Technical Trade Barriers Research Articles

The Impact of Technical Trade Barriers on China's Economic Development

The Impact of Technical Trade Barriers on China's Economic Development

Negative and Positive Environmental Effects of Technical Trade Barriers on Developing Countries

Negative and Positive Environmental Effects of Technical Trade Barriers on Developing Countries

Analysis of the Impact of Technical Trade Barriers on the Export of Toys—Based on Analysis of Zhejiang, China

Analysis of the Impact of Technical Trade Barriers on the Export of Toys—Based on Analysis of Zhejiang, China

Research on Green Barriers and Countermeasures for Chinese Materia Medica Entering ASEAN Countries under the Background of the Belt and Road Initiative

China-ASEAN Free Trade Area is a huge economy covering 11 countries and 1.9 billion people, and has become the largest free trade area among developing countries. Because of the geographical proximity and cultural similarities between China and ASEAN, and the fact that most ASEAN countries have a high recognition of (Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and prefer to use traditional medicine to treat diseases, there is a large market demand for Chinese Materia Medica (CMM). China-ASEAN Free Trade Area has become an important market for CMM exports. However, ASEAN countries have different degrees of green barriers to CMM exports, mainly including technical trade barriers (TTBs) and non-technical trade barriers (NTBs), and these green barriers have caused a certain impact of the entry of CMM into ASEAN countries. This article proposes legal countermeasures for CMM exports to ASEAN countries to deal with green barriers in terms of Chinese government's diplomacy, trade policy, industrial structure, intellectual property protection, quality of CMM, as well as Chinese enterprises' internal management, dispute resolution, communication and cooperation, with a view to developing the market of CMM in ASEAN countries. In order to speed up the pace of "going out" of CMM.

International trade disputes related to fish products and Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies: Key regulatory issues and litigation outlook

Fish-related trade disputes dealt with by the World Trade Organization (WTO) arise from the complexity of the fisheries industry, and the transboundary nature of fish, combined with differing national policies and interests. The Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies (AFS) aims to strengthen the role of the WTO in regulating the fish trade and curbing unsustainable fishing practices such as illegal fishing, overcapacity, and overfishing by limiting excessive fisheries subsidies. This article reveals the legal framework of the WTO to regulate the fish trade and resolve trade disputes and outlines the prospects for fish trade in light of the Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies (AFS). It has been established that general principles, quantitative restrictions, and anti-dumping measures, rather than subsidies, are the most common legal issues in trade disputes on fish products. Technical trade barriers, sanitary and phytosanitary measures, and general national exemptions are also frequent sources of disputes in the fish trade. These measures, designed for safety, health, and environmental reasons, are increasingly used for protectionist purposes by creating trade barriers. The AFS expands the legal framework for resolving trade disputes in the field of fish trade after its ratification. However, this recent international regulation combined with climate change and tightening food standards, is expected to lead to more disputes with developing countries over the fish trade.

The impact of technical barriers to trade on China's electronics industry exports

Trade in electronic products occupies an important position in China's trade exports, but with the development of global trade in electronic products, the impact effect of technical barriers to trade has been highlighted. Based on the current situation of China's electronic product exports, this paper aims to study the dilemma of technical barriers faced by China's electronics industry product exports and their impact effects, and give strategies to deal with technical trade barriers to help China's electronics industry's foreign trade development.

Exploring the Inhibitory Effect of RASFF on China-EU Trade of Rice-Based Products

ABSTRACT Rice-based products exported from China to Europe have repeatedly encountered technical trade barriers. Using panel data from 24 states of the European Union during 2001–2017, this study builds a theoretical model to investigate the impact of implementation, intensity and structure of the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) on China-EU rice-based product trade. The study found that RASFF has a serious inhibitory effect on the trade of traditional rice-based products because of detecting GM ingredients, showing an obvious lag effect, diffusion effect and structure effect. The negative effect occurs in entry process, and the inhibitory effect of border rejection and information notifications results in time lag, but the marginal effect of alerts for market links is insignificant. Moreover, the positive information disclosure effect of technical barriers implemented by individual members is much smaller than the negative diffusion effect. Finally, countermeasures and suggestions are proposed, including the source supervision of the test, the supervision of GM variety approval and GM seed production, the establishment of an early-warning and rapid-response mechanism to technical barriers of agricultural products, and food enterprise information.

Research on the Countermeasures of China's LED Lamps Export in Response to European and American Technical Barriers

At present, Covid-19 continues to be popular all over the world, the international trade friction is constant, the ecological environment is worsening, and the LED lamps market in China is struggling to survive. On the one hand, the improvement of environmental protection requirements leaves little time for the development of LED lamps market in China, on the other hand, the international trade friction is intensifying, and the technical barriers to trade adopted by Europe and the United States have an increasing impact on China's LED lamps export. Certification bodies, certification frequency, access requirements, production standards, environmental protection and safety are becoming more and more strict. The total export products of China's LED lamps market are decreasing year by year, the profits of export products are declining, and the brand influence of export products is even weaker. In order to deal with technical trade barriers in Europe and America, this paper puts forward several countermeasures from the national level, market level and enterprise level, hoping to provide help for China's LED lamps export.

Harmonising Seed Regulatory Regime for up-scaling Global Seed Trade

Quality seed of well adapted improved varieties are fundamental for the agricultural development. Considerable efforts have been made towards the strengthening seed sector in many parts of the world in terms of seed production and distribution with appropriate seed policies, laws and regulations etc. Global seed market is growing enormously and is highly dependent on the seed regulatory frameworks at national and international levels. An efficient and transparent seed regulatory system is crucial to ensure that farmers have timely access to high quality seed at an affordable price. The international seed regulatory framework consists of (i) seed certification schemes based on varietal identity and varietal purity (OECD & AOSCA); (ii) seed testing (ISTA, AOSA); (iii) phytosanitary measures (IPPC, WTO-SPS & NPPO); and the plant variety protection (UPOV or sui generis systems). The rapid growth in the volume of international seed trade has given rise to many challenges, of which, the need for harmonization of seed regulatory framework is of utmost importance. International organisations such as, the OECD, ISTA, AOSA, UPOV, IPPC have been involved in the development of uniform, standard and science-based seed regulatory framework and methodologies, which have been adopted by the governments and seed industries around the world. The harmonization of seed regulatory framework with appropriate seed policies, capacity building activities, and awareness creation among the farmers would certainly help to boost the global seed trade by assuring confidence about the quality, good coordination between the public-private stakeholders, increased transparency and reducing technical trade barriers. This would also improve the farmers access to quality seeds of well adapted crop varieties in all the regions of the world.

International Trade Barriers and Countermeasures of Chinese Medicinal Materials Based on Big Data

With the development of global big data and trade liberalization, tariff barriers are gradually weakened, while technical trade barriers, mainly in the form of technical regulations, standards, and conformity assessment procedures, are constantly strengthening. Affected by this, in recent years, my country’s traditional Chinese medicine industry has also suffered technical trade barriers from various countries, and the export of Chinese medicine has been seriously affected. In this regard, the purpose of this article is to study the international trade barriers and countermeasures of Chinese herbal medicines based on big data. This article first expounds the meaning of technical barriers to trade in traditional Chinese medicines, and classifies them according to the form and substance of technical barriers to trade in traditional Chinese medicines. The experimental results indicate that an anti-technical trade barrier service system for the Chinese medicine industry must be established as soon as possible. The industry association must give full play to its communication and coordination role, reduce the number of Chinese medicinal materials rejected by foreign countries to less than 31 batches, and provide suggestions for the government and enterprises. Innovative ability, establish the concept of quality management, and face the technical trade barriers of traditional Chinese medicine with a positive attitude.

Growing Protectionism After The Financial Crisis: What is the Evidence?

The weak global GDP growth since the financial crisis in 2007-2009 has coincided with unusually weak growth in global trade. Organisations that monitor international macro-economic development have identified growing protectionism – not least the increase in non-tariff barriers to trade, such as local regulations or subsidies – as a potential cause of the weaker growth in global trade. Non-tariff barriers to trade are a significant element of countries’ trade policies and may often be more harmful than tariff trade barriers. In particular, technical trade barriers and other administrative costs that export companies encounter can inhibit trade. The number of initiated and introduced technical trade barriers increased at the beginning of the financial crisis. Both initiated and introduced technical trade barriers have since remained at high levels. At the same time, the number of international health and safety requirements for food, animal and vegetable products has increased. The average global tariff level has decreased somewhat since the mid- 2000s, which is in contrast to the strong increase in various non-tariff barriers to trade. However, according to a report by Global Trade Alert, since the financial crisis the number of policy measures that restrict trade has increased significantly faster than the number of policy measures that liberalise trade. Research shows that protectionist measures affect international trade negatively. There is thus good reason to believe that the sharp increase in non-tariff barriers in recent years is an important contributing factor to the weaker growth in global trade.

The law and economics of Canada's WTO litigation contesting U.S. country‐of‐origin labeling (COOL)

AbstractWe explain the interplay of law and economics in the successful WTO challenge by Canada of U.S. mandatory country‐of‐origin labeling (COOL) measures for beef and pork, which hinged on origin of livestock used in U.S. meat production. Canada mounted a successful legal and economic strategy to convince WTO adjudicating bodies that the United States had violated specific WTO provisions. Canada's economic evidence shows that through costs of segregation the COOL measure harmed the competitive position of Canadian cattle and hogs in the U.S. market. Economic evidence was built into the strategy and cited by the WTO Panels in support of their legal findings that the COOL measure violated U.S. obligations under WTO agreements. Canada was awarded rights to more than one billion Canadian dollars in retaliation and the United States responded by eliminating the offending COOL measure. The COOL case demonstrates how economic and econometric evidence can be used in complex dispute settlement proceedings dealing with technical trade barriers. Economics is especially valuable in the initial stage of framing the effects at issue, in the intermediate stages of documenting empirical causation and in the final stage of litigation, which was to calculate and defend the amount of retaliation.

Understanding Mycotoxin Contamination Across the Food Chain in Brazil: Challenges and Opportunities.

Brazil is one of the largest food producers and exporters in the world. In the late 20th century, the European Union program for the harmonization of regulations for contaminants in food, including mycotoxins, led to the examination of mycotoxin contamination in foods at a global level. The problem of the rejection of food by the European Union and other countries became a Brazilian national priority because of economic and food safety aspects. Ochratoxin A in coffee and cocoa and aflatoxins in Brazil nuts are examples of the impact of technical trade barriers on Brazilian foods. To overcome these threats, several strategies were undertaken by Brazilian and international organizations. In this context, the Codex Commission on Food Contaminants (CCCF) has emerged as a forum to discuss with more transparency issues related to mycotoxins, focusing on establishing maximum levels and codes of practices for some commodities and mycotoxins to ensure fair trade and food safety. Our experience in investigating and understanding mycotoxin contamination across the food chains in Brazil has contributed nationally and internationally to providing some answers to these issues.

NON-TARIFF MEASURES IMPACT ON INDONESIAN FISHERY EXPORT

This study aims to analyze the impact of Non tariff measures using sanitary and phytosanitary policy (SPS) and technical trade barriers (TBTs) on fishery exports of Indonesia and its trading partner countries such as China, South Korea, Vietnam, Canada, Russia and the European Union in period of 2007 to 2016. SPS and TBT are measured using inventory approach in the form of coverage ratio. In addition, this study uses a gravity model and panel data regression method. The results of this study indicate that the variables GDP of exporting country and GDP of importing country have a positive and significant effect on Indonesian fishery exports. Distance and SPS have a negative and significant effect on Indonesian fishery exports, while TBT has no effect on Indonesian fishery exports. Keywords: Export, SPS and TBT, Fishery Export, coverage ratio

중국기업인의 대 한국 무역장벽인식에 관한 실증연구

This study is an empirical analysis of Chinese businessmen"s perception of Korea"s trade barriers in trade with Korea since the Korea-China FTA. Existing studies in Korea and China have mostly focused on trade barriers to their trade partner from their own perspective, and there have been few studies on their trade barriers from the viewpoint of their trade partner. This study examined the perception of Korea"s trade barriers through the survey from Chinese companies. The result also implies that the degree of dissatisfaction with tariff level is the most influential factor to the support of Korea-China FTA. Certification and cost factors came in second, followed by customs clearance, inspection/quarantine and technical trade barriers factors. In order to develop trade between Korea and China, some points to be considered. First, further negotiations are needed to lower the tariff rates of both countries faster than the FTA negotiations. Second, the drastic abolition of non-tariff measures in both countries. Third, it describes the details of the relaxation of non-tariff measures in the case of new FTAs or further negotiations between FTA partners. Fourth ,minimizing the effect of regulation that hinders trade.

A Study on Technical Barriers to Trade and Certification System in China : Focusing on the Technical Requirement of Anti-counterfeiting Traceability Code

본 연구는 중국의 무역기술장벽 현황과 2010년 중국에서 실행된 “상업제품코드(CPC)”, 2018년 2월에 실시된 중국 국가기술표준 “위조방지역추척코드기술조건”을 고찰하였다. 중국의 새로운 국가기술표준이 비관세무역장벽(TBT)으로서 수입제품에 적용될 경우, 우리나라 수출기업의 초기 시장진출 지연 및 행정비용 발생에 따른 추가적인 가격경쟁력 하락의 효과를 도출하였다. 국내기술표준의 높은 기술력 요구는 자국 생산품 품질향상을 촉진시킬 것이지만, 수입상품의 국내시장진입을 저해하는 요소로도 작용하게 될 것이다. 이에 무역기술장벽(TBT)의 대응방안으로 우리나라 국내기술표준의 국제표준화에 초점을 두어 중국 신규 무역기술장벽에 대한 사전 준비의 필요성을 제안하였다.This study is a Chinese national technical standard conducted in China Technical Barriers to Trade Situation and parts of February 1, 2018 “Technical Requirement of Anti-counterfeiting Traceability Code” and in March 2010 has been executed part one day in the Chinese domestic “Commerce Product Code (CPC)” was examined. When China s new national technical standards are applied to imported products. As a non-tariff trade barriers were drawn down the additional effect of price competitiveness in the market early delays and related administrative costs. High technology requirements of local technical standards will also act as factors that will promote improved its product quality, inhibiting the domestic market of imported goods. In response to the measures of technical trade barriers by focusing on international standardization of national technical standards it suggests the need for advance preparation for the Chinese New Technical Barriers to Trade.

(Possible) impact of CETA on creation of law

The paper brings an analysis, and possible solutions, regarding “threats” to regulatory sovereignty of the parties to the CETA. Hence technical trade barriers, sanitary and phytosanitary measures, regulatory cooperation, liberalization of services and protection of investors are focal points for estimating future development of legal regime in both the EU and Canada. The analysis assesses only “possible” impact of the CETA because it will be subject to ratification and the outcome of this process is insecure.

Technical Barriers to Trade and China’s Trade

China’s foreign trade volume is growing due to the increasingly globalized economy and the improvement in China’s international status. With China’s accession to the WTO and the rapid expansion of foreign economic and trade and economic rise, technical barriers to trade are widely used as a measure. In recent years, many Chinese export enterprises have encountered some of the world’s major developed countries. The impact of TBT reaches the ultra-billion dollars each year. Therefore, this paper focuses on the impact on technical trade barriers (TBT) on China’s export trade, from the perspective of government and enterprises to study countermeasures. Technical barrier to trade is a trade import control. It has a duality, broadness, compliance and hidden. China is affected by internal and external causes. External causes are the protection for national interests, trade barriers, and so on. Internal factors are China’s trade pattern, industrial pattern imbalance and export order disorder. For these reasons, the government should establish a good system mechanism and the enterprises should improve product quality.

Are patent trade wars impeding innovation and development?

When patents support anti-competitive conduct, innovation can be damaged not only by lack of market access but by the prohibitive costs of litigation. The creation of patent barriers is inconsistent with IP protection and enforcement agreed upon under the World Trade Organization and trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (‘TRIPS’). The study uses the US Apple v HTC IP legal case to investigate anti-competitive market behavior and trade barriers. The research provides a formal patent analytic methodology and the case analysis result. The research method tests whether patent conflicts and technical trade barriers are significantly encouraged by existing IP laws.

Contribution to the Revision of the Senegalese Law on the Use of Sulfites for the Treatment of Crustaceans: the Case of Shrimp

<p class="jbls"><span lang="FR">Shrimp, by its considerable economic importance, is the second shellfish species exported in Senegal. Blackening of untreated sulfites shrimp causes discharges estimated at 10% of the total landed shrimp according to the shrimp processing plant companies. Health problems caused by handling and / or consumption of sulphites (asthmatic subjects) occured. The 2006-52 Directive of 5 July 2006 at Community level and Senegalese Decree No. 00493 of 11 February 2005 governed their use by rules. The Differences in the rules governing SO2 residues could cause Technical trade Barriers in international exchanges. In Senegal, the Competent Authority (CA), a part of its mission of monitoring and inspection of fish products, especially shrimp, cooperate with two chemistry laboratories for detecting residues of SO2. However, the differences noted on the results provided by these two laboratories (Lab1 and 2) make difficult interpretations. This study aims to remove existing ambiguities on the analyzes and interpretation of results regarding to national and community regulations. During the study, more investigations and analyzes of archival data, samples of untreated and treated shrimp sodium metabisulfite were analyzed respectively in the laboratory of the Division of Inspection and Control (DIC) to assess blackening and laboratories 1, 2 and 3 for the detection of residual sulphite in shrimp. Firstly, the results show that the shrimp processing and regulations governing the residual SO2 levels in their flesh can not be effective without taking account of their caliber, and secondly, that the divergence of results provided by the Labo-1 and 2 is more methodological. Thus, the study calls for regulatory oversight in order to harmonize national and international regulations governing the residual SO2 levels in shrimp. It also recommends the creation of a common reference for the determination of residues of SO2 in the flesh of shrimp.</span></p>