Technical Counterpart Research Articles

Logical Forms, Substitutions and Information Types

This paper explores the relation between the philosophical idea that logic is a science studying logical forms, and a mathematical feature of logical systems called the principle of uniform substitution, which is often regarded as a technical counterpart of the philosophical idea. We argue that at least in one interesting sense the principle of uniform substitution does not capture adequately the requirement that logic is a matter of form and that logical truths are formal truths. We show that some specific logical expressions can produce propositions of different kinds and the resulting diversity of informational types can lead to a justified failure of uniform substitution without undermining the view that logic is a purely formal discipline.

ЭВОЛЮЦИЯ ФОРМАТА

The article is an attempt to consider the historical development of social relations, leading through information technology to the transition from the classical format of coordination of an individual and a group to its technical counterpart in a postulated society based on knowledge. Schematically, the struc-ture of development appears in the isolation of an individual from the collective in connection with the formation in the course of better adaptation of a reflexive ability leading to an awareness of one's own mortality. The compensating mechanism at the next stage of adaptation of cognitive abilities that restore the internal balance of the body due to purely psychological mechanisms is the development of practices that allow hypostatic ideas about things in a special space responsible for their immutability and virtual constancy. In contrast to the physiological mechanisms of homeostasis of an individual in contact with the external environment, where its objects appear as unconditionally necessary sources of satisfying the need, reorientation in connection with the recognition of imminent death to the internal environment in order to search for such saving practices has generated a personal homeostasis in which the formed ability linked an individual not only with himself due to the virtual construction, but also at a new level of relations - with community, giving rise to indirect communication individuals related to social homeostasis. In the new conditions of the information society, technological formats are digital analogues of the classical coordination of an individual and a group. Due to technological development, further diversification of reality into virtual and real in a successive change in the configurations of the organism / individual / personality – herd / community / group relationships in its informational diversity removes the distinction between virtual constructs and real ones. Obtaining software, due to which classical formats based on hierophany (manifestation of the sacred) are replaced and reformatted without changing their functionality by electronic versions, informants in the conditions of atomization build a personality-group structure, where the identity of being and the concept of being are configured according to the required informat. In the future, self-determination of personality and self-organization of groups receive impersonal instability.

The progress of science from a computational point of view: the drive towards ever higher solvability

Abstract This essay’s content is rendered by the titles of the successive sections. 1. Effective solvability versus intuitive solvability. — 2. Decidability, i.e. effective solvability, in predicate logic. The speedup phenomenon — 3. Contributions of the second-order logic to the problems of solvability — 4. The infinite progress of science in the light of Turing’s idea of the oracle. The term “oracle” is a technical counterpart of the notion of mathematical intuition. A more detailed summary can be obtained through juxtaposing the textboxes labelled with letters A...F. Conclusion: in the progress of science an essential role is played by the feedback between intellectual intuitions (intuitive solvability) and algorithmic procedures (effective solvability).

POLYMORPHISM AND THE OBSTINATE CIRCULARITY OF SECOND ORDER LOGIC: A VICTIMS’ TALE

AbstractThe investigations on higher-order type theories and on the related notion of parametric polymorphism constitute the technical counterpart of the old foundational problem of the circularity (or impredicativity) of second and higher-order logic. However, the epistemological significance of such investigations has not received much attention in the contemporary foundational debate.We discuss Girard’s normalization proof for second order type theory or System F and compare it with two faulty consistency arguments: the one given by Frege for the logical system of the Grundgesetze (shown inconsistent by Russell’s paradox) and the one given by Martin-Löf for the intuitionistic type theory with a type of all types (shown inconsistent by Girard’s paradox).The comparison suggests that the question of the circularity of second order logic cannot be reduced to Russell’s and Poincaré’s 1906 “vicious circle” diagnosis. Rather, it reveals a bunch of mathematical and logical ideas hidden behind the hazardous idea of impredicative quantification, constituting a vast (and largely unexplored) domain for foundational research.

Diatom-inspired Plastic Deformation Elements for Energy Absorption in Automobiles

We report on a biomimetic approach for the construction of a deformation element in vehicles which absorbs energy in the case of lateral collisions. We aim at simultaneously maximising the energy absorption capacity of the component and minimising its weight. The examined deformation element, a crash-pad is inspired by the structure of a diatom which is known for its structural stability. As the natural counterpart, our crash pad is characterized by an undulated shape. The three undulations of the crash pad are of different height and provide for a sequential absorption of the impact energy. Compression tests were performed on the prototypes of the crash pad that were produced from different materials, namely a conventional talc reinforced polypropylene and a natural fibre reinforced plastic. Compression tests revealed that the bioinspired crash pads performed better or equal than their technical counterpart. As required, the bioinspired components deformed continuously with the increase in deformation force. Since the differences in the properties of the used materials were small, the increased energy absorption properties were predominantly due to the structure of the biomimetic deformation element.

Detailed Investigation of the Low-Energy Secondary Electron Yield (LE-SEY) of Clean Polycrystalline Cu and of Its Technical Counterpart

The detailed study of the secondary electron yield (SEY) of technical surfaces for very low electron landing energies (from 0 to 20 eV) is a very important parameter in many fields of research. Some of the devices used in all those fields of research base some of their essential functionalities on the number of electrons produced by a surface when hit by other electrons, namely, its SEY and, in most cases, its very-low-energy behavior SEY (LE-SEY). Despite such interest, the very low electron landing energy part of an SEY curve has been rarely addressed due to the intrinsic experimental complexity to control and detect very low energy electrons. Furthermore, several results published in the past have been recently questioned to suffer from experimental systematic errors. In this paper, we critically review the experimental method used to study LE-SEY and define more precisely the energy region, in which the experimental data can be considered valid. By analyzing the significantly different behavior of LE-SEY in atomically clean polycrystalline Cu and in its as-received technical counterpart, we solve most, if not all, of the apparent controversy present in the literature, producing important inputs for better understanding the devices performances related to their LE-SEY.

Managing Research Quality

The public's love affair with high technology is less intense than it used to be. Poor research and development is now seen as the source of embarrassing failures, product liability and tight regulations. RD frequently this is most easily framed in the form of a question (or series of questions) to be answered by the work. Within this framework, we believe quality R&D projects accomplish the defined objective of the research in a manner which is correct and reproducible, and efficient in budget and schedule. In this article, I will describe some of the practices we have used to try to accomplish this general goal in our projects. The Research Process To understand the principles, it is helpful to examine the generalized process. As suggested by the diagram, next page, a research begins with an interaction between the and a customer. In our practice, the term project leader is used to designate the one individual who directs the overall project, and is accountable for its results. This person will direct or perform the technical work and will be the key author of the final results. The can be an internal customer, such as a technical counterpart in another division of the company or even the leader's own management. The may also be from an outside agency that will directly use the results, or from a funding agency acting on behalf of potential users of the data. In basic research, the customer may be the himself, guiding a course of research. Having identified the customer's needs and defined the project's goals, the develops a concept for the investigation. It will be his approach to reaching the goal. This plan forms the basis for what the is going to do for the investigation. With the plan in mind, the may then initiate a series of activities that will permit the to take shape (1). If a test facility must be built or modified, the may likely obtain the assistance of a designer or design group to prepare detailed fabrication specifications and drawings. From the detailed specifications, a list of material and instrumentation that may need to be purchased is prepared. …

A proof-theoretic approach to entailment

This paper is the technical counterpart, with a proof of the conjecture of my paper 'Entailment and Proofs' (Proc. of the Aristotelian Society, 1979). There I gave the philosophical motivation for a proof-theoretic approach to the problem of entailment. Here I preserve the spirit of that approach, with minor modifications of earlier definitions. It is hoped that the results of this paper will go some way towards a general theory of entailment and proof structure, a crucially underdeveloped aspect of extant theories of entailment, which is only gestured towards in Anderson and Belnap's encyclopaedic coverage (pp. 216-217). My own conviction is that entailment is irreducibly proof-based, and I see no need for further semantical underpinnings than those disclosed in the final Corollaries below. Before plunging into the proof theoretic workings below, the reader may benefit from some details of informal motivation. My basic aim is to avoid the Lewis paradoxes: A, ~ --B, A B v B, while retaining as much (that is, as many of the proofs) of classical logic as possible. In particular, disjunctive syllogism: A vB, ~-A B is to be retained; also, as far as possible, the transitivity of proof so vital to the development of mathematics. My basic method is to attend to "good" and "bad" features of proof in natural deduction in order to isolate some notion of Proof as a satisfactory explication of the notion of entailment. Crudely put, the Lewis paradoxes must not be Provable; but there must be enough Proofs to do all of first order mathematics. So consider the following four proofs of the first Lewis paradox in the (~, &)-fragment of classical natural deduction: