Technical Formulations Research Articles

A Minimal Probability Space for Conditionals

One of central problems in the theory of conditionals is the construction of a probability space, where conditionals can be interpreted as events and assigned probabilities. The problem has been given a technical formulation by van Fraassen (23), who also discussed in great detail the solution in the form of Stalnaker Bernoulli spaces. These spaces are very complex – they have the cardinality of the continuum, even if the language is finite. A natural question is, therefore, whether a technically simpler (in particular finite) partial construction can be given. In the paper we provide a new solution to the problem. We show how to construct a finite probability space mathrm {S}^#=left(mathrmOmega^#,mathrmSigma^#,mathrm P^#right) in which simple conditionals and their Boolean combinations can be interpreted. The structure is minimal in terms of cardinality within a certain, naturally defined class of models – an interesting side-effect is an estimate of the number of non-equivalent propositions in the conditional language. We demand that the structure satisfy certain natural assumptions concerning the logic and semantics of conditionals and also that it satisfy PCCP. The construction can be easily iterated, producing interpretations for conditionals of arbitrary complexity.

LOGICAL METHODS OF FORECASTING ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE HANDLING OF TECHNOSPHERE OBJECTS

The relevance of research in the field of environmental protection, ensuring the environmental safety of the life support of settlements, incl. construction and urban economy, as well as energy and resource saving, rational, eco-nomical, careful use of natural resources is predetermined by the modern course of the Russian state and society to-wards sustainable socio-economic development. The purpose of this study was the formation of necessary and suffi-cient conditions, predictive parameters and indicators of the transition of the life support system of technosphere ter-ritories to a resource-saving technological mode of environmentally safe life. To achieve this goal, for the first time the methods of logical and mathematical analysis were applied, which, according to the author's intention, implement the function of transition from the managerial and organizational and technical formulation of the problem to its mathematical formalization. The paper uses a new conceptual author's approach to the identification of technosphere objects not as sources of environmental and sanitary hazard, but as resource and raw material components of the re-production of material goods, taking into account the implementation of the strategic tasks of preserving the non-renewable strategic reserve of natural resources of the Russian Federation, protecting the population, components of natural environment and territories from unfavorable technospheric factors and environmental threats, possible emergency situations of a man-caused nature. Based on the results of the research, the paper solves the problem of logical analysis and forecasting of the parameters of environmentally safe life on the basis of resource-saving princi-ples of re-use of construction and other products that have completed their service life, were in use. The results of the work can be used in the formation of strategies, concepts, programs for sustainable socio-economic, environmental, industrial-technological, scientific and technical development of various sectors of the economy, municipalities and regions based on the transition to a resource-saving technological mode of environmentally safe life support for terri-tories.

Technical formulation for estimating the economic loss impact of the smallholder oil palm replanting program in Indonesia

In Indonesia, the smallholder oil palm plantations constitute 42% of the national oil palm plantation area. Therefore, the success of increasing the productivity of smallholder palm oil will have a major impact on the sustainability of the national palm oil industry. Replanting aging oil palm trees is a priority in Indonesia. Old trees become less productive, and to maintain or even increase yields to meet the demand for palm oil without increasing land used, replanting is necessary. For large agribusinesses, replanting is done regularly, however, for smallholders, this can be a challenge for various reasons mainly related to loss of income, lack of labor, and uncertainty about the process. It is important to determine the impact of the smallholder palm oil replanting program (SPR Program) in stages as a material for consideration in formulating more anticipatory and responsive policies so that they are right on target.The indicator of temporary loss of income is generated through a gradual calculation at three economic levels, namely household (micro), sectoral (agriculture) and regional (macro) economy. The calculated indicator value is in the form of a relative value that can be used as a reference in decision making, using the approach of the proportion of affected households and the level of temporary income loss, but in general the two approaches have a unidirectional relationship. The method developed in stages in this paper is recommended to be used in making decisions in government intervention policies in the context of handling the negative impact of the SPR Program as well as programming and community empowerment activities. A priority policy to prepare households and regions to face temporary loss of income sources due to the SPR. Empowerment policies that contain a priority scale both from the target group, implementation time, and period as well as the form of activities and programs according to their potential and needs. Key words: palm oil, replanting, temporary loss of income, empowerment, policy

The retinoid metabolism of Gammarus fossarum is disrupted by exogenous all-trans retinoic acid, citral, and methoprene but not by the technical formulation of glyphosate

Over the last decade, fluctuations of retinoids (RETs), also known as vitamin A and derivatives, have proved to be useful biomarkers to assess the environmental chemical pressure on a wide variety of non-target vertebrates. This use of RET-based biomarkers is of particular interest in the non-target sentinel species Gammarus fossarum in which RETs were shown to influence crucial physiological functions. To study and probe this metabolism in this crustacean model, a UHPLC-MS/MS method was developed to 1) identify and 2) monitor several endogenous RETs in unexposed females throughout their reproductive cycle. Then, females were exposed in controlled conditions to exogenous all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) and citral (CIT), a RA synthesis inhibitor, to simulate an excess or deficiency in RA. Perturbation of vitamin A metabolism by pesticides was further studied in response to methoprene (MET), a juvenile hormone analog as well as glyphosate (GLY). The developed method allowed, for the first time in this model, the identification of RA metabolites (all-trans 4-oxo and 13-cis 4-oxo RA), RA isomers (all-trans and 13-cis RA) as well as retinaldehyde (RALD) isomers (all-trans, 11-cis, and 13-cis RALD) and showed two distinct phases in the reproductive cycle. Retinoic acid successfully increased the tissular concentration of both RA isomers and CIT proved to be efficient at perturbating the conversion from RALD to RA. Methoprene perturbed the ratios between RA isomers whereas GLY had no observed effects on the RET system of G. fossarum females. We were able to discriminate different dynamics of RET perturbations by morphogens (atRA or CIT) or MET which highlights the plausible mediation of RETs in MET-induced disorders. Ultimately, our study shows that RETs are influenced by exposure to MET and strengthen their potential to assess aquatic ecosystem chemical status.

SPORAZUM O TROŠKOVIMA KRIVIČNOG POSTUPKA – POJAM, SPORNA PITANjA I MOGUĆE PROCESNE ZLOUPOTREBE

The Republic of Serbia's positive criminal procedural law foresees three types of agreements that can be concluded between the public prosecutor and the defendant: an agreement on the recognition of a criminal offense, an agreement on the testimony of the accused, and an agreement on the testimony of a convicted person. The "agreement on costs of criminal proceedings" is an obligatory component of those agreements, with the exception of the agreement on the testimony of the convicted. In the paper, the author pointed out certain legislative omissions, namely the necessity for clarification and more sufficient legislative and technical formulation of the corresponding Criminal Procedure Code sections. In this regard, the focus is on the injured party's right to file an appeal against the judgment that accepted the plea agreement concluded between the public prosecutor and the defendant, with an emphasis on the right to challenge this judgment in the section where the costs of the criminal proceedings were decided. Furthermore, a specific section of the paper is devoted to the subject of relieving the defendant from the obligation to pay the costs of criminal proceedings, as one of the possibilities when concluding an agreement on the costs of criminal proceedings. The findings of the research indicate that the Serbian legislator could or had to process the observed issues in a more appropriate way and suggestions were given in the final part of the paper, the implementation of which would raise the existing solutions to a qualitatively higher level. In this regard, suggestions were made in the last section of the paper, the implementation of which would elevate the existing solutions to a higher qualitative level.

Соучастие и преступный сговор в борьбе с организованной преступностью

Today, the concept of “complicity” enshrined in the Russian criminal law does not objectively cope with the task of combating organized crime. Purpose. Identify the shortcomings of the concept of "complicity" in the fight against organized crime. Methodology. The study of legal tools in the fight against organized crime is based on dialectical, systemic, functional system-structural research methods. Results. Firstly, the “criminal community” construction, which is actually the only form of complicity, called upon as a legal means in the fight against organized crime, appears to be “lifeless” in law enforcement. Its unreasonably complex legal and technical formulation provokes the legislator to adopt provisions in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation that go beyond the system-forming criminal law signs of complicity in a crime. Secondly, the norm of Part 5 of Art. 35 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation ignores the sign of compatibility of complicity, providing for criminal liability of the leaders of criminal groups only for their intent. Thirdly, the institution of complicity provides a legal basis for regulating the commission of crimes provided for by the Special Part of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation through the joint efforts of several persons, and not the criminal activity itself. Conclusion. Traditional legislative tools are outdated, it is necessary to introduce a new concept of “criminal conspiracy”, designed to solve urgent problems of legal regulation of the fight against organized crime. The concept of “criminal conspiracy” should take into account the shortcomings and contradictions of the current domestic legislation, as well as adopt important provisions of the legislation of foreign countries, avoiding violations of the basic principles of continental law.

An Application of VFPFSS’s in Decision Making Problems

Bu çalışma belirsizlik problemlerini en iyi şekilde ifade edebilmek ve bu sayede karar verme aşamasında en ideale yakın sonuca ulaşmak için VFP-fuzzy soft kümelerin kullanılmasını önermektedir. Ayrıca bu yeni küme tipinin bazı temel küme işlemleri verilmiş ve bazı özellikleri incelenmiştir. Dahası işlem kalabalığının önüne geçebilecek bazı teknik formülasyonlar verilerek belirsizliğin daha kolay bir şekilde ifade edilebilmesi sağlanmıştır. Son olarak bir karar verme probleminde VFP-soft kümelerden ve FP-fuzzy soft kümelerden daha iyi sonuçlara ulaşıldığı gösterilmiştir.

New LADRC scheme for fractional-order systems

Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) is a very promising recent concept for the design of controllers to control systems with uncertainties. Based on an extended state observer, this control structure allows both external disturbances and modeling uncertainties to be actively rejected. The use of the active rejection control of disturbances is gaining more and more interest among the system control community. This is mainly due to its easy design, undemanding implementation and robustness. In this paper, three solutions using the ARDC structure to control fractional-order system are discussed. Two methods taken from the literature are briefly introduced, namely, the fractional-order dynamics rejection scheme (FODRS) and the fractional linear active disturbance rejection control (FLADRC). The basic ideas and technical formulations of these two are presented. A third method, based on the robustness performance introduced by fractional-order controllers, is also proposed in this paper. The proposed design method of the set-point tracking controller is based on the Bode’s ideal transfer function (Bode’s ITF). This will improve the robustness of the control scheme.

Estimation of dynamic systems using a method of characteristics filter

This paper deals with the technical formulation and implementation details of an algorithm that provides an estimate of the probability density function of the state of a nonlinear dynamical system from discrete time measurements. In contrast to other state estimation methods that propagate the conditional moments, the proposed filter is shown to propagate and update the full probability density function of the state. Characteristic solutions to the Liouville equation are used to propagate the exact probability density values along the flow of the dynamical system. The reconstruction of the state probability density function is then posed as a convex programming problem. An adaptive regression-tree based region-decomposition approach is used to efficiently compute expectation integrals involved in implementing the Bayes rule associated with posterior density function. Numerical examples capturing the non-Gaussian nature of the uncertainty in the duffing oscillator problem and the two body problem are used to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed methods.

Application of an inventive problem solving approach for developing new generation vehicle crash boxes

Abstract In frontal crashes, the most important parts that absorb the kinetic energy of the vehicle by plastic deformation are impact absorbers. Efforts are underway to develop innovative impact absorbers to keep the impact of the accident on drivers and passengers to a minimum. The TRIZ (theory of inventive problem solving) approach was used in the product development process of an impact absorber. TRIZ is a creative and systematic problem-solving method that can be used for the development of the next generation of products and systems. TRIZ tools such as ideality, technical contradictions formulation, inventive principles, s-field analysis, and scientific effects were used to achieve ideal final results (IFR). The solutions obtained are evaluated in terms of applicability/ manufacturing, cost, lightweight and patentability. This study generated a new standardized solution in Turkey.

Aminophosphonates in Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis Permeates.

Aminophosphonates such as aminotris(methylenephosphonic acid) (ATMP) are common constituents of antiscalants. In nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) processes, ATMP prevents inorganic scaling leading to more stable membrane performance. So far, little attention has been paid to the possible permeation of aminophosphonates through NF and RO membranes. We have investigated the permeability of these membrane types for ATMP and its potential metabolites iminodi(methylenephosphonic acid) (IDMP) and amino(methylenephosphonic acid) (AMPA) with two different NF membranes (TS40 and TS80) and one RO membrane (ACM2) and three different water compositions (ultra-pure water, synthetic tap water and local tap water). We found traces of phosphonates in all investigated permeates. The highest phosphonate rejection occurred with local tap water for all three membranes investigated. Filtration experiments with a technical antiscalant formulation containing ATMP indicated similar trends of phosphonate permeability through all three membranes. We assume that the separation mechanisms of the membranes are the results of a very complex relationship between physico-chemical properties such as Donnan exclusion, feed pH, feed ionic strength and feed concentration, as well as solute–solute interactions.

О некоторых вопросах гармонизации законодательства о судопроизводстве и представительстве: сравнительно-правовая характеристика

The subject of research is the issues of improving the legislation on the judicial system, legal proceedings types, further unification of duties of general jurisdiction courts and analysis of requirements for a procedural representative. The modern legal doctrine contains legislative regulations governing various spheres of social activity. One of these areas is the regula-tion of the structure and regulatory legal framework of the activities of judi-ciary, administering justice and implementing in practice the basic principles of the legal state. Method, research methodology: we illustrate the need to improve the legislation on the judicial system and legal proceedings based on the application of comparative legal and systemic research methods. The novelty of research, main conclusions: we consider social trends leading to judicial changes, we present the corresponding opinions of scientists on this issue. As a result of the conducted scientific research, we establish that some normative legal acts regulating the types of legal proceedings, the duties of general jurisdiction courts, as well as the institution of procedural representation, need to be amended in order to bring them into line with constitutional provisions and establish precise legal and technical formulations. We especially note that this study makes it possible to assess how optimal the judicial and procedural legislation is at present and how effectively it allows for judicial protection of violated or disputed rights and simplifies citizens' access to justice.

Technical Analysis and Mathematical Formulations of Infrared Signatures for Performance Optimization of Aircraft and Gas Turbine Systems

Technical Analysis and Mathematical Formulations of Infrared Signatures for Performance Optimization of Aircraft and Gas Turbine Systems

Contamination Status and Emission Sources of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Settled Dust from End-of-life Vehicle Processing and Urban Areas, Northern Vietnam

Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) including 43 congeners of 10 homologs were determined in settled dust samples collected from urban houses and end-of-life vehicle (ELV) processing workshops in northern Vietnam. Concentrations of total 43 PCBs (ΣPCBs), 7 indicator PCBs (IN-PCBs), and 12 dioxin-like PCBs (DL-PCBs) in the ELV workshop dusts were significantly higher than those measured in the urban house dusts, suggesting ELV processing activities as potential sources of PCBs. However, concentrations of PCB-11 (3,3’-dichlorobiphenyl) in the urban house dusts (mean 4.5; range 1.2–8.7 ng/g) were markedly higher than levels found in the ELV workshop dusts (1.6; 0.46–5.4 ng/g). PCB-11 is a novel congener because it is only a trace component of technical PCB mixtures but identified as a major impurity of many organic pigments, especially diarylide yellow pigments. PCB patterns of the ELV workshop dusts were dominated by penta- and hexa-PCBs with major congeners as PCB-118, -138, -153, -110, and -101, which were also principal components of technical formulations such as Aroclor 1254, Kanechlor 500, and Sovol. Meanwhile, PCB-11 served as the most predominant congener detected in the urban house dusts, implying current emissions from paints and pigmented products; however, this point should be confirmed by further studies on the occurrence of PCBs in Vietnamese commercial products. Apart from PCB-11, the urban house dusts also contained elevated proportions of penta- and hexa-PCBs, suggesting residues from electrical equipment application in the past. Our results indicate that even though PCBs are legacy and banned chemicals, their presence has been observed in indoor environments due to their persistent nature and novel emission sources. Further studies on the occurrence and emission behavior of these pollutants should be conducted, including not only congeners in technical mixtures but also unintentionally produced compounds.

A technical review of canonical correlation analysis for neuroscience applications.

Collecting comprehensive data sets of the same subject has become a standard in neuroscience research and uncovering multivariate relationships among collected data sets have gained significant attentions in recent years. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) is one of the powerful multivariate tools to jointly investigate relationships among multiple data sets, which can uncover disease or environmental effects in various modalities simultaneously and characterize changes during development, aging, and disease progressions comprehensively. In the past 10 years, despite an increasing number of studies have utilized CCA in multivariate analysis, simple conventional CCA dominates these applications. Multiple CCA‐variant techniques have been proposed to improve the model performance; however, the complicated multivariate formulations and not well‐known capabilities have delayed their wide applications. Therefore, in this study, a comprehensive review of CCA and its variant techniques is provided. Detailed technical formulation with analytical and numerical solutions, current applications in neuroscience research, and advantages and limitations of each CCA‐related technique are discussed. Finally, a general guideline in how to select the most appropriate CCA‐related technique based on the properties of available data sets and particularly targeted neuroscience questions is provided.

Relecture archéologique des cryptes orientales de l’église abbatiale de Saint-Médard de Soissons : propositions pour une chronologie relative et une contextualisation morpho-stylistique

The crypts of the Saint-Médard abbey church are now a landmark within the Carolingian religious universe. Yet these remains are hard to date, as no earlier building exists that would allow one to determine a base-date for their construction. The technical formulations of certain parts of the upper church and of the crypts would suggest comparisons with buildings dating from the 11th century, but the elevations still present there indicate a chronological depth that is scarcely consistent with such a recent date. New research into the crypts begun in May 2018 supports the idea of a complex building that was comprehensively re-designed and which thus refutes homogeneous conceptions of its architecture. The sources that inspired the layout of the crypts suggest connections with Italy in the 8th-9th centuries and with Visigoth Spain, with Roman and Toledan relics probably contributing to the architectural formulations of the Soissons abbey, whose absolute date remains uncertain.

Mentaculus Laws and Metaphysics

The laws of nature are central to our understanding of the world. And while there is often broad agreement about the technical formulations of the laws, there can be sharp disagreement about the metaphysical nature of the laws. For instance, the Newtonian laws of nature can be stated and analyzed by appealing to a set of possible worlds. Yet, some philosophers argue the worlds are mere notational devices, while others take them to be robust, concrete entities in their own right. In this paper, I use a recent view of laws called the Mentaculus as a case study to illustrate the wide variety of metaphysical pictures that can accompany such a view. I conclude that the technical features of the laws -- typically (though not always) given to us by practicing scientists -- are compatible with many different metaphysical foundations.

A new formulation of the electric vehicle routing problem with time windows considering concave nonlinear charging function

Abstract: The electric vehicle routing problem with time window (EVRPTW) is an extension of the traditional vehicle routing problem with time window (VRPTW), where new features of electric vehicles are considered, such as limited battery capacities, lack of infrastructures, and long charging time. In this study, new technical formulations were presented for vehicle route selection and charging station visit, which reduces the formulation complexity without using duplicated dummy nodes or arcs. Besides, a new linearization method was developed that employs a set of secant lines to surrogate the concave nonlinear charging function with linear constraints. This method defines the charging time as a continuous variable and uses fewer variables than existing formulation in literature. A mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model was developed for the EVRPTW and computational experiments on Solomon's VRPTW instances were conducted to verify the proposed model. The experimental results were compared with those obtained by traditional routing models, which showed that the proposed model can result in better EVs logistics schedules with higher charging time utilizations.

Characterization of phosphonate-based antiscalants used in drinking water treatment plants by anion-exchange chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

In drinking water production, phosphonates are frequently applied as antiscalants in order to prevent the precipitation of salts on reverse osmosis membranes. Whereas the nominal constituents are defined, phosphonate-based antiscalants were found to contain significant amounts of undeclared phosphorous contaminants, particularly noticeable technical diethylenetriamine penta(methylene phosphonic acid) (DTPMP). Following a literature review on impurities of phosphonic acids, separation by anion exchange chromatography coupled with ICP-MS- and ESI-TOF-detection allowed the comprehensive characterization of technical phosphonates. After the identification of synthesis by-products, intermediates and degradation products, the quantification of the phosphorus compounds was accomplished by complementary phosphorus-sensitive ICP-MS detection. The contents of the nominal constituents as well as the organophosphorous impurities of 24 technical antiscalants were determined and compared with the manufacturer’s declaration. Of all compounds detected within the technical formulations, 86% were confirmed with reference compounds. Phosphorous impurities were found to contribute to the total phosphorus content with close to 20% (in ATMP- and PBTC-based products) and 38%–65% (in DTPMP-based products). Correspondingly, the nominal compounds were found to contribute with 78%–80% (based on 6 ATMP products) and with 81.5%–83% (based on 2 PBTC products), whereas in 10 out of 12 DTPMP products the nominal compound was found to contribute with 34%–44% to the total phosphorus. Only in two products, elevated DTPMP proportions of 55% and 62% with regard to total phosphorus were determined. The screening for aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) revealed contents between 1.9 mg/L and 157 mg/L. This study represents the first in-depth characterization of phosphonate-based antiscalant products and stock solutions used for drinking water production.

The comprehensive physics laboratory work with model - based reasoning to improve 21st century competence

There are five types of physical laboratory work, namely deductive, inductive, science process skills, technical skills, and problem-solving where those have different goals. Currently, the laboratory work was more dominant on deductive, which does not optimally accommodate the students’ required competencies for the 21st century. Related to the issue, this research is important to find the best laboratory work with model-based reasoning by engaging laboratory work of deductive, problem solving and technical skills into comprehensive laboratory work. We explore model-based reasoning by undergraduate students and design a comprehensive laboratory work to the improvement of critical attitude and teamwork as a part of 21st-century competency. This study used a mixed method with a sequential exploratory design. Qualitative data were collected with theoretical studies. Quantitative data are collected with a scale scientific attitude. Increased critical attitude and teamwork are analyzed with n-gain. These research results were comprehensive laboratory work with reasoning components, such as theoretical guide, technical formulation, experimentation, problem description, problem analysis, repair and revision, and evaluation. The application of comprehensive laboratory work could improve critical attitude and teamwork with the high category. This study has succeeded in finding alternative concepts in laboratory work physics with reasoning based on models.