Teacher Explanation Research Articles

PERANAN GURU AGAMA HINDU DALAM MENINGKATKAN KARAKTER DISIPLIN SISWA KELAS V DI SDN 11 CAKRANEGARA

Disciplinary character is important in the world of education. The problem of disciplinary character that occurs at Elementary School 11 Cakranegara is some students play during tri sandhya activities, pay less attention to the teacher's explanation, and are also indifferent to the tasks given by the teacher. This study aims to provide information about the role of Hindu Religious Teachers in improving students' disciplinary character. The problems studied are The disciplinary character of 5th-grade students at Elementary School 11 Cakranegara; The role of Hinduism teachers in improving the disciplinary character of 5th-grade students; Efforts made by Hinduism teachers in improving the disciplinary character of 5th-grade students at Elementary School 11 Cakranegara. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach method. Through observation, interview, and documentation data collection techniques. The results showed: 1. The disciplinary character of 5th-grade students is good enough. It is proven that they have fulfilled the existing discipline character indicators. 2. The role of Hinduism teachers in improving the disciplinary character of 5th-grade students is vital. The role consists of Teachers as educators and teachers, facilitators, motivators, and demonstrators. 3. Efforts made by Hinduism teachers in improving the disciplinary character of 5th-grade students: Reprimanding students, guiding students, making picket schedules in groups, providing coaching and direction to students, making a schedule for the leader of sradha bhakti activities, and providing sanctions or punishments that are educational.

Teaching Topic Preferences in the Nature–Human–Society Subject: How Trainee Teachers Justify Their Likes and Dislikes

This study focuses on the description and explanation of trainee teachers’ attitudes in specific educational situations. More precisely, it demonstrates the reasons why they prefer to teach certain Nature–Human–Society topics over others and, conversely, why they do not like teaching some of those topics—particularly science topics relating to physics and technology. The description of these arguments is relevant because trainee teachers’ attitudes can have an impact on later teacher behavior, especially in a multidisciplinary subject such as Nature—Human–Society, where different topics can be given different amounts of time and importance in class. The results of this study are based on a survey of a student cohort in teacher training in Switzerland. The arguments for liking or disliking a total of twelve teaching topics in the subject Nature–Human–Society were elicited through open-ended questions and theoretically assigned to three attitude dimensions—cognitive beliefs, affective access, and perceived control—following qualitative content analysis. Differences in the reasons for liking and disliking certain teaching topics are shown, as well as the general finding that liking teaching topics is primarily based on cognitive beliefs, while disliking teaching topics is primarily attributed to lacking perceived control or lacking affective access to trainee teachers.

Allow Me to Explain: Benefits of Explaining Extend to Distal Academic Performance.

How does the act of explaining influence learning? Prior work has studied effects of explaining through a predominantly proximal lens, measuring short-term outcomes or manipulations within lab settings. Here, we ask whether the benefits of explaining extend to academic performance over time. Specifically, does the quality and frequency of student explanations predict students' later performance on standardized tests of math and English? In Study 1 (N = 127 5th-6th graders), participants completed a causal learning activity during which their explanation quality was evaluated. Controlling for prior test scores, explanation quality directly predicted both math and English standardized test scores the following year. In Study 2 (N = 20,384 10th graders), participants reported aspects of teachers' explanations and their own. Controlling for prior test scores, students' own explanations predicted both math and English state standardized test scores, and teacher explanations were linked to test performance through students' own explanations. Taken together, these findings suggest that benefits of explaining may result in part from the development of a metacognitive explanatory skill that transfers across domains and over time. Implications for cognitive science, pedagogy, and education are discussed.

Evaluation of Implementing Combined Lecture, Demonstration, and Question-Answer Methods in the Fiqh Lesson

The purpose of this research was to find out how the planning, implementation, and evaluation of the combination of lecture, demonstration, and question and answer methods in Fiqh lessons on obligatory prayers material class VII (seventh grade) at State Islamic Junior High School of 1 Padang. The research type was qualitative field research. The instruments of this research were interviews and observation. There were two respondents in this research. They are Primary and secondary respondents. The primary respondents were 2 Fiqh teachers and ten students. Meanwhile, the principal and deputy curriculum as secondary respondents in strengthening the results of this research. The results of this research are (1) the teacher of Fiqh's lesson was well organized in the planning of the lecture, demonstration, and question and answer methods, (2) the implementation of the lecture, demonstration, and question and answer methods is not fully by the lesson plan, especially in applying technology as a learning media in Fiqh lessons. Therefore, it was focused on the teacher's explanation in front of the class. (3) Teachers carried out their roles well as facilitators for students who had not understood the learning material and provided a material review to strengthen students' understanding of learning. However, the evaluation did not measure the achievement of students' learning objectives.

Penerapan Metode Ekspository dalam Pembelajaran PAI di UPTD SD N 05 Mungka

The author's motivation for undertaking this study stems from a previous observation that instructors continued to employ an expository method that was monotonous and devoid of variety. The instructor primarily employs the lecture method to impart the learning material, which restricts their ability to utilise infrastructure and facilities such as mind mapping and concentration for the students. This form of inquiry employs descriptive qualitative research methodology, specifically characterising a symptom associated with a current event. By utilising data collection methods such as documentation, interviews, and observation. Class V students served as the primary informants, while the Islamic Religious Education Instructor and the School Principal provided supplementary information. Following this, the author conducts data analysis through data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing from the study. The findings of the study indicate that: 1) The expository method was implemented with PAI subjects. After conducting research on its learning applications, it has been optimised. Because educators possess a professional demeanour and impart knowledge in accordance with their academic credentials. 2) Possessing assets that serve as corroborating elements in the instructor's implementation and utilisation of learning resources pertaining to Islamic religious education that are accessible and deemed satisfactory in their efficacy. However, there are impediments: a) the teacher's capacity to design learning is constrained (insufficient), b) the length of the teacher's explanations is excessive, c) the reliance on textbooks lacks creativity and is monotonous, and d) educators' endeavours to surmount challenges are also hindered. when the expository method is applied to PAI subjects:. 3) Efforts made by educators to overcome inhibiting factors in the application of expository methods, especially in PAI subjects, can be overcome by developing expository methods, such as using teaching aids, and supplementing with worksheets, and using textbooks that are less imaginative, rigid, and emphasized. on factual learning, memorization, and so on. Thus, it can be stated that the application of the expository method in the implementation of the Islamic Religious Education learning process produces a good learning process and can improve student learning achievement.

Development of Papercraft Visual Media On Grade IV Fraction Material In Elementary School

The lack of utilization of learning media makes it difficult for students to learn the concept of fractions, including students having difficulty understanding the teacher's explanation and difficulty performing calculations. Creating beautiful papercraft media to teach math is the driving force behind this research. The purpose of this research is to develop visual papercraft media and to find out whether visual papercraft media is feasible to be used as learning media in the Mathematics content in the classroom. This research uses the Research and Development (R&D) method using the 4-D model which goes through four stages, namely: 1. Define, 2. Design, 3. Development (Development), 4. Dissemination (Disseminate). Descriptive questionnaires were used for data collection. Students of SDN Cilincing 03 Pagi who are in grade IV participated as research subjects. This research was conducted by forming large groups and small groups. There were a total of 27 students from class IV B, with 10 students from class IV A forming the small group. The validation results from media experts and material experts showed that papercraft media is very suitable for teaching fractions. Media expert validation results reached 90% with a very feasible category, material expert results reached 91% with a very feasible category, and responses from 10 students in this study reached 94.9% with a very feasible category. In addition, responses from 27 students were at 94% with a very feasible category. It is concluded that papercraft media is a learning media that is very suitable for teaching fraction material in Mathematics subjects to grade IV elementary school students.

Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Flipped Classroom Terhadap Hasil Belajar IPAS pada Kelas V di SDN 18 Balimbing

Based on observations of the learning process carried out at SDN 18 Balimbing, the learning process in science subjects is still teacher centred. In this case the teacher still explains the learning material from beginning to end, where students are not involved in the process of discussing the material. When the teacher is explaining the material, there is no student involvement in discussing the material, not all students pay attention and lack concentration in listening to the teacher's explanation and there are also students who carry out other activities that are not related to the current learning. This type of research is quantitative research using a Quasy Experiment approach. The population in this study was class V students at SDN 18 Balimbing. The samples for this research were class V.A as the experimental class and V.B as the control class, each consisting of 16 students. The data collection technique uses a test in the form of 40 objective questions, then the resulting data obtained is analyzed using the t-test. The results of this research show that the average score for the experimental class is 80.62, while the average score for the control class is 67.81. Based on the t-test calculation, the tcount ˃ ttable value is 3.364 ˃ 2.042, meaning there is a significant difference in learning outcome values ​​at the significance level ɑ 0.05. Thus, it can be concluded that the use of the Flipped Classroom learning model influences learning outcomes in class V science and science subjects at SDN 18 Balimbing

Enhancing English Learning for Elementary Students Through Children's Songs

Learning and teaching activities occur almost every day in the classroom between teachers and students. In this context, the process is usually thought of as the teacher delivering material to students while the students listen to the teacher's explanation. Learning in the classroom can occur if an interaction or synergy is created from various factors that support the teaching and learning process such as the presence of teachers, students, curriculum, teaching methods or techniques, teaching media and others. In this case, a learning activity is carried out to achieve learning objectives. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of using children's songs as a method of learning English in elementary schools. The research method used is qualitative research with a literature study approach. The research results show that the use of children's songs in English learning in elementary schools can increase students' motivation, strengthen their language skills, and facilitate enjoyable learning. Children's songs help students internalize English vocabulary, grammar and intonation more effectively. These findings provide important insights for the development of English language learning strategies that focus on students' active involvement. It is hoped that the results of this research can become a basis for developing a more innovative and student-oriented English language learning approach in elementary schools.

Internalisasi Nilai-Nilai Agama Islam dalam Pembentukan Karakter Peserta Didik di Sekolah Dasar Negeri 116 Buton Kabupaten Buton

This research discusses the internalization of Islamic religious values ​​in the formation of students' character at 116 State Elementary Schools, Buton Regency. Aims to describe the internalization of Islamic religious values ​​in forming the character of students at SD Negeri 116 Buton and describe the factors that influence the internalization of Islamic religious values ​​in forming the character of students at SD Negeri 116 Buton. This research uses pedagogical research to determine the ability of educators to carry out the learning process, especially in terms of their pedagogical competencies. The implementation of learning starts from planning, implementing and evaluating learning outcomes and being able to understand students from all their characters, especially in increasing interest in learning and psychological research referred to in this research is research that is based on the objective conditions of the students being researched by considering the conditions faced by them. students, especially when learning takes place and the condition of educators when carrying out learning. The research results show that the implementation of the integration of PAI learning values ​​is carried out by teachers in the learning process through the preliminary, core and closing stages. The values ​​instilled are in accordance with the basic competencies that have been planned. The character value that often appears is religious character. The implementation of PAI integration education at SD Negeri 116 Buton attracted quite a lot of attention because all subject teachers were required to master Islamic Religious Education. The role of teachers is very dominant in the formation of the religious character of their students in the future. Behind the success of students there is always a competent teacher who provides great inspiration and motivation to them as a source of energy to always learn and move to catch up, achieve progress and achieve their goals. The main thing for a student is that by utilizing the infrastructure, students are able to accept the teacher's explanation and are more interested in following the lesson. In order to improve the quality of educational institutions in global competition in positive terms in education and to shape the character of students, continuous efforts are needed to achieve goals. Several obstacles, one of which is the lack of facilities and infrastructure so that they are unable to provide a conducive atmosphere for students, learning equipment that is still simple, toilet facilities are inadequate compared to the large number of students and so on. The conclusion of this research is that the internalization of the values ​​of Islamic religious education through learning from the preliminary stages, from the learning process to the end of learning, becomes an integral series, this can be implemented with adequate facilities and infrastructure even though there are still obstacles in its implementation.

RESPONS SISWA TERHADAP BUKU LATIHAN AKM STATISTIKA SEBAGAI MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN

Technology plays a significant role in advancing education as it facilitates educators in teaching abstract subjects that are difficult to understand, such as mathematics. Mathematics is a key component of human intellectual capability and the revolution of scientific knowledge. In mathematics learning, without engaging teaching media, students tend to disregard the teacher's explanations, become passive, get bored quickly, and merely take notes on the presented material. Therefore, innovative learning media, such as interactive math comics, need to be developed. This study aims to determine students' responses to the use of AKM practice books in mathematics learning. This research is descriptive and focuses on the level of student satisfaction with the learning process using AKM practice books. Students' responses were collected using a Likert scale questionnaire and then analyzed using data categorization techniques. The results of the study indicate that trial results in both small-scale and large-scale classes showed an average rating of very good. Consequently, the AKM practice book is considered practical to use as it received positive feedback from students, being highly useful in the learning process. The AKM practice book, as a mathematics learning medium, significantly aids in the learning process due to its attractive design, easily understandable question texts, clearly explained content, and it makes students feel happy and very interested. Thus, the response of class X8 students at SMA N 1 Sedayu towards the AKM practice book on statistical material is positive and practical for use.

Application Programs for Learning Arabic in the Industrial Era 4.0: A Qualitative Analysis of Teachers and Students in Aceh

This article describes learning Arabic using online applications in secondary and tertiary schools in the Aceh region. It analyzes the benefits and obstacles faced by teachers and students. This research uses the qualitative-analytical approach using Creswell's analysis theory, including data preparation and processing, building a general sense of information, and coding and interpreting the data. This research shows that learning the Arabic language through online applications is an activity that provides information, especially Arabic language studies, through the Internet, such as via WhatsApp, Google Classroom, Zoom, Kahoot, and Quizizz applications. Using these applications makes them more knowledgeable in developing their technology capabilities. Technology can accustom students to independent learning and not rely on the teacher's explanation alone, creating the habit of reading and analyzing educational materials. One of the obstacles to learning through electronic media is the lack of access to the Internet in rural areas of Aceh. There are no computers or laptops for students, and there are materials that are difficult to understand.

Strategi Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab dengan Menggunakan Model Pembelajaran Window Shoping di Jurusan PBA UIN Mataram

The strategy in learning is very important and the method used will greatly affect the improvement of learning. As we know, giving or presenting a method in learning is not easy because there are still many teachers who present learning with inappropriate methods so that students feel bored and not interested in learning and listening to the teacher's explanation. Based on this, the researcher offers a learning method that is expected to help improve learning, namely a learning method using window shopping which aims to increase children's interest and creativity. The method used in this study is a qualitative description with the data collection instrument, namely observation. And examined by looking at references from previous journals and books or called literature studies. The results of this study indicate that using the window shopping learning method can help increase a child's creativity and critical thinking skills and interest in learning.

Miskonsepsi Siswa SMA Materi Osmoregulasi & Sistem Ekskresi Sebagai Dasar Pengembangan Bahan Ajar

This study aims to identify the misconceptions experienced by grade XI high school students on osmoregulation and excretory system material, and analyze the sources that cause these misconceptions. A good understanding of the concepts in this material is very important because it is related to the physiological processes that occur in the human body. This study used descriptive qualitative method with data collection techniques through multiple-choice diagnostic tests through google form and in-depth interviews as well as documentation and literacy studies. The research subjects amounted to 283 grade XI students from three high schools in the West Sumatra city area, namely SMA N 1 Payakumbuh, SMA N 2 Linggo Sari Baganti, SMA N 3 Muaro Jambi, SMA N 3 South Solok, SMA N 2 Sipora Kab. Kep. Mentawai. The results showed that most students had misconceptions on concepts such as osmoregulation mechanism & Excretion System. The sources of misconceptions identified include initial misconceptions, incomplete teacher explanations, inadequate textbooks, and difficulties in visualizing complex processes. These findings form the basis for developing teaching materials that are more effective and contextualized in correcting student misconceptions. Key words: Misconception, Osmoregulation, Excretory System, Teaching Materials, Senior high school

Analisis Miskonsepsi Buku Biologi Kurikulum 2013 Kelas X Pada Materi Ekosistem

This research analyzes misconceptions in the 2013 Biology curriculum book for class X, especially regarding ecosystem material. Using qualitative descriptive methods, this research identifies parts of the book that have the potential to cause misconceptions and involves interviews and questionnaires with students and teachers. The results show that less than 10% of concepts experience misconceptions, with the highest level of misconceptions in the concepts of food chains and energy flow. Most misconceptions are caused by students' lack of understanding of teacher explanations that are difficult to understand. Students tend to look for references on the internet to clarify material, but this also has the potential to increase misconceptions if the source is not clear. Lecture-based learning methods and the use of PowerPoint media without in-depth explanations also contribute to misconceptions. This research emphasizes the importance of meaningful and participatory learning to reduce student misconceptions.

Exploring Innovative Approaches: Optimizing Google Classroom for Enhanced Motivation in Science Learning

Purpose of the study: This research aims to investigate the challenges encountered in utilizing Google Classroom as a learning platform and its implications for motivating students in studying science, with a focus on identifying both internal and external factors affecting students' engagement and interest in the subject. Methodology: This study employs a descriptive qualitative approach to explore the challenges associated with using Google Classroom as a learning tool for motivating science study. Data collection methods include observation, questionnaires, interviews, and documentation. The analysis involves data reduction, presentation (Data Display), and conclusion drawing/verification stages. Data validity is ensured through triangulation of data sources, enhancing the reliability of the findings. Main Findings: The research highlights internal problems like difficulty with Google Classroom, limited smartphone access (1.03%), material comprehension issues, and insufficient teacher explanations. External challenges include lack of family support and teacher interaction. Solutions include providing internet data for infrastructure issues, motivational videos on Google Classroom, video-based learning, and student self-initiated learning via Google, YouTube, and books. Student motivation for science learning through Google Classroom is moderate at 56%. Novelty/Originality of this study: This research contributes novelty by scrutinizing the nexus between Google Classroom and student motivation in science education, addressing a significant gap in current literature. By elucidating nuanced challenges and implications for student engagement, the study offers fresh insights into optimizing digital learning platforms to enhance motivation and learning outcomes in science education amidst the evolving educational landscape shaped by technology.

Improving Students Learning Activeness in Social Studies Subjects through Student Teams Achievement Division (STAD) Cooperative Learning Model

This research is motivated by the problems found in class VII E at SMPN 2 Pamekasan, namely the low level of student learning activeness in social studies lessons, in the classroom the teacher still uses the lecture method in explaining the learning material and continued with practice questions, as a result learning activities become unvaried and limited. cooperative learning model type Student Teams Achivement Division (STAD) is used to increase student activeness. This research used classroom action research (PTK) which was carried out in two cycles, each cycle consisting of four stages, namely the planning, implementation, observation, and reflection stages. The subjects of this study were students of class VII E consisting of 32 students. The research instruments used in this study were observation guidelines for student learning activeness, and field notes. While the data collection techniques used in this research are participatory observation, interviews, and documentation. The data analysis used is qualitative data analysis, which consists of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing, and quantitative data analysis with a percentage of the assessment of student learning activeness in the application of the Student Teams Achivement Division (STAD) type cooperative learning model. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that there is an increase in student learning activeness in social studies learning from cycle I to cycle II. Indicators pay attention to the teacher's explanation increased 12.51% from cycle I to cycle II. Indicators record or summarize the subject matter increased 28.13% from cycle I to cycle II. Indicators asking questions to teachers or friends experienced an increase of 26.57% from cycle I to cycle II. Indicators answering questions from teachers or friends increased 39.06% from cycle I to cycle II. Indicators discussing with group members in solving problems increased 21.88% from cycle I to cycle II. Indicators helping fellow group members in understanding the subject matter increased 14.07% from cycle I to cycle II. The indicator of doing tasks given by the teacher increased 28.12% from cycle I to cycle II. The indicator of doing quizzes individually increased 39.06% from cycle I to cycle II. And student learning activeness showed a score of 93.75% at the end of the cycle.

Linguistically Diverse students’ Views on the Role of Prior Knowledge When Reading Texts in Civics Textbooks

Activation of prior knowledge is vital for reading comprehension. However, little is known about students’ perceptions of what prior knowledge they view as significant for improving their learning from textbook texts in civics. This study explores how Swedish ninth-grade students, aged 14–16, with diverse linguistic and educational backgrounds, engage with two grade-level civics textbook texts by drawing on their prior knowledge. A four-field model is used to closely study the possibilities with civics texts, focusing on students’ prior knowledge. Thematic content analysis of the students’ statements from two think-aloud sessions reveals the emergence of seven distinct categories of prior knowledge. For instance, parents’ narratives and teacher explanations are underlined as essential resources for students to enhance their comprehension of the content of civics texts, thereby supporting their civics learning. The findings suggest that challenges with civics texts may not be a result of a lack of prior knowledge but may rather be due to the limited opportunities the students receive to activate their prior knowledge when engaging with civics texts. The students report that they face challenges in activating their prior knowledge when they encounter language- and content-related difficulties with civics texts. This underscores the pivotal role of civics teachers in facilitating prior knowledge activation before, during, and after reading civics texts. The four-field model can be used as a tool for analyzing and understanding the intricacies of reading civics texts. Using the model could support civics teachers in designing instruction to minimize challenges and improve students’ learning in civics.

Implementation of A Collaborate Learning Model Stad-Pjbl with Diorama Media to Improve Student Learning Outcomes on Eclipse Topics

During the implementation of the sixth grade science learning process at SDN 01 Karyomukti, it showed that the majority of students had low learning outcomes. This is due to lack of motivation among students, lack of enthusiasm, lack of enthusiasm and tend to be inactive. Low response to feedback from students to questions and teacher explanations and poor concentration of thinking. To solve problems in order to improve student learning outcomes and student collaboration is to apply the STAD-PjBL collaborative learning model assisted by diorama media which can involve the active role of students. This research employed an experimental methodology designed to examine the effects of specific treatments under controlled conditions. The research utilized a non-equivalent control group design. Both the control and experimental groups underwent a pretest. Different treatments were applied to each group, followed by a posttest to evaluate outcomes. The subjects comprised 16 sixth-grade students from SDN 01 Karyomukti (experimental group) and 13 sixth-grade students from SDN 02 Karyomukti (control group). The pretest and posttest results revealed a significant improvement in the experimental group, with an average increase of 75% using the STAD-PjBL collaborative model assisted by diorama media. Consequently, it can be concluded that the STAD-PjBL collaborative model assisted by diorama media is effective in enhancing the learning outcomes for eclipse topics in the sixth grade at SDN 01 Karyomukti.

Analisis Disposisi Matematis pada Pembelajaran Matematika di Sekolah Dasar

The problems of this research are students' lack of attention to the teacher's explanation, lack of enthusiasm for lessons and their lack of curiosity in mathematics lessons. Then, the aims of this research are to know students’ mathematical disposition and the results of the mathematical disposition of students at grade 5 SDIT Khoiru Ummah after using the CORE (Connecting, Organizing, Reflecting, Extending) learning model. The type of the research was quantitative descriptive research. The population was 63 students with a sample of 30 students using purposive sampling. The data collection technique was in the form of observation and a questionnaire consisting of 20 questions referring to 5 indicators of mathematical disposition. The second data used had been validated by experts. From the research results of applying the CORE (Connecting, Organizing, Reflecting, and Extending) learning model to the mathematical disposition of grade 5 students at SDIT Khoiru Ummah, it was shown that teacher and students’ activities are very good. The results of the students' mathematical disposition obtained from the questionnaire were classified as high as many as 23 people, medium as many as 4 people and low as many as 3 people.

ANALYSIS OF TEACHING MATERIAL NEEDS FOR SEQUENCES AND SERIES TO IMPROVE SMA/MA STUDENTS' MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM SOLVING CAPABILITY

Teaching materials are one of the supporting components for achieving mathematical problem solving abilities. This research aims to analyze the need for teaching materials regarding sequences and series to improve mathematical problem solving abilities for class at SMAN 15 Pekanbaru. Data collection through interviews and questionnaires uses instruments that contain indicators, namely learning resources, content of teaching materials, and needs for teaching materials. The data analysis used is Miles-Huberman Interactive Analysis, which consists of data condensation, data display and conclusion drawing. The results of this research indicate that the teaching materials used in learning have shortcomings, namely: the teaching materials do not use a certain approach so that the teaching materials cannot improve mathematical problem solving abilities; material is received by memorization; teaching materials are less attractive, not contextual, unclear and difficult to use if there is no teacher explanation; teaching materials cannot make students active; and teaching materials cannot yet be called teaching materials because the constituent components are still lacking. The teacher stated that learning using teaching materials was better than just using textbooks. Based on the results of the research, it is hoped that it can be followed up to overcome students' problems in using teaching materials designed by teachers and developing teaching materials on sequence and series material which can improve students' mathematical problem solving abilities