Tea-drinking Habit Research Articles

Do Tea-Drinking Habits Affect Individuals’ Intention to Visit Tea Tourism Destinations? Verification from the Chinese Cultural Background

ABSTRACT The decision-making process underlying tourist destination selection involves complex interactions between tourists and societies, historical environments, and destinations. Based on self-congruity theory and practice theory, this study examined the effects of tea-drinking habits, destination image self-congruence, destination cognitive image, and destination affective image on Chinese tourists’ intention to visit a tea destination. The results indicated that individuals’ tea-drinking habits had a significantly positive effect on destination image self-congruence, which in turn positively influenced travel intention. Cognitive image had a significant effect on travel intention, but it had no indirect effect through the mediation of destination image self-congruence. However, affective image had no significant effect on travel intention; it had an indirect effect through the mediation of destination image self-congruence. Theoretical and methodological implications are also discussed.

Associations between tea-drinking habits and health-related quality of life in Chinese adults: a mediation analysis based on sleep quality.

The aim of this study was to explore the association between tea-drinking habits and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in Chinese adults and the mediating effect of sleep quality in this association. Data were derived from the 2020 Survey of Social Factors for Chronic Disease Prevention and Control among adults in Lishui District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China. Tea-drinking habits were measured by participants' self-report. The HRQoL was measured using the 12-item Short Form Health Survey. Multiple linear regression modelling and mediating effects modelling were used for analyses. Habitual tea drinking, frequent tea drinking (drinking tea 6-7days per week), tea concentration and <10g of tea per day were strongly associated with an increase in HRQoL among Chinese adults (all p<0.05). The association between tea-drinking habits and HRQoL among Chinese adults was more pronounced in the male population and in those ≥45y of age (all p<0.05). Tea drinking habits may improve HRQoL in Chinese adults by enhancing sleep quality (all p<0.05). Maintaining the habit of habitual tea drinking (6-7days per week), in small amounts (<10g tea per day) was conducive to improving HRQoL of Chinese adults by improving sleep quality.

Genetic Factors Causing the Prevalence of Anemia in Young Girls and Stunting in Toddlers: A Systematic Literature Review

The prevalence of anemia in adolescents at the national level is still considered quite high. Several factors are associated with the incidence of anemia in female adolescents, namely energy intake, protein intake, iron intake, vitamin C intake, tea or coffee drinking habits, investment in worms, knowledge, education and type of parental occupation, family income, and menstrual patterns as well as genetics. Stunting is also still a problem in Indonesia due to insufficient nutritional intake for quite a long time. Stunting occurs when the fetus is still in the womb and only appears when the child is two years old. anemia caused by malnutrition at an early age increases infant and child mortality. anemia in young women and also stunting in children is very dangerous. Where the purpose of research is to explain Genetic Factors Causing the Prevalence of Anemia in Young Girls and Stunting in Toddlers. A review is conducted on the state-of-the-art methods using the preferred reporting items for reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We review literature from several publications and analyze genetic factors that cause the prevalence of anemia in young women. The prevalence of anemia among young women is also caused by genetic factors. Young women tend to experience anemia because during this period they experience growth and development. The risk of anemia increases with physiological shifts such as menstrual periods. To prevent anemia, the government has planned a program for the Prevention and Control of Iron Nutrition Anemia in women of childbearing age which aims to reduce the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in high school and junior high school students.

THE SPREAD OF THE BRITISH TEA-DRINKING CULTURE INTO THE VIETNAMESE ONE - THE REASONS BEHIND THIS PHENOMENON AND ITS RELATED RESULTS

Tea and tea-drinking tradition are dispensable parts of daily life in both Britain and Vietnam. Two of these countries are geographically and culturally far away but there are British nuances in the Vietnamese tea-drinking habits. With the method of processing the online public media sources and hardcopy literature through anthropological illumination, it is discovered that the British features seen in the Vietnamese tea drinking way are blended teas, instant teas, tea bags, teacups, and afternoon tea mini-party. There are anthropological explanations for this phenomenon, among which the most fundamental is about bilateral diplomatic relations. These diplomatic connections push forward the exchanges in economy, education, tourism, and culture between UK and Vietnam. Tea culture, therefore, is also carried out from Britain to Vietnam. The Vietnamese taking these British habits in teatime are viewed as wealthier, busier, younger, socially classier, and more open-minded people. Despite the concern of the previous generations, those young people show a positive attitude toward learning about their traditional tea customs. On the whole, it can be concluded that the British tea-drinking style in Vietnam is not as massive as the other imported cultural products such as music, movie, and fashion but it has built up a social community, which is smaller-sized but niche with the strong qualities mentioned above.

Meta Analysis of the Relationship between Tea Drinking Habits and the Incidence of Anemia in Pregnant Women

Background: Anemia is a nutritional problem that needs attention and is one of the public health problems in Indonesia. One of the causes of anemia in pregnant women is the consumption of tea, where tea contains polyphenols which can inhibit the absorption of iron. The purpose of this study was to analyze the available evidence related to the relationship between tea drinking habits and the incidence of anemia in pregnant women.Subjects and Method: This study uses a systematic review and meta-analysis with PICO, namely, population= pregnant women. Intervention= drinking tea. Comparison= don't drink tea. Outcome = incidence of anemia. Article searches were conducted using electronic databases such as Google Scholar and PubMed between 2013 and 2022. The keywords used were: [("drinking tea" OR "tea consumption") AND ("anemia" AND "pregnancy") OR ("pregnant" women")]. The inclusion criteria used were full paper articles with observational studies (cross-sectional), multivariate analysis with adjusted Odd Ratios (aOR) to measure the estimated effect. The article search results are listed in the PRISMA diagram and analyzed using the Review Manager 5.3 application.Results: A total of 7 articles from Ethiopia, Somalia, Nepal, and Saudi Arabia were selected to be carried out in a systematic review and meta-analysis. The data collected showed that pregnant women who had the habit of drinking tea could increase the risk of anemia 1.94 times compared to pregnant women who did not drink tea (aOR=1.94; 95% CI=1.10 to 3.43; p=0.020).Conclusion: Pregnant women who have a habit of drinking tea can increase the risk of anemia. Keywords: Pregnant women, drinking tea, and anemia Correspondence:Samara Rahma Dania. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: samaradania25@gmail.com. Mobile: +6285647233020.

Oolong Tea Consumption and the Risk of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Propensity Score-Based Analysis in Southeast China.

Oolong tea is one of the world's most popular non-alcoholic beverages, particularly in coastal Southeast China. Hitherto, epidemiological studies on the association between oolong tea consumption and the risk of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) are very limited. This study aimed to evaluate the potential effect of oolong tea consumption on OSCC risk in Southeast China. From January 2010 to October 2020, face-to-face interviews were conducted for 744 newly diagnosed OSCC patients and 1,029 healthy controls to collect information on demographics, oolong tea consumption behaviors, and other lifestyle factors. Propensity score matching (PSM), inverse probability of treatment weight (IPTW), and stabilized inverse probability of treatment weight (SIPTW) were utilized to minimize confounding effects. Multivariate, conditional, and weighted logistic regression was used to evaluate the associations of oolong tea consumption behaviors with OSCC risk. Participants who drank oolong tea showed a lower risk of OSCC when compared to their non-drink counterparts [PSM population, OR (95%CI): 0.69 (0.49–0.97); SIPTW population, OR (95%CI): 0.74 (0.58–0.94)]. Moreover, the reduced risk was found to be significantly associated with certain tea-drinking habits (consumed amount over 500 mL per day, a duration of <20 years, age at initiation older than 30 years, and warm and moderately concentrated tea). Similar results were yielded in the sensitivity analyses (Multivariate adjustment and the IPTW analysis). Furthermore, subgroup analysis revealed that the negative association of oolong tea drinking with OSCC risk was more evident among those with poor oral hygiene. This study provides supportive evidence that oolong tea consumption may have a potentially beneficial effect in preventing OSCC, especially for those with poor oral hygiene.

Association of Tea-drinking Habits with the Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma - A Prospective Cohort Study among Postmenopausal Women.

Although, biological evidence suggests that tea consumption may protect against non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), epidemiologic evidence has been unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the association between tea-drinking habits and the risk of NHL in a large nationwide prospective cohort of postmenopausal US women. 68,854 women who were enrolled from 1993 through 1998 in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study (WHI-OS) and responded to year 3 annual follow-up questionnaire comprised the analytic cohort. Newly diagnosed NHL cases after the year 3 visit were confirmed by medical and pathology reports. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were performed to assess the associations of tea-drinking habits (specifically, the amounts of caffeinated/herbal/decaffeinated tea intake) with the overall risk of NHL and 3 major subtypes (Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, DLBCL, (n=195, 0.3%), follicular lymphoma, FL, (n=128, 0.2%), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma, CLL/SLL, (n=51, 0.1%)). Among 62,622 participants, a total of 663 (1.1%) women developed NHL during a median follow-up of 16.51(SD±6.20) years. Overall, different amounts of type-specific tea intake were not associated with the risk of NHL regardless of its histologic subtypes after adjustment for confounders. Our findings suggest that tea intake at the current consumption level does not influence the risk of NHL, regardless of its histologic types.

Subjective cognitive decline symptoms and its association with socio-demographic characteristics and common chronic diseases in the southern Chinese older adults

BackgroundSubjective cognitive decline (SCD) may be the first symptomatic manifestation of Alzheimer’s disease, but information on its health correlates is still sparse in Chinese older adults. This study aimed to estimate SCD symptoms and its association with socio-demographic characteristics, common chronic diseases among southern Chinese older adults.MethodsParticipants aged 60 years and older from 7 communities and 2 nursing homes in Guangzhou were recruited and interviewed with standardized assessment tools. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Patient Health Questionnaire–9 (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) were used to measure poor sleep quality, depression symptoms and anxiety symptoms. The SCD symptoms were measured by SCD questionnaire 9 (SCD-Q9) which ranged from 0 to 9 points, with a higher score indicating increased severity of the SCD. Participants were divided into low score group (SCD-Q9 score ≤ 3) and higher score group (SCD-Q9 score > 3). Chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used for exploring the influences of different characteristics of socio-demographic and lifestyle factors on SCD symptoms. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were applied to explore the association between SCD symptoms with common chronic diseases.ResultsA total of 688 participants were included in our analysis with a mean age of 73.79 (SD = 8.28, range: 60–101), while 62.4% of the participants were females. The mean score of the SCD-Q9 was 3.81 ± 2.42 in the whole sample. A total of 286 participants (41.6%) were defined as the low score group (≤3 points), while 402 participants (58.4%) were the high score group (> 3 points). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that female (OR = 1.99, 95%CI: 1.35–2.93), primary or lower education level (OR = 2.58, 95%CI: 1.38–4.83), nursing home (OR = 1.90, 95%CI: 1.18–3.05), napping habits (OR = 1.59, 95%CI: 1.06–2.40), urolithiasis (OR = 2.72, 95%CI: 1.15–6.40), gout (OR = 2.12, 95%CI: 1.14–3.93), poor sleep quality (OR = 1.93, 95%CI: 1.38–2.71), depression symptoms (OR = 3.01, 95%CI: 1.70–5.34) and anxiety symptoms (OR = 3.11, 95%CI: 1.29–7.46) were independent positive related to high SCD-Q9 score. On the other hand, tea-drinking habits (OR = 0.64, 95%CI: 0.45–0.92), current smoking (OR = 0.46, 95%CI: 0.24–0.90) were independent negative related to high SCD-Q9 score.ConclusionsWorse SCD symptoms were closely related to common chronic diseases and socio-demographic characteristics. Disease managers should pay more attention to those factors to early intervention and management for SCD symptoms among southern Chinese older adults.

Assessment of self-perceived oral malodor, oral hygiene practices, and smoking habits among dental and engineering students: A cross-sectional study

Aim and Objectives: This study aimed to assess the prevalence and knowledge of self-perceived oral malodor, oral hygiene practices, and smoking habits among dental and engineering students of Dhule district. Materials and Methodology: A structured self-administered, close-ended questionnaire was prepared and was given to 435 dental and engineering e students. This was to assess the self-reported perception of oral breath, awareness of bad breath, timing of bad breath, treatment received for bad breath, oral hygiene practices, caries and bleeding gums, dryness of the mouth, smoking and tea-drinking habits, and tongue coating. The students who responded to the questionnaire were included in the study. Informed consent was obtained from the subjects willing to participate in the study. Results: Toothbrushing was prevalent among 100% of dental students and 87% of engineering students. Self-perception of oral malodor was prevalent among 7% of dental students and 66% of engineering students. Smoking habit was prevalent in 26% of engineering students and 8% of dental students, for which self-treatment was sought for bad breath by 6% of dental students and 8% of engineering students. Conclusion: Dental students had increased awareness regarding self-perceived oral malodor, oral hygiene practices, and smoking habits compared to engineering students.

Factors Affecting Anemia Status in Adolescent Girls

ABSTRACT&#x0D; &#x0D; According to Riskesdas 2018, the prevalence of anemia in adolescent girls is very high, at 84.5%. Data from the City of Mataram Health Department in 2017 Puskesmas Selaparang the highest prevalence was 50.43%. Based on the Hb level screening conducted by the Selaparang Health Center, the highest number of anemia in SMAN 9 Mataram was 63 students. The impact of anemia in adolescents, namely decreased reproductive health, decreased learning rates, a height that has not been achieved maximally decreased motor development, and inhibited brain intelligence. Anemia during adolescence will be very influential during pregnancy, childbirth, prematurity, and low birth weight. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between parents' income factors, maternal education, tea-drinking habits, knowledge, attitudes, iron supplement intake, menstrual conditions, and the incidence of anemia in adolescent girls at SMAN 9 Mataram in 2018. This research is a quantitative study with a cross approach sectional. The sampling technique was nonprobability sampling, namely total sampling and a total sample of 63 people who were identified as anemic in 2018. Data analysis used the chi-square test. Based on the results of statistical analysis, there was a relationship between parents' income (p = 0.004), maternal education (p = 0.000), knowledge (p = 000), consumption of iron supplements (p = 0.008), and menstrual conditions (p = 0.004). ) with the incidence of anemia in adolescent girls at SMAN 9 Mataram in 2018, and there is no relationship between the habit of consuming tea (p = 0.753) and attitudes (0.323) with the incidence of anemia in adolescent girls at Mataram Senior High School in 2018. Based on the research results, suggestions that can be suggested that the Mataram City Health Office collaborate with the Puskesmas in evaluating the program's implementation should immediately follow up.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Anemia, young women&#x0D; &#x0D;

Association of Lung Cancer and Tea-Drinking Habits of Different Subgroup Populations: Meta-Analysis of Case-Control Studies and Cohort Studies

We aimed to investigate the association between lung cancer and tea-drinking habits of different subgroup populations. Systematic search of the PubMed, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Sinomed databases from database construction until January 2017 for English and Chinese language articles on association of lung cancer and tea drinking. Meta-analysis was used to calculate the combined odds ratio (OR) value and its 95% confidence interval (95% CI). The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to evaluate the quality of the studies and Q-test and I2 was used for heterogeneity testing. Forty two papers were included, 30 case-control studies included 14578 lung cancer patients and 180574 controls, 12 cohort studies included 543825 subjects, of which the outcome was 5085 with lung cancer. Tea drinkers were found to have a decreased OR of lung cancer compared with non-tea drinkers (OR 0. 80, 95% CI: 0. 73, 0. 87). Consumption of green, black or unspecified tea has a protective effect compared with not drinking tea at all. Increased intake of green tea to 7. 5 g per day can further reduce the OR of lung cancer (OR 0. 69, 95% CI: 0. 48-0. 98). Tea consumption had a protective effect against lung cancer in non-smokers, Further analysis found that drinking of one or more cups of tea a day has a protective effect on smokers (OR 0. 79, 95% CI: 0. 64-0. 96). Tea drinking could be a protective factor in lung cancer.

Tea drinking and the risk of esophageal cancer: focus on tea type and drinking temperature.

The association between tea drinking and esophageal cancer is still contradictory. This study is to determine the association between tea drinking and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma focusing on drinking temperature and tea types. A population-based case-control study was conducted in a high esophageal squamous cell carcinoma risk area in China. A total of 942 incident esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cases with historical confirmation and 942 age- and sex- individually matched community controls were recruited from the study area. Trained interviewers using a structured questionnaire collected detailed information on tea drinking, diet, smoking and alcohol drinking habits. Habitual tea drinking temperature was measured with a thermometer during interviews. We analyzed the association between tea consumption, drinking temperature and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, stratified by tea type, while adjusting for other potentially confounding factors. Drinking very hot tea (>65°C) was significantly associated with the increased risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (odds ratio = 1.67, 95% confidential interval 1.25-2.24) relative to non-drinkers. Consumption of black tea, irrespective of the frequency, intensity and tea leaf amount, was significantly associated with a higher risk (P for trend <0.01). Compared to those who consumed <300 g/month tea leaves at ≤65°C, those who consumed more than 300 g/month tea leave at >65°C had a more than 1.8-fold higher risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma for both green tea and black tea. Our results provide more evidence that drinking very hot tea (above 65°C) are significantly associated with an increased risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Knowledge About Nutritional Intake In Pregnant Women With Anemia

Anemia or a lack of blood cells during pregnancy and childbirth is very dangerous. It may cause pregnant women to be at risk for bleeding during childbirth and hinder infant growth and development. This study aims to determine the knowledge of pregnant women with anemia about nutrition during pregnancy. The research design used in this study was quantitative descriptive, with 137 pregnant women with anemia as the population and a total sample of 58 respondents taken with random sampling technique. The variable in this study is the knowledge of pregnant women with anemia about nutritional intake. This study shows that the majority of the pregnant women had poor knowledge (84.48%) of nutritional intake, and only a small number had good knowledge (15.52%). With almost all pregnant women with anemia in the study having a lack of knowledge about nutritional intake, there is a concern that the baby will be negatively affected. The implication of the results highlights the important role of health workers to provide information about good nutrition during pregnancy, particularly the impact of tea-drinking habit.

Association on Dental Porphyromonas Concentration with Esophageal Cancer in Guangdong, China: A Case-Control Study

Objective: To investigate the relationship between Dental Porphyromonas Concentration and Esophageal Cancer in Guangdong, China. Methods: Research objects divided into two groups: disease group and health control group. There were 43 cases in the disease group and 43 cases in the control group, on a 1 to 1 ration matching. Two groups of individuals were retrieved from the Guangdong Provincial Hospital database between year 2016 June to 2018 June. Age, gender, race and region are strictly matched. Both of the Cases and the Controls are processing through: a. Specimen collection, b. DNA extraction, c. High-throughput sequencing (screening stage), d. Quantitative determination of target bacteria in the samples of the experimental group by Q-PCR, e. Statistical analysis of experimental data. Two sample t-test are using to detect whether have difference on concentration of Dental Porphyromonas between cases and control group. SAS 15 windows version is used as analytic tools. Results: We found the mean of concentration on Dental Porphyromonas in Esophageal Cancer Group (Cases) are statistically higher than Healthy Group (Controls), with a mean of 0.0157 in cases versus 0.0025 in controls, which is 6.54 times higher in Esophageal Group, compare with control group, with P<0.001. Where hot tea drinking is found not statistically different on Dental Porphyromonas Concentration, with P=0.448, also Hot Tea Drinking Habit are found not associated with Esophageal Cancer, with the Odds Ratio (OR) on 1.114, on a P value of 0.22. Age was positive linear associated with Dental Porphyromonas concentration, with P<0.001, and R square 0.19. Conclusion: The Case-control study had found significant difference in concentration of Dental Porphyromonas between Esophageal Cancer Patient and Healthy People, where this association still lacks of proof to be a causal relationship. Further Cohort studies are need to carry out to find out more casual association, as well as finding out Dental Porphyromonas relevant Social Determinant on Esophageal Cancer. Funding Statement: The study is funded by Guangdong medical science and technology research funding: A2016123. Declaration of Interests: The authors declare declare that I have no significant competing financial, professional, or personal interests that might have influenced the performance or presentation of the work described in this manuscript. Ethics Approval Statement: China-IRB approval are obtained before the study regarding having relevant procedure on patients.

Potential exposure to metals and health risks of metal intake from Tieguanyin tea production in Anxi, China.

The metal content of Tieguanyin tea from Anxi, Southeast China, was studied. Leaching experiments were designed based on the local tea-drinking habits, and tea infusions were prepared using three types of water and two methods of soaking tea. Twelve metals (Cd, As, Cr, Pb, Se, Sb, Ag, Tl, Cu, Zn, Be, and Ba) were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and a human health risk assessment was performed. The results showed that the quality of water used for steeping tea has a direct effect on the leaching concentrations of metals in the tea infusion and this effect can be reduced by using pure water or commercially available drinking water. Further, the two tea-soaking methods used by local residents can reduce the metal intake. The health risk assessment determined that the carcinogenic risk values of Cr, As, and Pb (Cr > Pb > As) were within an acceptable range (10-7-10-4); therefore, the concentrations of these metals in tea infusions do not pose substantial carcinogenic risk to tea drinkers. The results also indicate that the high concentrations of Tl in the tea infusions pose a substantial noncarcinogenic risk and may result from the dissolution characteristics of Tl and the water quality.

The Association Between Tea Consumption and Hyperhomocysteine in Chinese Hypertensive Patients.

There is no consistent evidence for the relationship between tea-drinking and hyperhomocysteine (hHcy). Because tea-drinking habit and hHcy have prevailed in Chinese hypertensive patients, this study aimed to investigate the association between hHcy and tea consumption in patients with hypertension. A total of 335 hypertensive participants were recruited from 7 communities. Demographic characteristics of participants were collected through face-to-face interviews using a standard questionnaire, whereas laboratory data were obtained within 1 week after patient recruitment. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the association between tea consumption and hHcy in hypertensive patients. Of the 335 patients, 245 had a tea-drinking habit, and 252 of them were detected with hHcy. A significant association was found between tea consumption and hHcy in hypertensive patients (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.84, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01-3.36, P = 0.048). Subgroup analyses showed that black tea drinking group (adjusted OR = 8.81, 95% CI = 2.74-28.33, P < 0.001) was significantly associated with the risk of hHcy, but not oolong and green tea drinking groups (P > 0.05). Furthermore, consuming a small amount (≤1 cup per day) of green tea was negatively associated with hHcy (adjusted OR = 0.19, 95% CI = 0.07-0.51, P = 0.001), whereas a large intake (>3 cups per day) of green tea was associated with high odds of hHcy (adjusted OR = 5.00, 95% CI = 1.33-18.79, P = 0.02). These data suggest a hypothesis that selecting green tea or limiting tea consumption might reduce risk of hHcy in hypertensive patients and that warrants further study.

Our Tea-Drinking Habits: Effects of Brewing Cycles and Infusion Time on Total Phenol Content and Antioxidants of Common Teas

ABSTRACTThis study determined the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activities of common teas in response to our tea drinking habits. Selected green and black tea (Chinese black and green tea, Lipton black and green tea, Twining black and green tea) were infused with water for 3, 5, 7, and 10 min, and the teabags were rebrewed for two cycles (an hour interval each). Results showed that the TPC and antioxidant activities increased throughout the infusion time, suggesting that the longer the infusion time, the higher the concentrations of antioxidants. On the contrary, the TPC and antioxidants activities decreased throughout the three brewing cycles, suggesting that the teabags are most suitably used only once. This study therefore revealed that 10 min is recommended for the infusion of green and black tea to derive optimum benefits, and rebrewing of teabags is not recommended.

Association between cured meat consumption and risk of colorectal cancer in people with different dietary habits and lifestyles

To explore the association between the intakes of cured meat and the risk of colorectal cancer, and analyze the role of the interaction between cured meat intake and dietary habit or lifestyle for the risk of colorectal cancer. A well-designed questionnaire were used to collect retrospective information about demography, lifestyle and dietary habit from 400 patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer and 400 controls matched by age and gender. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the possible association between the intake of cured meat and the risk of colorectal cancer. Generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction(GMDR)was used to analyze the interaction between cured meat intake and other dietary habits or lifestyle factors. Data from conditional logistic regression analysis showed that compared with the people who had <8 times per year of cured meat intake, those had 8-23 times of cured meat intakes(OR=3.480, 95%CI: 2.022-5.991, P<0.001), 24-47 times of cured meat intakes(OR=4.526, 95%CI: 2.553-8.025, P<0.001), ≥48 times of cured meat intakes(OR=5.472, 95% CI: 3.105-9.642, P<0.001)had increased risk of colorectal cancer. There was a multiplied interaction between cured meat intake and pepper intake(OR=0.379, 95% CI: 0.190-0.758, P=0.009). The synergistic effect existed between cured meat intake and pickled vegetable intake; and the antagonism existed between cured meat intake and tea-drinking habit. GMDR analysis showed that interaction among red meat intake, pickled vegetable and cured meat intake on the risk of colorectal cancer might exist(P=0.001). With the increase of frequency of cured meat intake, the risk of colorectal cancer increased gradually. The synergistic effect might existed between pickled vegetable intake and cured meat intake. Tea-drinking, pepper intake and cured meat intake might be antagonism in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. Red meat intake, pickled vegetable intake and cured meat intake might have combined effect to increase the risk of colorectal cancer.

Monsieur Lazhar: the ideal immigrant in the neoliberal Québécois imagination

The ability of Canadian films to bring the immigrant experience to the centre of public debate is certainly impressive. Monsieur Lazhar (2011) depicts the life of one such immigrant without the blemishes of Hollywood's essentialist tropes. The film tells the story of an Algerian exile who physically escapes the violence of civil war in his native land, only to find himself trapped in a new psychological battle zone of a Québec community torn apart by suicide and grief. As a substitute teacher, he ultimately becomes the surrogate cultural guardian and saviour of a cadre of Canadian children. This critique will examine the humanism of lead character Bachir Lazhar, his transformation from a French-speaking Algerian to a displaced francophone exile, and the characteristics that make him an admired and welcomed immigrant by francophone Canadians. Analysed within the context of postcolonial theory and identity politics, this article will expose the collapsing categories of identification which mandate that his valour and magnanimity depend upon negating his own Algerian cultural identity. In short, the more Bachir Lazhar is ‘fetishized’, in other words viewed within the narrow confines of cultural fetishism (ethnic food, tea-drinking habit, and belly dancing), the easier it becomes for the Canadian viewer to embrace him.

Association between adiponectin rs2241766, rs1501299 polymorphisms and the risk of colorectal cancer

To explore the association between adiponectin rs2241766, rs1501299 polymorphisms and gene-environment interaction and the risk of colorectal cancer(CRC). Four hundred CRC patients confirmed by histopathology and 400 healthy controls were recruited in this study. Cases and controls were matched on age and gender. A well-designed questionnaire was used to collect the information of demography, lifestyle and dietary habit on the 400 case-control pairs. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP)was applied to detect the adiponectin rs2241766 and rs1501299 genotypes. Data from conditional logistic regression analysis showed that those carrying TG+GG genotype on rs2241766 having an increased risk compared to those that carrying TT genotype(OR = 1.354, 95%CI:1.004-1.827), and those that carrying GT+TT genotype on rs1501299 having an decreased risk when compared to those that carrying GG genotype(OR = 0.680, 95% CI:0.501-0.923), after adjusted by factors as CRC family history,BMI, sedentary time, red meat consumption, and tea-drinking habit. Data from generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction showed that the gene-environment interaction among rs2241766, rs1501299 and red meat consumption on the risk of CRC might be significant(P = 0.001). A significant dosage effect with an increasing number of risk genotypes was observed as the risk of CRC increased (χ(2) = 8.458, P = 0.004). Both adiponectin rs2241766 and rs1501299 were associated with CRC risk and the two SNPs might have worked together with red meat consumption in affecting the CRC risk.