Technical Criteria Research Articles

Machine learning and analytic hierarchy process integration for selecting a sustainable tractor.

Selecting the appropriate tractor for small-scale farms is a complex process due to the multitude of technical, environmental, and economic criteria that must be evaluated. This study addresses this challenge by integrating the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) with machine learning (ML) to reduce the number of criteria and simplify the decision-making process. The research aims to determine the most relevant criteria aligned with sustainable development goals for selecting the right tractor, focusing on small farms in the Egyptian Delta. Four tractors, with horsepower ranging from 55 to 95, were evaluated based on inputs from forty-two governmental service providers in the study area. Initially, nine criteria were identified, encompassing key technical, environmental, and economic factors. These criteria were reduced to three-price, power, and maintenance costs by weights 0.142, 0.334, and 0.525, respectively-using Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering with Euclidean distance. This reduction streamlined the selection process, making it more practical for farmers. Results show that the second tractor (T2), with a priority score of 0.326 and a normalized value of 33.4%, emerged as the optimal choice for small-scale farmers, outperforming the first tractor (T1) (28.7%) and third tractor (T3) (21%). Integrating AHP and ML simplifies tractor selection, ensuring sustainability, cost-efficiency, and operational effectiveness.

A JUDICIALIZAÇÃO DO DIREITO À SAÚDE: ANÁLISE DOS REQUISITOS PARA CONCESSÃO DE LIMINARES

This study focuses on the analysis of the judicialization of the right to health, emphasizing the legal and practical implications arising from the granting of injunctions within the public health domain. The right to health, enshrined in the 1988 Federal Constitution as a fundamental social right, guarantees all citizens universal and equitable access to health services, a direct outcome of the Sanitary Reform that culminated in the establishment of the Unified Health System (SUS). The analysis was conducted through a review of literature, legislation, jurisprudence, and academic works about the theme, highlighting the consequences of this judicial intervention, which include significant financial impacts, an increase in inequalities regarding access to health services, and an overburdened judiciary. Subsequently, the phenomenon of judicialization of the right to health, intensified over the past few decades, is discussed considering its implications and consequences. This right has increasingly become the subject of judicial scrutiny, prompting interventions by the judiciary to ensure access to treatments, medications, and procedures. The consequences of judicialization to the right to health are multifaceted and include substantial financial impacts on the public budget. While judicialization seeks to ensure the effectiveness of the right to health and to fully protect citizens, its effects can be detrimental to the equilibrium of public health policies, affecting both equity and the sustainability of the system. As a result of this work, it is indicated that, to mitigate negative impacts, it is essential for judicial decisions to be made based on rigorous technical criteria and to be supported by robust evidence, such as medical reports. Furthermore, the responsibility for the implementation of judicial decisions should be tripartite, involving the Federal Government, States, and Municipalities, with procedural efficiency being necessary to prevent harm to citizens' health, thereby safeguarding the sustainability of the Unified Health System (SUS).

Assessing the adoption level of solar PV installations, on district scale of urban environment

This study addresses a research gap by implementing a novel methodology that combines GIS and MCDM techniques to evaluate photovoltaic (PV) potential at an urban scale, specifically within Riga, Latvia. Utilizing the AHP and MABAC methods, the research integrates technical, social, and economic criteria to rank urban districts based on their suitability for PV installations. 58 different districts were evaluated according to technical and socioeconomic criteria and were ranked through the MABAC MCDM methodology, from most preferable to less, on a PV adoption level. This comprehensive approach not only identifies the most promising areas for rooftop PV deployment but also emphasizes the importance of considering socioeconomic factors to enhance equity in renewable energy adoption. The findings provide valuable insights for urban planners and policymakers, demonstrating a systematic, data-driven method to promote sustainable energy initiatives in urban environments.

BIM/IFC as input for registering apartment rights in a 3D Land Administration Systems – A prototype webservice

The need for 3D Land Administration Systems (LAS) is growing. In this respect, research is carried out in the field of 3D LAS with respect to data sources, registration of 3D Rights, Restrictions and Responsibilities and dissemination services. Within this context, BIM/IFC models are considered promising sources for 3D LAS, even though the reuse of such models from practice has not yet been examined adequately. Evaluating BIM/IFC-models from practice is crucial, since they are created for different purposes, fulfilling various design criteria. This paper investigates the technical challenges encountered when using real-world BIM/IFC-models for apartment rights’ registration in a 3D LAS. It addresses the validation of five Dutch real-world BIM/IFC-models against four technical criteria, namely: existence of IfcSpace; geometric validity; no overlap and georeferencing. The results of the validation show that the collected BIM/IFC-models lack georeference, IfcSpace and a reference to attributes related to the respective legal units in the Dutch 3D LAS. After validation the models are stored in a 3D LAS Database management system (DBMS), in which the legal spaces are enriched with information of the Rights, Restrictions and Responsibilities (RRR’s) in line with the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM - ISO 19152:2012). The contents of the 3D LAS DBMS are visualised in a web viewer. Additionally, the design for a webservice is introduced, aiming to automate the process of validation, conversion and visualisation. The paper concludes with recommendations and guidelines for creators of BIM/IFC-models based on the outcome of the validation, as well as challenges and recommendations for implementing a validation webservice.

Determination of the weights of technical criteria influencing the performance of petrol-powered and battery powered chainsaws by means of the Entropy Method

Determination of the weights of technical criteria influencing the performance of petrol-powered and battery powered chainsaws by means of the Entropy Method

Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approach for Optimal Energy Storage System Selection and Applications in Oman

This research aims to support the goals of Oman Vision 2040 by reducing the dependency on non-renewable energy resources and increasing the utilization of the national natural renewable energy resources. Selecting appropriate energy storage systems (ESSs) will play a key role in achieving this vision by enabling a greater integration of solar and other renewable energy. ESSs allow for solar power generated during daylight hours to be stored for use during peak demand periods. Additionally, the proposed framework provides guidance for large-scale ESS infrastructure planning and investments to support Oman’s renewable energy goals. As the global renewable energy market grows rapidly and Oman implements economic reforms, the ESS market is expected to flourish in Oman. In the near future, ESS is expected to contribute to lower electricity costs and enhance stability compared to traditional energy systems. While ESS technologies have been studied broadly, there is a lack of comprehensive analysis for optimal ESS selection tailored to Oman’s unique geographical, technical, and policy context. The main objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive evaluation of ESS options and identify the type(s) most suitable for integration with Oman’s national grid using a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methodology. This study addresses this gap by applying the Hesitate Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (HF-AHP) and Hesitate Fuzzy VIKOR methods to assess alternative ESS technologies based on technical, economic, environmental, and social criteria specifically for Oman’s context. The analysis reveals pumped hydro energy storage (PHES) and compressed air energy storage (CAES) as the most appropriate solutions. The tailored selection framework aims to guide policy and infrastructure planning to determine investments for large-scale ESSs and provide a model for comprehensive ESS assessment in energy transition planning for countries with similar challenges.

Linguistic insights into high-quality content for SEO: Optimizing high-quality content with Grice's conversational maxims

Attaining a first-page position in search engine results is crucial for websites, impacting their visibility. Search engine optimization involves technical and content optimization strategies to enhance a website's visibility. Central to this effort is the creation and maintenance of high-quality content that satisfies search engine algorithms and engages the intended audience. However, creating high-quality content is inherently challenging due to its subjective and multifaceted nature. This study addresses this challenge by analyzing high-quality content through a linguistic lens. It introduces a tailored framework that includes textual, stylistic, technical, and regulatory criteria, outlining the essential features of user-oriented high-quality content. Furthermore, this research advocates for the application of Grice's conversational maxims—quality, quantity, relevance, and manner—in content creation and optimization to enhance the development of high-quality content. Employing a quantitative methodology and drawing on findings from an experiment conducted on Google's search engine platform, this study promotes the effective utilization of these maxims to cultivate high-quality content and improve rankings on search engine results pages.

Methodology for selecting optimal wire grade and cross-section based on an integrated technical and economic criterion

The aim was to develop a methodology for selecting an optimal wire grade and cross-section for overhead power lines with a voltage of above 1 kV under intensive development of power grid systems. This aim was solved using the authors’ previously developed methods: selection of an optimal wire grade based on hierarchy analysis and selection of an optimal wire cross-section by optimizing the specific discounted costs during the entire period of construction and operation of overhead power lines. In the present study, these methods are integrated into a single methodology. It is proposed to implement wire inspections prior to the stage of technical and economic calculations, since the necessary data has already been taken into account during the selection of a wire grade and its cross-section. The proposed methodology was tested on a typical example of reconstruction of the Zapadnaya– Davydovka 110 kV overhead line, which creates limitations in the power supply of Primorsky Krai due to insufficient wire capacity and its operation beyond the normative period. SENILEK AT3/C 150/24 wire was selected as a solution for the example under consideration. The application of this wire grade allows not only the overhead line capacity to be increased by 151% without replacing the existing supports, but also active and reactive power losses in the electric network to be reduced by 18.9 and 2.5%, respectively. The proposed methodology enables selection of an optimal grade and cross-section of any wire design, taking the dynamically changing operational conditions of power grid systems into account. The solutions found by the proposed methodology may contribute to a more efficient operation of power lines due to increasing their transmission capacity, reducing the number of used supports, replacing the line wire without replacing supports, decreasing ice formation on wires, and reducing power losses.

Determining the leaders of Ukraine’s insurance market based on the adaptation of the DEA method

The escalating wartime risks in Ukraine has led to a rapid reduction in insurance coverage in life and non-life segments. The purpose of the study is to rank Ukraine’s insurance companies based on an adaptation of the DEA method to the insurance market conditions. The study utilized the Supervisory Statistics of the National Bank of Ukraine as data. The study also used ranking of insurance companies based on technical efficiency criteria. The output indicators include the profitability of total capital (Output1) and the occupied share of the insurance market (Output2). The input indicators comprise the volume of total assets of insurers (Input1), the share of equity capital in assets (Input2), the level of gross payments (Input3), and the level of payments to insurance reserves (Input4). The ranking of insurance companies is based on minimizing the distance of each from the bounds of technical efficiency by solving a set of optimization problems. Based on the modeling results, a list of market leaders (7 companies) was formed for the end of the third quarter of 2023. They served nearly 37% of the insurance market in Ukraine, accumulating 41.5% of the total assets of this financial market sector. So, the primary issue for insurance companies is the loss of solvency due to the absence of adequate levels of insurance reserves. Therefore, priority measures should include strengthening regulatory constraints in this financial market segment to facilitate its qualitative renewal.

Dual functionality of cathode microporous layers: Reducing hydrogen permeation and enhancing performance in proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers

Hydrogen permeation and cell performance are critical factors for the safe and efficient operation of proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis. In this study, the effects of a cathode microporous layer (MPL) on water transport, hydrogen permeation, and cell performance in a proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE) were investigated. Results reveal that adding an MPL between the catalyst layer (CL) and the porous transport layer (PTL) at the cathode reduces interfacial contact resistance by approximately 60 % under 400 N cm−2, leading to superior performance. The wettability of the MPL plays a crucial role in water transport and hydrogen permeation in PEMWEs. The hydrophobic MPL-P-CB4, which uses polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) as a binder with a carbon black (CB) loading of 4 mgCB cm−2, enhances the crossover of water and hydrogen from the cathode to the anode through back diffusion, exceeding the technical safety criterion of 2 vol% H2 in the anode product gas (50 % lower explosion limit) at 2.0 A cm−2. However, the hydrophilic MPL with Nafion ionomers as binders (MPL-N-CB4) facilitates efficient removal of water and hydrogen from the cathode CL to the cathode flow field via capillary pressure, resulting in only 0.2 vol% H2 in O2 at 2.0 A cm−2. Consequently, a hydrophilic MPL is optimal for achieving superior performance and low-hydrogen-crossover in a PEMWE cathode. This study provides valuable insights for designing the PTL/CL interface in next-generation PEMWE cathodes.

Numerical Studies of Solid Rocket Propellant PMMA-PBAN-ALF3-Nitrocellulose-Difluoramine

Abstract The aim of the new investigation is the evaluation of solid rocket Propellant. In which performing numerical analysis of solid rocket propellant and calculating the constraints involved as derived from thrust i.e. velocity involved in the solid rocket propulsion motor usage. This paper aims to show the viability of solid rocket propellant for modern and future applications. Solid rocket motors are simple in design and fabricating. The need for a propellant that produces the same specific impulse as another chemical rocket engine. So it is needed to have a solid rocket motor with an enhanced combustion characteristic at a reasonable O/F ratio. For a healthy ecology, an economically reliable, highly effective, and environmentally concerned propellant is constantly suitable. As a superior alternative among the already used propellants in the sector, the paper suggested fuel PolyMethyl MethAcrylate (PMMA), PolyButadiene AcryloNitrile (PBAN) CoPolymer, and Aluminum hydride (AlH3), and oxidizers such as Nitrocellulose and Difluoramine. The desired O/F ratio for the technical criteria was found to result in a high combustion characteristic. With the features discovered through numerical and analytical research, we have suggested a design for the SRM that includes post-combustion, which enhances the reaction and creates the innovative elements of the existing SRM.

Ação Direta de Inconstitucionalidade nº 5.779: a preponderância da efetividade do direito à saúde sobre a hierarquia das normas jurídicas

Objective: To reflect on whether the hierarchy of legal norms should be used as an infallible method of solution even when an apparent conflict between legal norms involving health law can be better resolved through a technical decision by the competent regulatory agency. Methodology: data was collected. In particular, Resolução de Diretoria Colegiada nº 52/2011, Law nº 13.454/2017 and Ação Direta de Inconstitucionalidade nº 5.779-DF. Specialized legal doctrine was sought on the central and peripheral themes. The data collected was analyzed using the critical-narrative review technique. Results: In Brazil, the adoption of regulatory agencies as normative agents and regulators of economic activities has made it possible to make decisions based less on political criteria than on technical criteria. The legislator, anchored in political criteria, according to the judiciary, cannot go beyond technical criteria. Conclusion: the judgment in Ação Direta de Inconstitucionalidade nº 5.779 shows that today's concept and the legal nature of the right to health impose new legal paradigms that validate the role of regulatory agencies (making technical decisions in favor of maximum effectiveness of the right to health), even to the detriment of politically legitimized decisions by the legislature. The formal paradigm cannot prevent the materialization of the right. Submission: 03/18/24| Review: 08/16/24| Approval: 08/16/24

Home-Field Advantage in Soccer: UEFA Champions League and Europa League Evaluation on the 2021-2022 Season

Competition analysis in football is an important method to evaluate the success and failure of teams. Home advantage is considered as an important factor in achieving success in competitions. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of home advantage on technical criteria in the UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League, which are organised at club level, played in the 2021-2022 season. In the data collection phase, descriptive survey method was used. Within the scope of the research, a total of 262 football matches, excluding the final matches played at neutral grounds and total of 744 goals scored in these matches were analysed in terms of home and away teams in the UEFA Champions League and Europa League. The goals scored were categorised as the goal minutes intervals, the goal scoring areas (Inside the Penalty Area: IPA; Outside the Penalty Area: OPA), the ways goals were scored (Head Kick; Foot Kick), the number of touches on the ball before the goal (1 Touch: 1T; 2 Touches: 2T; 3 Touches: 3T; 4 Touches + >4T), the direction of attack before the goal and the goals scored from set-pieces (Corner Kick; Penalty Kick and Free Kick) for the home and away teams. The images of the analysed goals were accessed on the UEFA official website with open access permission. Frequency (f) and percentage (%) were calculated for the evaluation of the data obtained, and since the data did not show normal distribution according to the Shapiro-Wilk test results, Kruskal-Wallis test was applied to look at the difference between the groups and the significance level was accepted as p

Developing a Risk Management Framework for Agricultural Water Systems Using Fuzzy Dynamic Bayesian Networks and Decision-Making Models

AbstractGiven the various natural and human-caused hazards that threaten the agricultural water distribution process from the main source to farms, establishing a framework to analyze these risks is crucial. This study aims to develop an intelligent risk management framework to help stakeholders devise long-term and sustainable solutions for managing agricultural water systems. First, we developed a Fuzzy Dynamic Bayesian Network (FDBN) model for multi-hazard risk assessment, taking into account the temporal causal interactions between parameters and incorporating fuzzy theory. Next, we defined several risk management scenarios across structural, non-structural, automated control, and integrated methods. These scenarios were implemented in the FDBN model to mitigate the risks associated with the system. Various economic, social, environmental, and technical criteria were considered, and scenarios were ranked using the WASPAS, TOPSIS, and MultiMoora methods. The Copeland approach was used to combine the ranking results. The results showed that automated scenarios, specifically Model Predictive Control (MPC) and Proportional-Integral (PI) controllers, could reduce the system's risk by 11.4% and 9.8%, respectively, and were ranked the highest. The findings of this study and the proposed framework can assist operators in the sustainable planning and management of water systems in light of anticipated threats.

A Generalized Method for Deriving Steady-State Behavior of Consistent Fuzzy Priority for Interdependent Criteria

Interdependent criteria play a crucial role in complex decision-making across various domains. Traditional methods often struggle to evaluate and prioritize criteria with intricate dependencies. This paper introduces a generalized method integrating the analytic network process (ANP), the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL), and the consistent fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (CFAHP) in a fuzzy environment. The Drazin inverse technique is applied to derive a fuzzy total priority matrix, and we normalize the row sum to achieve the steady-state fuzzy priorities. A numerical example in the information systems (IS) industry demonstrates the approach’s real-world applications. The proposed method derives narrower fuzzy spreads compared to the past fuzzy analytic network process (FANP) approaches, minimizing objective uncertainty. Total priority interdependent maps provide insights into complex technical and usability criteria relationships. Comparative analysis highlights innovations, including non-iterative convergence of the total priority matrix and the ability to understand interdependencies between criteria. The integration of the FANP’s network structure with the fuzzy DEMATEL’s influence analysis transcends the capabilities of either method in isolation, marking a significant methodological advancement. By addressing challenges such as parameter selection and mathematical complexity, this research offers new perspectives for future research and application in multi-attribute decision-making (MADM).

An innovative approach to assessing and optimizing floating solar panels

Floating photovoltaic energy is an emerging solution to the need for decarbonization of the current society. It is currently in the early stages of implementation, so there are not many previous experiences to standardize decision-making and the most relevant operating parameters such as, the tilt angle of a fast as in conventional photovoltaics. In addition, the lack of specific design tools and production calculations for floating solar is a barrier to the correct understanding of the real advantages of floating solar versus conventional solar. From the point of view of the investment, the stakeholders do not have a complete analysis of the profitability of their investment. From a technical, environmental and legislative point of view, there is not enough information available to establish standards and criteria for the design and selection of the most suitable water bodies at local, regional or state level. This research aims to fill this gap by proposing a specific framework based on geographic information systems (GIS), multi-criteria analysis (MCDA) and intelligent optimization (Genetic Algorithm). The objective is to select within a set of water bodies those where the investment is most beneficial from a holistic perspective considering technical, economic, social, environmental, and legislative criteria. Once the optimal location is obtained, the framework obtains the tilt angles that minimize the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) by means of intelligent optimization techniques that evaluate the characteristics of each water body, such as location or available surface. The tilt angle obtained in this research achieves LCOE improvements of between 2.1% and 8.4% with respect to the tilt angle obtained by conventional methods applied to ground photovoltaics. Spain has been chosen as a case study as it is a region with a high solar potential and an even distribution of water bodies in which there is still no legislative framework in force.

Comprehensive decision-making considerations in the transition to electrification transportation system in a developing country

Introducing suitable alternatives to the existing fossil fuels can provide insightful aspects of the expected benefits. In the energy sector, the transportation system is one of the key contributors to fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas productions. To elaborate on the performance of each introduced alternative, two perspectives are considered; short-term and long-term evaluations. In the short outlook, the PROMETHEE method is used for evaluation. Six scenarios are introduced based on the technical, economic, social, and policy criteria and each scenario benefits from different weights. In this scheme, the impacts of evolutions in the battery applications in the vehicles are investigated. Based on the short-term study, CNG and gasoline are considered the best options for the fuels of vehicles in Iran by taking into consideration the current situation. By viewing the technical and economic criteria, it was concluded that the Li-Ion battery provides better performance in comparison with gasoline in the long run. By 2040, the number of EVs will reach 10% of the overall vehicle production. It is obtained that the benefits of the electrical vehicles’ presence as the alternative to the internal combustion vehicles can provide growing interest in this outlook from 2.02 × 106 US$ in 2025 to 17.55 × 108 US$ in 2040.

GIS-Based Optimal Siting of Offshore Wind Farms to Support Zero-Emission Ferry Routes

To achieve net zero emissions from ships by 2050 and align with the IMO 2023 GHG strategy, the maritime industry must significantly increase zero-emission vessels by 2030. Transitioning to fully electric ferry lines requires enhanced energy supply through renewable energy sources (RES) for complete GHG mitigation and net-zero emissions. This study presents a GIS-based framework for optimally selecting offshore wind farm locations to meet the energy demands of electric ferry operations along coastal routes. The framework involves two stages: designing feasible zero-emission ferry routes between islands or to the mainland and identifying optimal offshore wind farm sites by evaluating technical, spatial, economic, social, and environmental criteria based on national legislation and the academic literature. The aim is to create a flexible framework to support decision making for establishing sustainable electric ferry operations at a regional level, backed by strategically located offshore wind farms. The study applies this framework to the Greek Coastal Shipping Network, focusing on areas with potential for future electrification. The findings can aid policymakers in utilizing spatial decision support systems (SDSS) to enhance efficient transportation and develop sustainable island communities.

Is artificial intelligence for medical professionals serving the patients?

BackgroundAlgorithmic decision-making (ADM) utilises algorithms to collect and process data and develop models to make or support decisions. Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have led to the development of support systems that can be superior to medical professionals without AI support in certain tasks. However, whether patients can benefit from this remains unclear. The aim of this systematic review is to assess the current evidence on patient-relevant benefits and harms, such as improved survival rates and reduced treatment-related complications, when healthcare professionals use ADM systems (developed using or working with AI) compared to healthcare professionals without AI-related ADM (standard care)—regardless of the clinical issues.MethodsFollowing the PRISMA statement, MEDLINE and PubMed (via PubMed), Embase (via Elsevier) and IEEE Xplore will be searched using English free text terms in title/abstract, Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms and Embase Subject Headings (Emtree fields). Additional studies will be identified by contacting authors of included studies and through reference lists of included studies. Grey literature searches will be conducted in Google Scholar. Risk of bias will be assessed by using Cochrane’s RoB 2 for randomised trials and ROBINS-I for non-randomised trials. Transparent reporting of the included studies will be assessed using the CONSORT-AI extension statement. Two researchers will screen, assess and extract from the studies independently, with a third in case of conflicts that cannot be resolved by discussion.DiscussionIt is expected that there will be a substantial shortage of suitable studies that compare healthcare professionals with and without ADM systems concerning patient-relevant endpoints. This can be attributed to the prioritisation of technical quality criteria and, in some cases, clinical parameters over patient-relevant endpoints in the development of study designs. Furthermore, it is anticipated that a significant portion of the identified studies will exhibit relatively poor methodological quality and provide only limited generalisable results.Systematic review registrationThis study is registered within PROSPERO (CRD42023412156).

A Multi-Objective Optimization Approach for Solar Farm Site Selection: Case Study in Maputo, Mozambique

Solar energy is an important source of clean energy to combat climate change issues that motivate the establishment of solar farms. Establishing solar farms has been considered a proper alternative for energy production in countries like Mozambique, which need reliable and clean sources of energy for sustainable development. However, selecting proper sites for creating solar farms is a function of various economic, environmental, and technical criteria, which are usually conflicting with each other. This makes solar farm site selection a complex spatial problem that requires adapting proper techniques to solve it. In this study, we proposed a multi-objective optimization (MOO) approach for site selection of solar farms in Mozambique, by optimizing six objective functions using an improved NSGA-II (Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II) algorithm. The MOO model is demonstrated by implementing a case study in KaMavota district, Maputo city, Mozambique. The improved NSGA-II algorithm displays a better performance in comparison to standard NSGA-II. The study also demonstrated how decision-makers can select optimum solutions, based on their preferences, despite trade-offs existing between all objective functions, which support the decision-making.