In order to efficiently identify early tea diseases, an improved YOLOv8 lesion detection method is proposed to address the challenges posed by the complex background of tea diseases, difficulty in detecting small lesions, and low recognition rate of similar phenotypic symptoms. This method focuses on detecting tea leaf blight, tea white spot, tea sooty leaf disease, and tea ring spot as the research objects. This paper presents an enhancement to the YOLOv8 network framework by introducing the Receptive Field Concentration-Based Attention Module (RFCBAM) into the backbone network to replace C2f, thereby improving feature extraction capabilities. Additionally, a mixed pooling module (Mixed Pooling SPPF, MixSPPF) is proposed to enhance information blending between features at different levels. In the neck network, the RepGFPN module replaces the C2f module to further enhance feature extraction. The Dynamic Head module is embedded in the detection head part, applying multiple attention mechanisms to improve multi-scale spatial location and multi-task perception capabilities. The inner-IoU loss function is used to replace the original CIoU, improving learning ability for small lesion samples. Furthermore, the AKConv block replaces the traditional convolution Conv block to allow for the arbitrary sampling of targets of various sizes, reducing model parameters and enhancing disease detection. the experimental results using a self-built dataset demonstrate that the enhanced YOLOv8-RMDA exhibits superior detection capabilities in detecting small target disease areas, achieving an average accuracy of 93.04% in identifying early tea lesions. When compared to Faster R-CNN, MobileNetV2, and SSD, the average precision rates of YOLOv5, YOLOv7, and YOLOv8 have shown improvements of 20.41%, 17.92%, 12.18%, 12.18%, 10.85%, 7.32%, and 5.97%, respectively. Additionally, the recall rate (R) has increased by 15.25% compared to the lowest-performing Faster R-CNN model and by 8.15% compared to the top-performing YOLOv8 model. With an FPS of 132, YOLOv8-RMDA meets the requirements for real-time detection, enabling the swift and accurate identification of early tea diseases. This advancement presents a valuable approach for enhancing the ecological tea industry in Yunnan, ensuring its healthy development.

Identity is one of the most important concepts dealt with in most recent studies, because it expresses the existence and belonging of the individual, and it is an integral part of his being, which he derives from the society to which he belongs. Identity is subjected to some difficulties and problems such as its fragmentation and tearing, and behind that stands several circumstances that led it to These conflicts, therefore, were the focus of attention of modern studies, and the novel has the largest share in this aspect in order to understand its importance, especially if it is related to the Arab identity based on Arabism, Islam and authenticity represented by customs, traditions, customs ... etc.
 The value of identity is evident in cultural studies that search for the texts of the text, uncover what is silent about it and what the discourse encircles in terms of the consistency of the context, and shed light on those cultural systems that have become fragmented in that identity and led to its fragmentation and tearing. For researchers and scholars to investigate its importance and its role in relying on the status of that identity and its specificity, and after that we stood on the procedural mulch to search for those cultural systems that have subsided behind the narrative texts in a way that is difficult to detect except through in-depth cultural reading.

This study presents the textural characteristics of wheat-cassava bread in terms of its response to compression, piercing and tearing forces. High Quality Cassava Flour (HQCF) has been found suitable for incorporation into wheat flour for the production of acceptable bread. Compression, piercing and tensile or tearing tests were performed with a Universal texture testing machine Testometric (M500). Results showed that there was no significant change recorded (p 0.05) until day 2, i.e. the third day after baking and though the Control with no cassava was markedly different from the others, the cassava samples were comparable in texture. Storage time was found to influence textural characteristics in terms of compression more than the level of cassava inclusion while both level of cassava inclusion and storage time seem to affect piercing as well as tearing strengths. From this study, the inclusion of up to 20% cassava does not seem to impair the texture of wheat/cassava bread.

This study is reported the adhesion failure in adhesive bonded composite and specifically for the T-joint structure. Three-dimensional finite element analysis has been performed using a commercial tool and the necessary outcomes are obtained via an eight noded solid element (Solid 185-element) from the library of ANSYS. The structural analysis input has been incurred through ANSYS parametric design language (APDL) code. The normal and shear stress distributions along different layers of the joint structure have been evaluated as the final outcomes. Based on the stress distributions, failure location in the composite joint structure has been identified by using the Tsai-Wu stress failure criterion. It has been found that the failure index is maximum at the interface between flange and web part of the joint (top layer) which indicates the probable location of failure initiation. This kind of failures are considered as adhesion failure and the failure propagation is governed by strain energy release rate (SERR) of fracture mechanics. The different adhesion failure lengths are also considered at the failure location to calculate the SERR values i.e. mode I fracture (opening), mode II fracture (sliding) and mode III fracture (tearing) along the failure front. Also, virtual crack closure technique (VCCT) principle of fracture mechanics steps is used to calculate the above said SERRs. It is found that the mode I SERR is more dominating compared to other two modes of failure for the joint considered. Finally, the influences of various parametric (geometrical and material) effect on SERR of the joint structure are evaluated and discussed in details.

This paper presents two sets of full three-dimensional thermoelastic finite element analyses of superimposed thermo-mechanically loaded Spar Wingskin Joints made with laminated Graphite Fiber Reinforced Plastic composites. The study emphasizes the influence of residual thermal stresses and material anisotropy on the inter-laminar delamination behavior of the joint structure. The delamination has been pre-embedded at the most likely location, i.e., in resin layer between the top and next ply of the fiber reinforced plastic laminated wingskin and near the spar overlap end. Multi-Point Constraint finite elements have been made use of at the vicinity of the delamination fronts. This helps in simulating the growth of the embedded delamination at both ends. The inter-laminar thermoelastic peel and shear stresses responsible for causing delamination damage due to a combined thermal and a static loading have been evaluated. Strain energy release rate components corresponding to the Mode I (opening), Mode II (sliding) and Mode III (tearing) of delamination are determined using the principle of Virtual Crack Closure Technique. These are seen to be different and non-self-similar at the two fronts of the embedded delamination. Residual stresses developed due to the thermoelastic anisotropy of the laminae are found to strongly influence the delamination onset and propagation characteristics, which have been reflected by the asymmetries in the nature of energy release rate plots and their significant variation along the delamination front.

Objective To investigate the value of high frequency ultrasound combined with color Doppler flow imaging in diagnosis and classification of trauma of penis on the clinical treatment. Methods The sonographic features of 48 cases with penile trauma were analyzed and compared with treatment outcomes. Results The ultrasonic findings of penile trauma ranged from penis contusion to penis fracture. According to the sonographic features, the trauma of penis was grouped as follows: Type 1, penis bruise (7 cases) presented with images of continuous penis skin and tunica albuginea, inhomogeneous echoes of subcutaneous tissue. Type 2, corpora cavernosa bruise (4 cases) showed images of continuous tunica albuginea, inhomogeneous internal echoes of corpora cavernosa without abnormal flow signal. The corpora cavernosa swelling into honeycomb-like, anechoic area of cavernosa with high-speed artery Doppler signals when accompanied by cavernous artery injury. Four cases were treated conservatively. Type 3, the skin and subcutaneous tissue contusion (6 cases) manifested images of incontinuous and inhomogeneous echoes of skin and subcutaneous tissue but homogeneous echoes of corpora cavernosa and tunica albuginea. Six cases of patients underwent debridement and sutured by local anesthesia. Type 4, rupture of tunica albuginea(26 cases) revealed images of incontinuous and irregular local tunica albuginea, a hematoma seen between the tunica albuginea and subcutaneous tissue. Type 5, penile fracture (5 cases) revealed mostly or fully disconnected skin and corpora cavernosa, tearing of blood vessels. The patients of type 4 and 5 were all treated surgically. Conclusions Color Doppler ultrasonography could provide accurate assessment and classification for trauma of penis, which is helpful to offer a reliable basis for clinical treatment scheme. Key words: Ultrasonography; Penis; Rupture; Trauma

Abstract – Diana, Princess of Wales, made history mostly thanks to her status as a global celebrity and as a main character in the gossip papers. This kind of world fame robbed her in life and even after death of the tragic dimension which her short existence fully belongs within. She is a tragic character not just because of the way she died. Like one of Aeschylus’ or Sophocles’ heroines, Diana claims her own right to happiness regardless of the conventional rules and the reason of State. And even more so because in her case the State is the very family she married into, therefore the tearing between public duty and private expectations cuts across what usually is the most protective environment for any individual, i.e. the family. Therein lies the paradox of royalty, and there also the roots of tragedies, in life and on stage, so strikingly similar at the Court of the first Elizabeth as of the second’s. In the works of Shakespeare, the women nearly always pay with their lives the price of their own emancipation. Somehow, this is the same fate that awaited Diana. Even though women’s lib swept England already many decades ago, still the “womanly mistakes” turn out to be as intolerable at the Windsor’s Court in the Twentieth Century as at the Tudor’s in the Sixteenth. After the great moral breaking in the Eighteenth Century of the Georgian rakes and the Blue Stockings, the Victorian age succeeded in the restoration of the old patriarchal power with its family structure. And even a century after, no challenge to the ideology of the Royal Family as a “normal family” could be tolerated. Any lady or princess ready to defy such a stricture had to pay a price. In the end, Diana has got her way but, as in every tragedy, only after her death.

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics and associated prognostic factors of the acute aortic syndrome. Methods The clinical data of 391 patients with acute aortic syndrome (AAS) admitted to Beijing University People's Hospital from January 2000 to December 2015 were analyzed. Results In 391 patients with AAS, the average age was (52.7 ±13.3) with a male/female ratio of 4.3:1, and 73.4% patients had hypertension. The most common clinical manifestation of patients with AAS was pain accounting for more than 90.0%, and the nature of pain was expansible and/or transitive pain. The level of D-dimer was elevated in 91.1% of patients with AAS (ELISA), and significantly higher in type A patients than type B patients. Ultrasound/echocardiography was used to diagnose AAS with a sensitivity of 88.4%, of which the sensitivity of type A patients was 99.1%; the mortality of type A patients was significantly higher than type B patients (34.3% vs. 0.9%, P <0.01). The mortality was declined obviously (11.7% vs. 28.0%, P <0.01) when patients were treated with stent. Compared with the in-hospital surviving group, the in-hospital mortality group had decreased platelet counts and FIB, higher level of D-dimer, FDP and NLR (neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio). Conclusions Transitive and(or) expansible pains were the characteristic clinical manifestations of acute aortic syndrome,which usually happened suddenly or tearing; D - dimer and ultrasound were valueble and simple methods in AAS patients; Compared with In-hospital surviving group,the In-hospital mortality group had decreased platelet counts and FIB,higher level of D-dimer, FDP and NLR.The mortality of type A was significantly higher than type B,operation can lower the mortality of AAS patients obviously. Key words: Acute aortic syndrome; Clinical characteristics; Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; Prognosis

Een vijf jaar oude, vrouwelijke Chinese zaagbekeend werd aangeboden met een chronische en wederkerende conjunctivitis van het linkeroog. Op klinisch onderzoek werden overvloedige traanvloei en een kazig nodulair letsel vastgesteld ter hoogte van de palpebrale conjunctiva. Bij autopsie werd een kazig, necrotisch beleg waargenomen ter hoogte van de linkerconjunctiva en de infraorbitale sinus, en er waren multipele granulomen in diverse interne organen aanwezig. Histologisch onderzoek toonde granulomateuze splenitis, hepatitis, arteritis, fibrinonecrotiserende enteritis, conjunctivitis en tevens amyloïdose van lever en milt aan. Bacteriologisch en moleculair onderzoek van de conjunctiva bij het levende dier toonde respectievelijk de aanwezigheid van een multiresistente Escherichia coli en Chlamydia psittaci aan. Deze bacteriën bleken van ondergeschikt pathogeen belang. Pre mortem werd echter geen cytologisch onderzoek of ziehlneelsen (ZN)-kleuring op de histologische coupe van het conjunctivabiopt uitgevoerd. Bovendien werden pre mortem geen bijkomende onderzoeken, zoals bloedonderzoek en radiografie, uitgevoerd. De definitieve diagnose van een Mycobacterium avium-infectie ter hoogte van de conjunctiva en de inwendige organen werd pas bevestigd na autopsie door middel van een ZNkleuring en polymerasekettingreactie (PCR)- analyse. Lokale en systemische behandelingen met antimicrobiële producten, zoals fluoroquinolonen, tetracyclinen en aminoglycosiden, waren niet succesvol.

On yedi yaşındaki erkek olgu, idrar yaparken gözlerinde yaşarma ve ağzında tükürük artışı şikâyetleri ile göz kliniğine başvurdu. Gözlerindeki yaşarmanın her iki tarafta, her gün ve neredeyse her idrarını yaparken oluştuğu ve tuvalet sonrası tükürme ihtiyacı duyduğu öğrenildi. Ayrıntılı oftalmolojik, nörolojik ve ürolojik muayene neticesinde olguda, konjenital aberan göz yaşarması saptandı. Konjenital aberan göz yaşarması, emosyonel uyarı yokken beklenmedik lakrimasyon olmasıdır. Bu uygunsuz yaşarma, yemek yeme ile ilişkili ise sıklıkla ''paradoksal gustolakrimal refleks'' ya da ''timsah gözyaşı sendromu'' olarak adlandırılır. Bu çalışmada, çok nadir bir durum olan miksiyon ile ilişkili konjenital aberan göz yaşarması olgusu sunulmuş, hastalığın patofizyolojik mekanizması, tedavi seçenekleri ve olası komplikasyonları tartışılmıştır. Bildiğimiz kadarıyla olgumuz literatürde miksiyon ile beraberlik gösteren tanımlanmış üçüncü benzer olgudur.

Objectives: To evaluate incidence, risk factors and complications of cesarean hysterectomy. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective case-control study. The study cases included 80 pregnant women with cesarean hysterectomy at Maharat Nakhon Ratchasima Hospital from January 1st, 2010 to December 31st, 2015. The controls referred to 320 pregnant women who underwent cesarean section at the closest time before and after the study cases. The medical records were collected and analysed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors. Results: During the study period, there were 50,729 deliveries and 80 pregnant women with cesarean hysterectomy (1.58:1,000). The statistically significant risk factors for cesarean hysterectomy were placenta adherent (adjusted odds ratios (AOR) 120.91, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 22.05-1653.22), uterine atony (AOR 26.77, 95% CI 5.64-127.07), placenta previa (AOR 19.15, 95% CI 5.74-63.92), the tearing of lower uterine segment (AOR 14.92, 95% CI 4.92-45.29), multigravida (AOR 4.84, 95% CI 1.65-14.20) and emergency cesarean section (AOR 3.98, 95% CI 1.26-12.58). Hypovolemia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, postoperative fever and bladder injury were significant common complications. Conclusion: Placenta adherent, uterine atony, placenta previa, the tearing of lower uterine segment, multigravida and emergency cesarean section were identified as significant risk factors for cesarean hysterectomy.

Hypernatremia results from a deficit of total body water in relation to the total body's sodium stores. This is caused by two main mechanisms: 1) net water depletion exceeding sodium losses or 2) increased sodium gain exceeding water gain. Net water depletion occurs when increased water loss exceeds sodium loss, either due to extrarenal losses (increased evaporative water losses, hypernatremic dehydration caused by diarrhea) or to renal losses (central and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, intrinsic renal disease). Insufficient water intake occurs with neonatal hypernatremic dehydration secondary to lactation failure, essential hypernatremia or osmoreceptor dysfunction. Increased sodium gain can be caused by iatrogenic hypernatremia, administration of concentrated infant formula, deliberate abusive water restriction and deliberate or non-accidental salt poisoning. Hypernatremia results in a movement of water across cell membranes from the intracellular to the extracellular space, resulting in cellular dehydration, which, in cells of the central nervous system results in brain shrinkage leading to tearing of cerebral blood vessels and neurological complications. As a protective mechanism, idiogenic osmoles accumulate inside the brain cells to help them retain water intracellularly. However this may lead to cerebral edema during rapid rehydration as these idiogenic osmoles attract water inside the neurons. As the appropriate management of hypernatremia invariably depends on the underlying mechanism and cause, a methodical history taking and clinical examination, with the judicious use of laboratory tests will lead to a precise etiological diagnosis to enable appropriate and timely therapy.

Objective To observe the feasibiliy, safety and efficacy of 125I seed implantation for the treatment of ocular tumor. Methods Nineteen patients received 125I seed implantation through intra-operative direct vision. In which 3 patients who had tumor spread received secondary 125I seed implantation through CT or MRI guiding. Nineteen patients received the operation successfully according to the preoperative plan. Fourteen cases were implanted 125I seed once, three cases received twice implantation, one case received implantation for three times, and one case received implantation for four times. Results The 19 cases were observed for 2 weeks to 8 years, The average follow-up time was (26.55±5.46) months. Local lesion was controlled without recurrence in 14 cases(73. 68%). New lesions occurance or the primary lesions spreading was found in 5 cases (26. 32%), and they were controlled after secondary 125I seeds implanation. No metastasis occurred. There was no complication associated with the manipulation of implantation surgery, except for 3 cases of mild eyelid swelling and subsutaneous hemorrhage. Conjunctival hyperemia and epithelializeation, tearing, increase of secretion were observed when the 125I seed implanted anterior to the equator, and eyelashes (eyebrow) loss occurred within 1 to 3 months. Those symptoms disappeared 6 months later. One case suffered skin ulceration and fistula because of the implantation site of the seed was close to the skin. In the patients that 125I seed implanted in lacrimal gland area, one case developed dry eye, and it was recovered in 6 months. In the patients that 125I seed implanted in the middle and the posterior part of orbit, fibrosis, sclerosis and skin pigmentation occurred 9 months after surgery. All the complications were recoverable. The anterior part complations were disppear 6 months after the surgery. Conclusion Implantation of 125I seed for the treatment of ocular tumor can utmostly reserve the visual function and the appearance, which has exact effect and safety with less damage and less complication. Key words: Tumors, ocular; 125I seed, implantation; Efficacy; Complication

Purpose: To acknowledge the ophthalmologists, that among many causes of blood tearing; the leeches are of pinnacle importance in this regard, especially to the inhabitants of Balochistan due to suitable ecology for the parasite and its infestation to the human. Material and methods: The study includes 3 patients two children and one adult with sanuineous tearing having leeches in the eyes. Results: The moment worm removed, the bloody discharge ceased, the eye remained open and patient cheerful.

This paper proposes ductile failure simulation under high strain rate conditions using finite element (FE) analyses. In order to simulate a cracked component under a high strain rate condition, this paper applies the stressmodified fracture strain model combined with the Johnson/Cook model. The stress-modified fracture strain model determines the incremental damage in terms of stress triaxiality (σm/σe) and fracture strain (ef) for a dimple fracture using the tensile test results. To validate the stress-modified fracture strain model under dynamic loading conditions, the parameters are calibrated using the tensile test results under various strain rates and the fracture toughness test results under quasi-static conditions. The calibrated damage model predicts the CT test results under a high strain rate. The simulated results were then compared with the experimental data. † Corresponding Author, kimy0308@korea.ac.kr C 2016 The Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers 남현석 · 김지수 · 김진원 · 김윤재 168 하중도 실험속도에 따라 다른 경향을 보인다고 보고되었다. 하지만 현재 적용되고 있는 지진하중 조건의 배관 건전성 평가 절차를 보면, 선형탄성해석을 통해 배관에 작용되는 지진하중의 크기를 계산하고 정적 하중 조건에서 실험된 재료 물성치를 이용하여 결함 안정성을 평가한다. 그러나 지진하중 조건에서 실제 배관에 작용하는 하중은 동적이고 반복적인 특징을 가지고 있다. 따라서 지진 하중 조건에서 배관 계통에 대한 건전성 평가를 수행하기 위해서 다양한 실험속도에 따른 재료 물성치 및 파손 거동 모사에 대한 연구가 요구되고 있다. 그러나 다양한 실험속도에 따른 재료에 대한 물성 실험을 수행하기 위해서는 많은 비용 및 시간과 노력이 요구 된다. 이러한 실기실험의 대안으로서 유한요소 손상해석을 이용한 가상 실험법은 하중과 시편 형상에 변경이 용이하고 경제적으로도 효율적이다. 이러한 이유로 본 논문에서는 다양한 실험 속도의 인장 물성 및 정적 하중조건에서의 파괴인성 실험결과를 이용하여 동적 하중조건이 작용하는 구조물의 파괴거동을 예측할 수 있는 파손 모델에 대한 연구를 수행 하였으며 이와 같은 기법을 토대로 미국 바텔 연구소(Battelle Memorial Institute)에서 수행한 동적 하중이 작용하는 파괴인성 시편(CT 시편) 실험결과를 모사하고 해석을 통한 예측 결과와 실험결과를 비교하여 변형률 속도에 따른 연성파손 해석기법의 신뢰성을 검증하였다.

Dying sun caught tearing apart its own asteroids

Objective To investigate long-term clinical efficacy and side effects of intravenous glucocorticoid therapy with or without orbital radiotherapy in moderate to severe Graves' ophthalmopathy. Methods A total of 38 patients with moderate to severe Graves' ophthalmopathy were investigated. 19 of them were treated with intravenous glucocorticoid only; in the other 19 patients glucocorticoid treatment was followed by orbital radiotherapy. Eye tearing, eye pain, soft tissue congestion, edema, exophthalmos, and diplopia were compared before and after treatment. These symptoms, general curative effect, and patients satisfaction were compared between the 2 groups, and side effects were recorded. Results Photophobia, tearing, eye pain, soft tissue congestion, edema, exophthalmos, and diplopia were all improved after treatment. Hormone combined with radiotherapy and hormone therapy alone did not yield a difference in these symptoms. Patients in the 2 groups showed the same satisfaction rate. However, in regard to the general curative effect, the group with orbital radiotherapy showed a better response rate. Of all these patients, 7 patients developed severe osteoporosis and complained bone pain, 7 patients put on body weight more than 2.5 kg each, and 1 patient developed diabetes. There was no severe liver damage or cardiovascular event. Conclusion The project of intravenous glucocorticoid given on 3 consecutive days every 4 weeks in one to 3 circles is an effective treatment for patients with moderate to severe Graves' ophthalmopathy. Intravenous glucocorticoid combined with orbital radiotherapy is more effective than intravenous glucocorticoid alone for moderate to severe Graves' ophthalmopathy patients. Strict assessment before treatment may avoid severe side effects, and in a long-time follow-up, osteoporosis is the main side effect which should be alerted. (Chin J Endocrinol Metab, 2015, 31: 506-509) Key words: Thyroid associated ophthalmopathy; Glucocorticoids; Radiotherapy

Objective To investigate the surgical methods and clinical efficacy for both ruptured upper and lower lacrimal canaliculi with the hidden broken ends. Methods For 12 eyes of 12 cases with both ruptured upper and lower lacrimal canaliculi after trauma, the nasal broken ends were not found by using various methods. The lacrimal sac was incised, retrograde seeking upper and lower canalicular nasal ends was done respectively, and then the upper and lower lacrimal canaliculus anastomosis was applied with dual ring method using a double probe silicone tube.The long-term curative effect after operation was observed. Results Before extubation after surgery, the patients had mild epiphora, foreign body sensation, inner canthus hyperemia, slight shift of silicone tube. There was no dropout of tube. The patients were followed up for 3 months to 1 year after extubation, 10 eyes were cured without tearing, lacrimal duct was unobstructed, and the cure rate was 83.3%. Two eyes were treated effectively with occasional epiphora, stenosis of lacrimal passage with part reflux of washing liquid, and the relative cure rate was 16.7%. Conclusion Lacrimal sac incision combined with double circular tube method in the treatment of both upper and lower lacrimal canaliculi ruptured with hidden nasal broken ends is intuitive and reliable. The concealed supporting tube which does not affect the postoperative appearance, and it avoid the lower eyelid and lower punctum ectropion. Key words: Laceration, upper and lower lacrimal canaliculi; dacryocyst incision; Intubction, dual annular stent

공중합체인 PLGA는 생분해성 고분자로서 의료용 이식재료로 사용되고 있으며, 이를 이용한 멤브레인은 양호한 생분해 특성 및 지속적 약물 전달체로서 치조골 유도제로 적용할 수 있다. 본 연구는 락티드, 글리콜리드 합성 및 공중합과정을 거쳐 상전이법을 이용하여 PLGA 멤브레인을 제조하였으며, 멤브레인의 광학적(NMR, IR), 기계적(인장강도), 열적(DSC)특성을 조사하였다. 또한 PLGA 멤브레인의 생분해 특성은 PBS (Phosphate Buffered Solution)이 담긴 항온조( $60^{\circ}C$ ) 내에서 분해시간에 따른 표면분해 정도, 멤브레인의 질량변화 및 용액의 pH 변화로 측정하였다. 【The PLGA(Poly lactide-co-glycolide) Copolymer have been actively applied to the medical implant material as biomaterials. PLGA membrane was able to alveoloplasty with osteotomy for favorable degradation characteristics and possibilities for sustained drug delivery. In this study, PLGA membrane was prepared using phase inversion method, and examined to optical method analysis(NMR, IR), mechanical property measurement (tearing strength) and thermal characteristic analysis(DSC). In addition, the biodegradation characteristics of the PLGA membrane filled with a PBS(Phosphate Buffered Solution) of the water bath ( $60^{\circ}C$ ) according to the degree of surface degradation in the degradation time, the pH change of the solution and change of the mass of the membrane were measured.】

It is clear that the European Union (EU) is currently in the worst crisis situation it has ever been in. The forms of social solidarity, inter-national cooperation, and trans-national structures and processes that many commentators have seen as the basis of ‘cosmopolitan’ Europe’ are under severe strain. Dec-ades of apparent cosmopolitization - of political bodies, economic networks, social connections and the patterns of everyday life - seem to be rapidly going into reverse, being pulled apart or self-destructing. If the last several decades could be understood as involving the increasing appearance and strength (albeit unevenly and in contested ways) of cosmopolitan features both within the EU as an entity and ‘inside’ its external borders, then today the tearing fabric of ‘European’ life seems to point in the opposite direction. This paper poses the question: how ‘cosmopolitan’ really was the EU before the current set of crises, and how have the latter undermined what cosmopolitan features there were? The argument proposed is that the EU was from the very beginning ambivalently cosmopolitan, for it was structured around a liberal-economic, market-based cosmopolitanism, as well as a rights-based conception of citizenship and democ-racy, a kind of legal-political cosmopolitanism. Both forms of cosmopolitanism existed up until recently in a highly ambivalent relationship with each other. But as over time, and especially from the late 1970s, liber-al-economic cosmopolitanism mutated into neo-liberal cosmopolitanism, then the tensions between the two cosmopolitanisms now stand out very starkly, and have reached breaking point. The nature and con-sequences of this situation are diagnosed.