Under Mild Conditions for Multisensory Ionic Skins

AbstractPolymerizable deep eutectic solvents (PDESs) have emerged as promising building blocks for next‐generation eutectic gels, offering new opportunities for the development of advanced electronic devices. Traditional PDES fabrication typically involves heating and extended processing time. In this study, a facile method where a solid‐solid mixture of lithium bis(trifluoromethane) sulfonimide (LiTFSI) and acrylamide (AAm) rapidly forms a PDES at room temperature, significantly simplifying the ionogel preparation is presented. By combining this PDES with another system, comprising 3‐[dimethyl‐[2‐(2‐methylprop‐2‐enoyloxy)ethyl]azaniumyl]propane‐1‐sulfonate (SBMA) and ethylene glycol (EG), an eutectic gel is successfully fabricated with exceptional mechanical and conductive properties. This gel exhibits a fracture stress of 0.8 MPa, fracture energy of 3.7 kJ m−2, adhesion strength of 60 kPa, transmittance over 90%, high conductivity (0.113 S m−1), and an outstanding temperature tolerance ranged from ‐50 to 50 °C. Notably, the absence of chemical crosslinkers and the presence of reversible interactions such as hydrogen bonding and ion‐dipole electrostatic forces impart excellent self‐healing capabilities. These combined features position the gel a promising candidate for multisensory ionic skins, capable of detecting pressure, temperature, humidity, and sweat. This work pioneers the rapid, mild‐condition synthesis of PDESs, paving the way for new techniques in ionic skin development.

MONITORAMENTO DE RECURSOS HIDRÍCOS POR ALTIMETRIA ESPACIAL

Although most of the space missions discussed here have not been primarily dedicated to hydrology, 31 years of spatial altimetry have provided complementary data that can be used to create hydrological products for watersheds, such as time series water levels, estimates of river flows, longitudinal riverbed altitude profiles, minimum and maximum elevations, or leveling of stations in situ. The raw data still suffer from uncertainties of several decimeters. Today, altimetry techniques are evolving rapidly. One direction is the change of the radar band, from Ku to Ka. Another change is the replacement of the current LR Mode with SAR or Interferometry modes. Both evolutions tend to drastically decrease the imaged range, reducing both the contamination of the echo by the environment of the water body, and improving the vertical accuracy. Finally, as of 2015, the research missions were replaced by operational ones, making the longevity of the sampling sites more certain. All the aforementioned technical evolutions have been grouped together in the SWOT mission, a Ka-band interferometric altimeter, the first satellite mission actually dedicated to providing full coverage of continental waters, launched in December 2022.

A diffusion of innovation (DOI) analysis of 3D food printing adoption among food sector early adopters

PurposeResearch on 3DFP has focused on technical developments and consumer acceptance, but the practical implications of adopting this technology from industry perspectives across food sectors are underexplored. This study aimed to uncover factors influencing 3DFP adoption and the prospects of this technology by interviewing food businesses using 3DFP in different food sectors around the globe.Design/methodology/approachThe Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) model, a process-oriented adoption approach, was utilized to understand the technological, adopter and social factors influencing 3DFP adoption in food businesses.FindingsDecisions to adopt 3DFP hinged on technology compatibility with business needs, adopters’ innovation and technology interests and perceived public interest. Early adoption cases revealed 3DFP benefits over conventional technologies in improved product design, customization, food versatility, convenience and sustainability. Interconnected barriers to adoption included high investment costs, limited technology capacity, negative consumer perception and a low adoption rate by large companies. Proposed barrier solutions by businesses encompassed improving technology scalability and leveraging food and technology familiarity alongside alternative technology labelling to increase visibility and interest by large companies and consumers.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study assessing the determinants of early adopting 3DFP, covering perspectives from different food sectors and using the DOI model. The study’s insights are valuable for food industry stakeholders: policymakers, industry leaders, food businesses and researchers. It can guide subsequent adopters’ decision-making and inform future research on technical, social and business aspects to enhance adoption in the promissory food sectors for 3DFP such as protein alternatives.

Contactless Conductivity Detection for Capillary Electrophoresis-Developments From 2020 to 2024.

The review covering the development of capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection from 2020 to 2024 is the latest in a series going back to 2004. The article considers applications employing conventional capillaries and planar lab-on-chip devices as well as fundamental and technical developments of the detector and complete electrophoresis instrumentation.

Exploring the Application of Game Engine in Creating 2D Fighting Game

With the burgeoning growth of the digital entertainment industry, 2D side-scrolling fighting games, as a classic genre, are confronted with the dual challenges of innovation and technological renewal. To address these challenges, this study aims to delve into the development techniques and methodologies of 2D side-scrolling fighting games, with a particular focus on leveraging game engines to enhance the overall quality and player experience of the games. Utilizing a combination of literature review, case study, and empirical research, this study conducts a thorough assessment of current mainstream fighting game engines. By analyzing successful cases of 2D side-scrolling fighting games both domestically and internationally, this research endeavors to distill an effective development process and key technical points to guide game developers in making more informed decisions during the design and implementation phases. The findings of this study not only contribute to improving the playability and market competitiveness of games but also offer new perspectives and strategies for the sustainable development of the gaming industry.

Flight testing of laser-optical techniques for future optical air data sensors

AbstractOptical air data sensors, which can serve as alternatives or supplements to traditional air data systems, have been a subject of ongoing research. These remote sensing optical sensors offer the advantage of measuring primary air data parameters in undisturbed airflow. As active sensors, they can self-diagnose, associating each measurement with an uncertainty and accounting for signal loss due to factors such as icing or light blocking, thus avoiding silent false measurements. In this paper, we discuss a recent flight test campaign of optical measurement techniques for potential development into air data sensors for future aircraft. We used laser Doppler anemometry, which relies on aerosol scattering of laser light, to observe the Doppler shift of scattered light from multiple directions. This enables the reconstruction of the full wind vector and the retrieval of true air speed, angle of attack, and angle of sideslip. A second instrument used tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy, which measures an individual transition of molecular oxygen in the A band, in order to extract the static pressure from the observed collisional broadening. The techniques were implemented as airborne research instruments on the DLR’s Dassault Falcon 20 aircraft and tested in two campaigns in 2022 under different atmospheric conditions and dynamic maneuvers. We present results from these campaigns, focusing on general sensor performance, measurement rates, accuracy, and experimental challenges that need to be addressed for future applications.

How the Handcraft Typography Can Enhance Children’s Language Learning Experience

This study used a design experiment that instructs children on how to approach each letter to investigate typography design methodologies and manual techniques. Since children are still in the early stages of learning and the content they are exposed to is of great significance, the topic of children's education is always one that the entire community is intensely interested in discussing. According to researchers, typography is a popular medium and expressive technique in technology development, and art education is important for improving human communication. Typography with illustration may also help children achieve a clear sense of each letter's collocation by means of expression, recognition, and understanding through children's cognitive development by adding handcraft activities to each letter's characters. To approach new design considerations in typography and typeface experimentation, the current research analyses children's learning materials to consider their learning obstacles. Using an innovative design approach method in children's learning materials, this study demonstrates how children's drive to learn may be inspired and encouraged by a more engaging learning environment, leading to improved learning outcomes. Using paper-folding graphic visualization can also help kids understand the shape of each letter.

Comparison of Implant Precision with Robots, Navigation, or Static Guides

Comparison of Implant Precision with Robots, Navigation, or Static Guides

The Relationship between Tu Nationality and Mongolia from the Characteristics of Folk Songs

The long historical connection between the Tu nationality and the Mongol nationality is not only reflected in oral legends and documentary records, but also deeply reflected in their music culture. This paper deeply probes into the inheritance of the music characteristics of Mongolian folk songs, and reveals the deep connection between the two nationalities through the analysis of folk songs. Through the investigation of the use of Mongolian words, rhythm and melody development techniques in Tu folk songs, it clearly shows the absorption and retention of Tu folk song culture to Mongolian music culture.

Calculating and Reporting Coefficients of Variation for DIA-Based Proteomics.

The coefficient of variation (CV) is a measure that is frequently used to assess data dispersion for mass spectrometry-based proteomics. In the current era of burgeoning technical developments, there has been an increased focus on using CVs to measure the quantitative precision of new methods. Thus, it has also become important to define a set of guidelines on how to calculate and report the CVs. This perspective shows the effects that the CV equation, data normalization as well as software parameters, can have on data dispersion and CVs, highlighting the importance of reporting all these variables within the methods section. It also proposes a set of recommendations to calculate and report CVs for technical studies, where the main objective is to benchmark technical developments with a focus on precision. To assist in this process, a novel R package to calculate CVs (proteomicsCV) is also included.

Assessing Lesotho High Schools Teachers’ Content Knowledge of Teaching Narrative Composition Writing

Proficiency in English narrative composition is essential for developing learners' creative and critical thinking abilities. Teachers frequently face challenges, including insufficient training in narrative techniques, language barriers, and curriculum limitations that prioritise examinations preparation over creative writing. This study employed semi-structured interviews with 15 teachers from three academic specialisations—English Language and Literature, English and Geography, and English and Sesotho—to explore the extent of teachers' knowledge regarding plot structure, character development, and stylistic techniques. Research findings reveal that only five teachers demonstrate high proficiency in these areas, while the majority show moderate to low understanding, particularly in teaching complex narrative structures and indirect characterisation. The research highlights the necessity for focused professional development and curriculum modifications to improve teachers' instructional skills in narrative writing, potentially leading to better student performance and engagement. These insights give direction for the formulation of teacher training and educational policies in Lesotho and comparable multilingual settings.

Anorectal malformations.

Anorectal malformations (ARM) are rare congenital anomalies with an overall prevalence of 3.32 per 10,000 pregnancies. ARM describe a spectrum of anomalies of the anus and rectum ranging from a minimally displaced anal canal to a complete fusion of the anorectum, vagina and urethra with hypoplastic sphincter and pelvic floor muscle. Aberrant septation of the hindgut with anomalous cloacal membrane during weeks 6 to 9 of gestation form the developmental basis for a spectrum of anomalies defined as ARM. Although underlying specific syndromes and occasional familiar occurrence suggest genetic aetiology, most ARM are non-syndromic and their causal genetic mechanisms and non-genetic insults remain unclear. ARM is a clinical diagnosis, generally made early after birth via careful inspection of the perineum. Prenatal detection remains rare, and modern technical developments have added little to prenatal diagnostics. ARM is corrected surgically. Since its introduction in 1982, posterior sagittal anorectoplasty is the most common surgery for ARM reconstruction. Subsequent surgical adaptations focus on minimizing iatrogenic operative injury by limiting surgical invasiveness. They include laparoscopic procedures and shortening of incisions with confined dissection in open surgery. Although outcomes in patients with ARM have evolved throughout the past decades, there is urgent need for further improvements both in functional outcomes and quality of life. The importance of psychosocial experiences of affected patients is increasingly recognized. Continued research is necessary to improve prenatal detection, to elucidate genetic and epigenetic alterations and to refine optimal surgical procedures.

Golden opportunities? How marketing expectations drive purchase intentions of golden rice in Bangladesh and the Philippines

ABSTRACT Golden Rice (GR), genetically modified (GM) rice enriched with provitamin A, holds promise to address micronutrient deficiencies in developing countries. However, its success hinges on market acceptance. This study investigates how the marketing aspects of GR influence consumers’ purchase intentions in Bangladesh and the Philippines. The Expectation Confirmation Theory (ECT) is employed to analyze the role of expectations regarding the marketing mix components (i.e. product, price, place, promotion), risk perceptions, performance expectations, and expected satisfaction on consumers’ purchase intentions. Data from online surveys in Bangladesh (n = 391) and the Philippines (n = 354), collected using convenience sampling, were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Findings reveal that positive expectations toward the marketing mix, performance, and satisfaction increase consumers’ purchase intention of GR, whereas risk perceptions have a negative influence. Additionally, it was found that expectations toward all four marketing mix components significantly affect purchase intention in Bangladesh. However, only product and promotion have a notable influence in the Philippines. These results emphasize the importance of effectively addressing consumers’ marketing expectations to help ensure a successful implementation. This study is novel as it delves into consumers’ purchase intentions for a GM biofortified crop and their expectations for different aspects of its future marketing (i.e. product, price, place, promotion), performance, and satisfaction. If GR is commercialized, future research should validate these expectations based on actual consumer experiences. Additionally, longitudinal studies could track changes in consumer expectations over time, identifying consistently valued marketing elements and offering a valuable technique for product development before launch.

Systematic study on the influence of inductive chargers on active personal dosemeters

Electromagnetic compatibility testing plays an important role in the type testing of radiation protection dosemeters in view of technical developments and the associated increase in electromagnetic fields. Lately, the use of inductive charging devices has grown as a user-friendly type of charging mobile-phones. In this article, we investigate their impact on active personal dosemeters (APD). The measurements show a substantial additional dose reading of up to several tens of mSv when exposed to the field of an inductive charger for 20 s. According to the widely used Qi standard, the charging devices operate at frequencies of between 87 kHz and 205 kHz for power transfers between 5 W and 30 W. These parameters fall outside the scope of type-testing standards for APD. An update of the standards might therefore be necessary.

Metrology-grade spectroscopy source based on an optical parametric oscillator

Continuous-wave optical parametric oscillators (OPOs) are widely tunable and powerful sources of narrow-linewidth radiation. These properties make them suitable for a wide range of spectroscopic studies - but so far not at the metrological level. Indeed, although important technical OPO developments occurred more than two decades ago, and commercial devices have been available for nearly as long, the long-hoped-for the potential of these devices, providing simultaneously ultralow linewidth, ultrahigh frequency stability, ultrahigh frequency accuracy, and wide wavelength coverage has not yet become a reality. Here, we present an OPO metrology system suitable for optical spectroscopy with ultra-high resolution and accuracy in the 2.2 - 3.9 μm range. The system relies on the second-harmonic generation of the idler wave to bridge the gap to the near-infrared regime where frequency combs are readily available. By actively controlling the pump laser frequency, the idler radiation is phase-locked to an optically stabilized frequency comb, enabling a full transfer of the frequency comb’s spectral properties to the idler radiation and measuring the idler frequency with ultra-high precision. We reach fractional line widths and Allan deviations of the idler radiation at the level of 4 × 10−14 and 1 × 10−14, respectively. We also perform a thorough characterization of the stabilized OPO via a comparison with a second, independent optically stabilized frequency comb and thereby determine an overall idler frequency systematic uncertainty of less than 1.2 × 10−14. Sources of residual frequency noise are identified. The system delivered excellent results in high-accuracy spectroscopy.

A modified Holmquist‒Johnson‒Cook (HJC) constitutive model and its application to numerical simulations of explosions and impacts in rock materials

The Holmquist‒Johnson‒Cook (HJC) model is a commonly used constitutive model for simulations of the dynamic response and damage characteristics of geotechnical materials under explosions and impacts. However, certain deficiencies in its strength, strain rate, and damage models limit its computational effectiveness. Therefore, this paper first introduced the constitutive relation of the HJC. Then, the single-strength equation of the original HJC was improved by adopting three limiting surfaces and considering the impact of the Lode-angle on the yield surface. The hyperbolic tangent function was employed to model the rate effect, and the recommended strain rate parameters for rock materials were provided. Furthermore, an exponential strain softening function-based tensile damage equation was introduced to address tensile damage under negative pressure. On this basis, a method for determining parameters for the modified HJC in rock materials was proposed. Finally, the modified model was incorporated into the LS-DYNA material library using secondary development techniques, and multiple types of impact and explosion experiments on different types of rock materials were simulated using both the original and modified HJC. Additionally, the modified HJC was compared with several other modified HJC versions from various perspectives. It has been found that the simulation results of the modified HJC are in closer agreement with the experimental results than those of the original HJC. Compared to other modified HJC models, the modified HJC proposed in this paper offers a broader range of applications and a better compromise between computational efficiency and the number of parameters.