Tea Leaf Powder Research Articles

Performance enhancement of triboelectric nanogenerator by embedding tea-leaf powder in waste polystyrene

A triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), which harvests electrical energy from ambient mechanical vibrations, has emerged as a potential alternative to battery for future energy autonomous sensors and wireless devices. In this paper, we report a very simple and cost-effective strategy to improve the performance of a waste-material-based triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). Tea-leaf powder is used as the filler in waste polysyrene (WPS), derived from the waste packaging material by using a very simple process. TENGs are fabricated using the composite layer comprising varying concentrations of the tea-leaf powder in WPS (Tea@WPS) as the tribopositive layer and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) as the tribonegative layer. It is found that a low concentration of the tea leaf powder, such as 5%, produces the best performance with a peak voltage of ~1800 V, a surface charge density of ~180 μC/m2, and a power density of 61.25W/m2, which are approximately 4.5×, 2.8×, and 8× higher than that for a similar TENG in which no tea-leaf filler is used in WPS. Possible reasons for such huge performance enhancement are discussed. Although the performance of the device is degraded when exposed to high humidity level, it is found that the device restores it original performance when the humidity is reduced again. No degradation of performance of the device is observed for over 110 days in the same ambient condition.

Green tea supplementation prevented oxidative stress, fibrosis, and myocardial damage in isoproterenol-induced Swiss albino mice

IntroductionOne of the main causes of death and morbidity in people with cardiovascular disorders is myocardial infarction. This study investigated the impact of green tea (GT) leaf powder on isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial infarction in Swiss albino mice. Methods and materials4 to 5 weeks male Swiss albino mice were divided into four groups with 6 mice in every group: Control, ISO, Control + GT and ISO+ GT leaves powder. All of the mice were sacrificed at the end of the investigation. Heart organ and blood plasma samples were taken, and they were tested for oxidative stress indicators and several biochemical parameters. To investigate the formation of mononuclear cells and fibrosis in the heart histopathological staining of tissue sections was also carried out. ResultsIn this experiment, supplementation with green tea leaf powder in ISO-administered mice prevented the increased activity of the AST, ALT, and ALP enzymes. Additionally, three more tests were performed such as CK-MB, Creatinine, and Uric acid whose levels were increased by isoproterenol, and treatment of green tea reduced these elevated levels. Due to the supplementation of green tea leaf powder, ISO-administered mice had lower levels of lipid peroxidation product, nitric oxide, advanced protein oxidation product, and myeloperoxidase. Mice exposed to ISO had considerably higher levels of oxidative stress markers and lower levels of cellular antioxidants including catalase activity, SOD activity, and reduced glutathione concentration. Additionally, the heart of ISO-induced mice revealed substantial fibrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration. Furthermore, green tea leaf powder supplementation prevented inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrosis in ISO-administered mice. ConclusionIn conclusion, the findings imply that supplementing with green tea leaf powder might lower the risk of myocardial infarction in mice given ISO, potentially by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis.

Steam explosion-assisted grinding improves the functional properties and antioxidant activity of Java tea-leaf powders (Clerodendranthus spicatus).

Java tea is widely consumed and has multiple health effects. This study established a steam explosion (SE) pretreatment method to prepare Java tea-leaf powders. The physicochemical, functional properties, phenolic extraction, and antioxidant activity of Java tea-leaf powders produced by simple and SE-assisted milling methods were investigated. In comparison with simple milling, SE pretreatment broke the cell wall effectively and reduced the particle size of Java tea-leaf powders. Steam explosion-treated powders showed higher values for sensory signals, bulk and tap density, and for the water solubility index. After SE treatment, the adsorption capacities to glucose, soybean oil, and cholesterol of leaf powders were increased by up to 55, 95, and 80% respectively. The extracts from SE-treated powders also showed higher total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity. Steam explosion treatment is helpful for the improvement of functional properties and antioxidant activity, which can benefit the development and application of Java tea-leaf powders. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Effect of Adding Inhibitors from Dried Tea Leaf Powder and Calcium Nitrate to Concrete and Reinforcement on the Corrosion Rate of Reinforcement and Concrete Compressive Strength

Indonesia has many coastal areas; sometimes coastal areas have a typical problem like seawater intrusion, causing seawater to be forced to be used as a solution, replacing fresh water in concrete mixtures. However, using seawater can be harmful to the reinforcement because of the chloride ion content in seawater. The result of this study is to determine the effect of seawater on reinforced concrete, as well as examine corrosion inhibitors that can reduce the corrosion rate of concrete reinforcement, the effects of reinforcement on corrosion rate, and the effect of concrete on compressive strength when added inhibitor material. Research method using experimental by making concrete specimens using seawater as a mixing agent for concrete mortar, adding calcium nitrate to it, and in other concrete specimens adding crushed tea leaves. Concrete bar using a plain round reinforcing bar with a diameter of 10 mm and 280 MPa tensile strength. The results of the analysis showed that concrete with a mixture of tea leaves weighing 1.6 kg/m3 of concrete produced the smallest iron weight loss; the largest compressive strength for concrete with inhibitor was produced by concrete specimens with tea leaves weighing 0.8 kg/m3 of concrete.

Electrochemical Studies of Aluminium 7075 Alloy in Green Tea Leaf Powder as an Efficient Green Inhibitor

Corrosion is a major issue in every industrial system. As a result of its widespread application, aluminum suffers enormous annual losses due to corrosion. Scientists are continually on the lookout for effective anti-corrosion strategies. Corrosion may be reduced in a number of ways, but many of them are harmful to the environment, so it's important to find a green alternative. Corrosion inhibitors in aluminum alloys can be found in green tea. In this research, we found that aluminum alloy 7075 (Al-7075) in a 3.5% NaCl solution was inhibited by both green tea. Samples of Al alloy are submerged in 3.5% NaCl solutions with and without an inhibitor for a total of 4 days. The weight-loss technique is used to determine the effectiveness of an inhibitor, with green tea with the best efficiency of 83.93% compared to the greatest efficiency of 14.29% for green tea.

Enhancing Photocatalytic Efficiency of Spent Tea Leaf Powder on ZnIn2S4 Incorporation: Role of Surface Charge on Dye Degradation.

Photocatalytic degradation of dye contaminants using nanocomposite adsorbents has emerged as a promising solution for wastewater treatment. Owing to its abundant availability, eco-friendly composition, biocompatibility, and strong adsorption activity, spent tea leaf (STL) powder has been extensively explored as a viable dye-adsorbent material. In this work, we report spectacular enhancement in the dye-degradation properties of STL powder on incorporation of ZnIn2S4 (ZIS). The STL/ZIS composite was synthesized using a novel, benign, and scalable aqueous chemical solution method. Comparative degradation and reaction kinetics studies were performed onto an anionic dye, Congo red (CR), and two cationic dyes, Methylene blue (MB) and Crystal violet (CV). The degradation efficiencies of CR, MB, and CV dyes were obtained to be 77.18, 91.29, and 85.36%, respectively, using the STL/ZIS (30%) composite sample after the 120 min experiment. The spectacular improvement in the degradation efficiency of the composite was attributed to its slower charge transfer resistance (as concluded by the EIS study) and optimized surface charge (as concluded by ζ potential study). Scavenger tests and reusability tests deciphered the active species (•O2-) and reusability of the composite samples, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate improvement in the degradation efficiency of STL powder on ZIS incorporation.

Effect of different levels of green tea (Camellia sinensis) and mulberry (Morus alba) leaves powder on performance, carcass characteristics, immune response and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens.

In recent years, the use of medicinal plants as an alternative to antibiotics has expanded. Plants containing medicines and antioxidants can improve the performance of poultry. The purpose of this study was to achieve the appropriate levels of green tea leaf powder (GTP) and mulberry leaf powder (MLP) in the diet, which positively affects broilers' performance. 648 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were allocated to nine dietary treatments with six replicates and each replicate containing 12 birds based on a completely randomised design (CRD) in a factorial arrangement of 3 × 3 with three levels of GTP, and three levels of MLP for 42 days. Treatments included: (1) no GTP + no MLP (control), (2) 1% GTP + no MLP, (3) 2% GTP + no MLP, (4) no GTP + 1% MLP, (5) 1% GTP + 1% MLP, (6) 2% GTP + 1% MLP, (7) no GTP + 2% MLP, (8) 1% GTP + 2% MLP and (9) 2% GTP + 2% MLP. The results revealed that the effect of added powders (2%) was significant and increased daily weight gain (DWG) and reduced feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the control group during the grower and whole phases (p < 0.05). On 35 days, the control and 2% GTP + 2% MLP treatment had the lowest and highest antibodies titre (total and immunoglobulin G [IgG]), respectively (p < 0.05). The groups fed with 1% GTP + 1% MLP showed higher villus height (VH) compared to the control, 2% GTP + 1% MLP, 1% GTP + 2% MLP, and 2% GTP + 2% MLP groups (p < 0.05). The ratio of the villus height to crypt depth (VH: CD) in treatments 1% GTP + no MLP, 2% GTP + no MLP and 1% GTP + 1% MLP was significantly higher than the control treatment (p < 0.05). It was concluded that the addition of 2% GTP or MLP could improve humoral immune response and performance, and the addition of 1% GTP without MLP increased VH: CD in broilers.

PH-sensitive green tea-derived carbon quantum dots for real-time monitoring of shrimp freshness

Green-emitting carbon dots (CDs) were synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal approach using green tea leaf powder (GLP) as a single precursor. The stability and effectiveness of the synthesized GLP-CDs were verified by zeta potential, optical, and luminescence analyses. The prepared CD has excellent pH-responsive properties, providing exciting possibilities for pH-induced intelligent monitoring of packaged foods. GLP-CD was useful for determining liquid ammonia in the linear range of 1–100 μM with the lowest detection limit of 0.4 μM. Additionally, the paper indicator coated with GLP-CDs exhibits a sharp color change from yellow to brown, indicating its ability to detect ammonia vapor. The efficacy of the GLP-CDs-based paper indicator was evaluated as a real-time freshness indicator of shrimp packaging by determining total volatile basic nitrogen. The paper indicator based on GLP-CD has proven to be a simple and cost-effective system for visually monitoring shrimp freshness in the field for suppliers and consumers.

Goishi tea leaf powder affects lower body weight and visceral fat accumulation during energy restriction in obese rats.

Goishi tea is a unique Japanese post-fermented tea produced in Kochi prefecture. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the supplementation of energy-restricted diet with Goishi tea leaves affects body weight, visceral fat accumulation, and fecal lipids in diet-induced obese rats. 18 male Wistar rats were fed a high-fat diet for 12 weeks. Subsequently, the diet-induced obese rats were fed a low-energy diet containing 1% (G1 group) or 3% (G3 group) of Goishi tea leaf powder, or without any tea extracts (C group) for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks, body weight and body fat ratio were significantly lower in the G3 group than in the C group. Plasma insulin levels were significantly higher in the C group than in the G1 and G3 groups, whereas plasma leptin levels were significantly lower in the G3 group than in the C group. In addition, the lipid absorption rate was significantly lower in the G3 group than in the C and G1 groups. In conclusion, the administration of Goishi tea leaves under dietary restrictions might contribute to body weight reduction and inhibition of lipid absorption, as a diet therapy to help prevent obesity and metabolic syndrome. J. Med. Invest. 70 : 60-65, February, 2023.

PENGARUH VARIASI PEREKAT TERHADAP NILAI KALOR BRIKET DARI SERBUK DAUN TEH

Research has been carried out on the effect of adhesive variations on the heating value of briquettes made from tea leaf powder. This study aims to determine the quality of the briquettes produced, this research is motivated by the increasing need for human fuel, so that researchers use tea leaf powder as the main ingredient in making briquettes. The variation of the sample used was tea leaf powder using adhesives in the form of tapioca, wheat flour and molasses as adhesives. With a ratio of 80%:20% and 70%:30%. The analysis carried out is the Calorific Value test. The results obtained from the Calorific value test of briquettes with the best quality approaching the quality standards of Indonesian briquettes were obtained in sample C2 with a composition (70%:30%) which resulted in a heat absorption value of 112.86 cal/gram.

Improvement of Mechanical, Thermal, and Physical Behaviors of Jute/Cotton Biocomposites Reinforced by Spent Tea Leaf Particles

Natural fibers such as jute, cotton, and bamboo composites are becoming alternative materials to synthetic fiber composites, as their use raises awareness of environmental protection. Among natural fibers, jute and cotton fibers were used in this research to fabricate six-layered composites reinforced by spent tea leaves. Varying amounts (0, 5, 10, and 15 g) of spent tea leaf powder were incorporated as reinforcement with resin to improve and observe properties and determine usability. The prepared composites were investigated comparatively in terms of mechanical, microstructural, morphological, and thermal properties. As regards mechanical characterization, tensile, compression, and bending properties were tested in this research to compare the obtained data with the data available in the literature to show its practical application. The results indicated that significant improvements in mechanical properties were obtained from the composites up to a certain proportion of reinforcement. The addition of 10 g reinforcement of spent tea leaves improved tensile strength by 33.46% and compressive strength by 38.86%. In terms of microstructural, morphological, and thermal characterization, in-depth SEM, EDS, XRD, UV, FTIR, TGA, and DSC analyses were performed. The results revealed that advanced microstructural, morphological, and thermal properties were improved with a certain proportion of spent tea leaf reinforcement.

Selection of Carrier Materials to Formulate Bioinoculant Package for Promoting Seed Germination

Biofertilizers are a novel technique for Indian agriculture that has the potential to address many of the shortcomings of chemical-based technology. Plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits such as IAA, P-solubilization, ACC deaminase, NH3, HCN, EPS, siderophore synthesis, and biofilm formation have been demonstrated in two salt-tolerant PGPR, BST YS1 42 (Bacillus cereus) and CHR JH203 (Bacillus marisflavi). They are most commonly utilized to make carrier-based compositions. This study aimed to evaluate how different carrier-based formulations of salt-tolerant PGPR performed in seedlings of pea and maize plants. The chosen PGPR was mass replicated in the lab and put into seedlings via a variety of carriers, including charcoal powder, dry pea peel powder, tea leaf powder, hay+2%peptone, and cowdung powder. The influence of bio inoculants on seedling growth of Pisum sativum and Zea mays seedlings was investigated. There was a substantial variation in seedling germination in both pea and maize. The result was different depending on the type of carrier materials utilized in the bioformulation process. The results showed that seedling germination was better with the bioformulation made with charcoal and tea leaf powder. As a result, we believe it might be used to alleviate abiotic stresses in a cost-effective and environmentally friendly manner.

Enzymatic Treatment of Spent Green Tea Leaves and Their Use in High-Fibre Cookie Production.

By-products of food industry have been studied as sources of high fibre and antioxidant ingredients for healthy food products, because of their economic and environmental benefits. However, the soluble dietary fibre content of these materials is usually lower than the recommended value that is claimed to bring positive health effects. Enzymatic treatment could be an efficient method for modifying insoluble and soluble dietary fibre contents of these materials. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of enzymatic treatment conditions on soluble, insoluble and total dietary fibre mass fractions in spent green tea leaves, and evaluate the quality of dough and cookies when different mass fractions of untreated and treated leaves were added to the recipe. The mass fractions of soluble, insoluble and total dietary fibre in spent tea leaf powder was evaluated after the leaves were treated with cellulase amount of 0-25 U/g for 0 to 2 h. Wheat flour was replaced by untreated and treated spent tea leaf powder at 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% in cookie formulation. Textural properties of dough, proximate composition, physical properties and overall acceptability of cookies were analysed. The appropriate conditions for enzymatic treatment were enzyme loading of 20 U/g and biocatalytic time of 1.5 h, under which the mass fraction of soluble dietary fibre in spent tea leaves increased by 144.5% compared to that of the control sample. The addition of spent tea leaves led to the increase in dough hardness. Increase in the spent tea leaf amount also enhanced fibre mass fraction, antioxidant activity and hardness of cookies but reduced their overall acceptability. Moreover, the enzymatic treatment of spent tea leaves improved the soluble to total dietary fibre ratio of the cookies, which influenced their textural properties and health benefits. The cookies with added 20% untreated or treated spent tea leaves were overall accepted by the panel. For the first time, spent tea leaves have been treated with enzymes to improve their soluble to total dietary fibre ratio. The treated spent tea leaves are a new promising high-fibre antioxidant ingredient for cookie preparation.

Pemberdayaan Peternak Itik Melalui Pakan Fermentasi Dalam Upaya Menghasilkan Telur Rendah Kolestrol (Teresol) Di Desa Bate Puteh Kecamatan Langsa Lama Kota Langsa

Langsa City is currently one of the centers for laying ducks. One of the sub-districts currently developing laying duck farming is Langsa Lama District, Langsa City. In the laying duck cultivation business, there are several problems faced by breeders, including the handling of seeds in general is still in a simple/traditional manner. One of them is a nursery method that has not been touched by technology so it takes a long time to get laying duck seeds. Teresol is a feed mixing technology by adding 3% tea leaf powder to conventional feed. The addition of tea is very efficient because it does not reduce the production of the ducks, because if it is more than 3% then the ducks will experience quite a lot of energy disassembly and result in a decrease in production. In this community service, farmers are first given counseling about fermented feed, how to make it and the benefits felt for farmers by increasing the productivity of duck eggs that are kept. After the training activities with demonstrations were carried out, an evaluation was carried out by distributing questionnaires to the participants to see the level of knowledge of the participants before and after the activity. Duck farmers can increase family income and welfare by producing low-cholesterol eggs with high selling value.

The Effect of Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) Leaf Powder on Growth Performance, Selected Hematological Indices, Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality Parameters of Jumbo Quail

Green tea leaves contain a wide range of active bio-compounds that are essential for sustainable quail intensification; however, its feed value is not known for the Jumbo quail. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of different levels of green tea leaf powder (GTLP) on physiological and meat quality parameters of the Jumbo quail. One-week-old chicks (n = 350; 56.1 ± 2.12 g live-weight) were evenly distributed to 35 replicate pens and reared on five experimental diets formulated as follows: a standard grower diet with zinc-bacitracin (PosCon), a standard grower diet without zinc-bacitracin (NegCon), and NegCon diet treated with 10 (GT10), 25 (GT25) and 50 g/kg (GT50) of GTLP. Weight gain linearly decreased in week 2 but increased in week 4, whereas feed conversion efficiency linearly declined in weeks 2 and 3 as GTLP levels increased. Overall feed intake, carcass yield, and caecum and colon weights showed a linear increase with GTLP levels. Hematological parameters fell within the normal ranges reported for healthy quail. The GT10 group showed larger liver weights than the PosCon and NegCon groups. It was concluded that dietary inclusion of GTLP enhances overall feed intake and carcass performance but not feed efficiency, hematological and meat quality parameters of Jumbo quail.

Green tea leaf powder prevents dyslipidemia in high-fat diet-fed mice by modulating gut microbiota.

BackgroundIn the past, most researchers paid more attention to the biological activity of tea infusion and tea polyphenols; however, the prebiotic role of tea leaf powder is still unknown. Green tea leaf powder is rich in dietary fiber and is suggested to be beneficial for human health. Only limited studies have looked at the effects of tea leaf powder (which mainly contains tea dietary fiber) on gut microbiota and health.ObjectiveThe purpose of our study was to determine the effects of green tea leaf powder in preventing hyperlipidemia and to understand its potential lipid-lowering mechanism.DesignMice in three treatment groups were fed high-fat diets (HFDs) by administering either 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 g/kg•d dietary fiber-enriched green tea leaf powder of low, medium, or high, respectively, for 12 weeks. Serum biochemical analyses and mRNA gene expression levels of related energy and lipid metabolism biomarkers from the liver were investigated. In addition, 16S rRNA cecal microbiota and fecal short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were tested.ResultsGreen tea leaf powder reduced body weight and total cholesterol of HFD-fed mice in a dose-dependent manner. Green tea leaf powder also increased satiety hormone secretion and reduced systemic inflammation of HFD-fed mice. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses reconfirmed that green tea leaf powder prevented dyslipidemia by enhancing hepatic mRNA expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase, and Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette transporter A1 and decreasing the expression of fatty acid synthase, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c, and liver X receptor. Green tea leaf powder promoted the growth of Blautia, Oscillibacter, Ruminiclostridium, Alloprevotella, and Butyrivibrio and inhibited the growth of Erysipelatoclostridium, Desulfovibrio, and Candidatus_Saccharimonas in the cecum of HFD-fed mice.ConclusionIn summary, our results indicate that green tea leaf powder improves lipid metabolism of HFD-fed mice in a dose-dependent manner. The potential mechanism involves a synergistic role in reprogramming gut microbiota, increasing satiety hormone secretion, and reducing systemic inflammation.

Determination of fluoride in tea leaves and tea infusions by ion selective electrode

A fluoride ion selective electrode method for the determination of fluoride contents in tea leaves and tea infusions was set up. Using commercial timothy grass powder and tea leaf powder as standard materials, this method demonstrated linearity between 0.02 and 2.00 mg/L of fluoride with R2 greater than 0.999. Both materials had coefficient of variations (CV, %) less than 3%, indicating good reproducibility in the determinations. The recovery tests of tea infusions spiked with different amounts of sodium fluoride demonstrated 94-107% of recovery with CV less than 1.2%, indicating that the method is very accurate. With 1% of tea leaves to boiling water ratio, up to 63-78% of fluoride in tea leaves could be released into tea infusion by repeated infusions and 82-83% by continuous infusion. By this method, total fluoride contents of 12 brands of tea leaves purchased from Nantou County were determined to be 100-451 mg/kg dry weight, and those of their infusions in boiling water for a 5-min period were determined to be 0.39-1.21 mg/L. Assuming that daily tea infusions drinking for an adult is 2 L, fluoride intake from tea infusions of these tea leaves is far below the daily fluoride tolerable upper limit 10 mg.

Effect of green tea and mulberry leaf powders on the gut microbiota of chicken

BackgroundThe gut microbiota is closely correlated with host health and is strongly influenced by food composition. Chinese herbs are usually used as natural feed additives in livestock production. Therefore, the present study assessed the influence of diet supplementation with green tea and mulberry leaf powders on the chicken gut microbiota. The gut microbiota compositions were determined using 16S rDNA sequencing.ResultsEnhanced relative abundances of Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Megamonas were found in the chicken gut when mulberry leaf powder was added to diet. Conversely, a higher abundance of potentially pathogenic Gallibacterium was found in the chicken gut when the diet was supplemented with green tea powder. These results indicated that green tea powder and mulberry leaf powder can greatly affect the gut microbiota of chickens by changing their compositions.ConclusionsIt is imperative to examine and evaluate the effects of Chinese herbs on animal health before they are introduced as feed additives in animal production.

Effects of green tea leaf, lotus leaf, and kimchi powders on quality characteristics of chicken liver sausages.

Liver sausage is flavorful and highly nutritious. However, liver has a relatively short shelf life due to acceleration of oxidation in the presence of endogenous enzymes and metals. Powders derived from natural sources, including plants or fruits, are applied to meat products for inhibiting oxidation without adverse effects on their quality. Hence, this study investigated the effects of natural powders derived from green tea leaf (GTL), lotus leaf (LL), and kimchi (KC) on the quality and change in lipid oxidation and freshness of chicken liver sausages during two weeks of storage. Chicken liver sausages were manufactured with chicken breast (70%) and liver (20%), pork back fat (5%), iced water (5%), various additives, and GTL, LL, and KC [0 (control) or 1%]. They were processed in three batches. For determination of the quality characteristics of chicken liver sausages with various plant powders, pH, color, and texture properties were assessed. In addition, lipid oxidation and freshness using thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN) were analyzed at day 0 and week 2 of refrigerated storage. Higher values were obtained for pH and cooking yield in sausage samples with LL and KC powders than in samples with the other treatments. For a* values, the sausage samples with KC showed similar (p > 0.05) values, whilst others had significantly lower values than the control. The addition of the three powders to sausage samples induced an increase (p < 0.05) in hardness, gumminess, and chewiness. The addition of plant powders did not influence TBARS and TVBN of sausage samples at the initial stage. However, after two weeks of storage, significantly lower TBARS and TVBN values were observed, and the sausage with KC (p < 0.05) showed the lowest values of both TBARS and TVBN. The results showed the potential ability of the three powders to improve the quality and inhibit lipid oxidation in liver sausages. Particularly, the addition of KC did not adversely affect the a* values of sausage samples. The effects on sensory properties and inhibition mechanisms of GTL, LL, and KC in meat products should be further studied.

A higher order method for the determination of total phosphorus in human serum

Phosphorus is an essential element in the human body and an important clinical biomarker in serum. However, the lack of reference method that is traceable to the International System of Units and matrix-matched certified reference material (CRM) pose a major challenge in the assessment of the accuracy of phosphorus measurements. A higher order measurement procedure for total phosphorus in human serum by standard addition method using high-resolution sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was established. In this method, germanium and gallium are used as internal standards. The accuracy of the measurement was evaluated by comparing the results with the certified values of Trace Elements in Tea Leaf Powder (NMIJ CRM 7505-a) and Trace Elements in Milk Powder (NMIJ CRM 7512-a), as well as the reference value of Electrolytes in Frozen Human Serum (NIST SRM 956d). This method had also been applied in an international interlaboratory comparison (CCQM-K139 Elements in Human Serum). The results of this comparison showed that this method is comparable with the methods used by other established national metrology institutes or designated institutes. In addition, the first human serum reference material that is certified for total phosphorus was produced. This reference material is valuable for method development as well as the assessment of the accuracy of phosphorus measurements in clinical laboratories (as quality control).