Te Peak Research Articles

Genome-Wide Comparative Analysis of Transposable Elements by Matrix-TE Method Revealed Indica and Japonica Rice Evolution

Transposons (TEs) are known to change the gene expression and function, and subsequently cause plant speciation and evolution. Nevertheless, efficient and new approaches are required to investigate the role of TEs in the plant genome structural variations. Here, we reported the method named matrix-TE to investigate the differentiation of intact and truncated LTR/TEs comprehensively in Indica and Japonica rice throughout whole genomes with a special eye on centromeric regions. Six LTR/TE super-families were identified in both Indica and Japonica rice genomes, and the TE ORF references were extracted by phylogenetic analysis. Indica rice specific TE peak P-Gypsy and Japonica rice specific TE peak P-Copia were observed, and were further analyzed by Gaussian probability density function (GPDF) fit. The individual TE peak P-Gypsy was observed in centromeric regions of the Indica genome. By the matrix-TE method, the divergence of Indica and Japonica genomes, especially their centromeric regions, mainly resulted from the Ty3/Gypsy insertion events at 0.77 Mya. Our data indicate that the optimized matrix-TE approach may be used to specifically analyze the TE content, family evolution, and time of the TE insertions.

SAR arc observation during the overlap registration of an energetic plasma with a plasmapause aboard the Van Allen Probe

Stable auroral red (SAR) arcs are the consequence of interaction of the outer plasmasphere (plasmapause) with energetic ions of the ring current. In this work the event of SAR arc observation using the all-sky imager (ASI) at the Yakutsk meridian (130°E; 200°E, geom.) simultaneously with the registration of plasmapause and energetic ion fluxes aboard the Van Allen Probe B satellite at the beginning of the large magnetic storm on March 17, 2015 (St. Patrick's Day geomagnetic storm) is presented. ASI registers the intense SAR arc at the 52-59°N geomagnetic latitudes in the MLT evening sector from the observation start at ~1116 UT (1926 MLT) during the low auroral activity at IMF Bz > 0. The Probe B determines the plasmapause location in the L ~ 3–4 interval and registers the inner boundary of the H+ and O+ energetic ion fluxes at L ~2.8–3.3 near the meridian of optical observations. The DMSP- F19 satellite registers the electron temperature subauroral peaks (Te peak) at 1014 and 1155 UT in the evening MLT sector. We show that SAR arc in this event maps the overlap region of plasmasphere dusk-bulge by the energetic ions flux of the ring current after the onset of magnetic storm.

Usulan Manajemen Pengunjung Situs Makam Sunan Kalijaga, Kelurahan Kadilangu, Kabupaten Demak

Te Sunan Kalijaga tomb complex located in Kadilangu, Demak, Central Java is an archaeologicalsite that have very high signifcance values in terms of history, culture, and economy. Tis tomb complexis always fully-visited by pilgrims from various regions. Te peak season of the tomb visiting periodis in the month of Syafar, one month before Ramadan. At the time, the visitors must be trapped in along queue in the corridor that was prepared by Yayasan Sunan Kalijaga to enter the tomb complex.Tis condition certainly leads inconveniences for pilgrims and it may decrease the site's signifcancevalues. For this reason, efforts are needed to reduce pilgrimage density in the corridors of pilgrimsfrom the entrance gate to the site complex. Alternative proposals to reduce pilgrim density are proposedin two alternatives. Te frst, after the pilgrimage procession reaches and fnishes their pilgrimage,the visitors should go out through another door and pass the south corridor of the mosque to theroad on the east side of the mosque heading south to the ancient lake and heading to the road to theparking lot. Te second proposal is that pilgrims passes through the existing corridor to enter andto exit, but the corridor is divided into two lanes in frm and very strict arrangements. Tis meansthat pilgrims should not enter the wrong lane and there are restrictions on the amount of entry ata time of high density.

Photovoltaic device performance of electron beam evaporated Glass/TCO/CdS/CdTe/Au heterostructure solar cells

Abstract We report on substrate temperature and Cu addition induced changes in the photovoltaic device performance of Glass/TCO/CdS/CdTe/Au heterostructures prepared by the electron beam evaporation technique. Prior to the photovoltaic study, the structural and optical properties of CdTe, CdTe:Cu and CdS/CdTe, CdS/CdTe:Cu layers were studied. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the deposited films belong to a zinc blende structure. The existence of the Te peak in the XRD pattern revealed the presence of excess Te in the deposited film structures, which confirmed the p-type conductive nature of the films. This was further substantiated by the electrical study. The low resistivity of 1 × 103 Ω cm was obtained for 4 wt.% of the Cu-doped CdTe film, which may be due to the substitutional incorporation of more efficient Cu2+ (Cd2+) into the CdTe lattice. The decrease in band gap with increasing Cu content may be attributed to the existence of shallow acceptor level formed by the incorporation of Cu into the CdTe lattice. The efficiency of the cell was increased with increasing Cu concentration and the cell prepared at room temperature with 4 wt.% of Cu addition possessed the maximum conversion efficiency of 1.68%. Further, a good photoresponse of the device is achieved as the Voc and Isc are increased with increase in the input power.

Shrinking of core neoclassical tearing mode magnetic islands due to edge localized modes and the role of ion-scale turbulence in island recovery in DIII-D

Experimental signature of long-wavelength turbulence accelerating the recovery of Neoclassical Tearing Mode (NTM) magnetic islands after they have been transiently reduced in size due to interaction with Edge Localized Modes (ELMs) is reported for the first time. This work shows that perturbations associated with ELMs result in peaking of the electron temperature (Te) in the O-point region of saturated core m/n = 2/1 islands (m/n being the poloidal/toroidal mode numbers). In synchronization with this Te peak, the island width shrinks by as much as 30% suggesting a key role of the Te peak in NTM stability due to modified pressure gradient (∇p) and perturbed bootstrap current (δjBS) at the O-point. Next, this Te peak relaxes via anomalous transport (i.e., the diffusivity is 2 orders of magnitude larger than the neoclassical value) and the island recovers. Long-wavelength turbulent density fluctuations (ñ) are reduced at the O-point of flat islands but these fluctuations are increased when Te is peaked which offers an explanation for the observed anomalous transport that is responsible for the relaxation of the Te peak. Linear gyrokinetic simulations indicate that ñ inside the peaked island is dominantly driven by the Ion Temperature Gradient instability. These measurements suggest that ñ accelerates NTM recovery after an ELM crash via accelerating the relaxation of ∇p at the O-point. These observations are qualitatively replicated by coupled predator-prey equations and modified Rutherford equation. In this simple model, turbulence accelerates NTM recovery via relaxing ∇p and therefore restoring δjBS at the O-point. The key physics of the relationship between the Te peak and NTM stability has potentially far-reaching consequences, such as NTM control via pellet injection in high-β tokamak plasmas.

Polarography of Te (IV) Anions in Neutral Solutions in Presence of 2,2'- Dipyridyl and Fe(dipy)3 2+ - Complexes

<p>The electroreduction of Te (IV) ions in neutral non-buffer solutions containing 2,2'-dipyridyl (4⋅10<sup>-5</sup>- 4⋅10<sup>-3</sup> M) or tris-dipyridyl iron (II) complexes is studied by the polarographic method. NaF (0.01-0.5 M) or NaNO<sub>3</sub> (0.1-1 M) are used as supporting electrolytes. The mechanism of electrochemical reactions of Te (IV) anions on mercury electrodes in the presence of the additives is discussed. The electroreduction of Te (IV) anions is shown to proceed through electron transfer and proton addition. The obtained results point to a considerable influence of electric double layer structure on electrochemical reactions of Te (IV) ions in the presence of inorganic and specifically adsorbed organic compounds in the electrolyte. It is shown, that 2,2'-dipyridyl does not form complexes with Te (IV) anions. Having been adsorbed on the surface of mercury electrode, 2,2'-dipyridyl complexes increase negative <em>Ψ</em>'-potential that results in a shift of Te (IV) electroreduction wave to more negative potentials and decrease in the current of Te (IV) wave and peak at -1.19 V. It is shown that 2,2'-dipyridyl molecules at <em>ε</em> > 0, (<em>ε</em> – charge of an electrode) are adsorbed in plane orientation, and at ε < 0, plane or vertical. Vertically adsorbed molecules cause a significant decrease in the double layer capacitance. At negative potentials orientation of 2,2'-dipyridyl molecules changes from plane to vertical with the increasing 2,2'-dipyridyl concentration. This change of orientation results in a typical maximum capacitance emerging in the potential range of -0.7 to -1.2 V. It is shown that the supporting electrolyte, 2,2'-dipyridyl and Fe(dipy)<sub>3</sub> <sup>2+</sup> have influence on the electroreduction of Te (IV) anions in neutral non-buffer solutions through a change in the <em>Ψ</em>'-potential of mercury electrode.</p>

Numerical Simulation of Electron Transport in Electric and Magnetic Fields for Analysis of Electron Temperature and Number Density Profiles Measured in Argon Magnetic Neutral Loop Discharge Plasma

A Monte Carlo simulation of electron transport in electric and magnetic fields was performed to analyze experimental data of the electron temperature Te and electron number density ne measured in a magnetic neutral loop discharge (NLD) plasma driven in Ar at 0.13 Pa. Te and ne in the vicinity of the substrate holder were measured with a triple probe, and their radial profiles had peaks at different radial positions. The simulation reproduced these peak positions well under the chosen boundary condition that the electron reflectivity of the side wall was lower than that of the reactor ceiling and the substrate holder. It was explained that the Te peak was formed by high-energy electrons transported from the neutral loop along a separatrix of the quadrupole magnetic field and that the ne peak consisted of electrons undergoing reciprocating motion between the reactor ceiling and the substrate.

The influence of substrate temperature on the morphology, optical and electrical properties of thermal-evaporated ZnTe Thin Films

The structural, morphological, optical and electrical properties of ZnTe films deposited by evaporation were investigated as a function of substrate temperature (at −123 and 27 °C) and post-deposition annealing temperature (at 200, 300 and 400 °C). It was determined that films deposited at both substrate temperatures were polycrystalline in nature with zinc-blende structure and a strong (1 1 1) texture. A small Te peak was detected in XRD spectra for both substrate temperatures, indicating that as-deposited ZnTe films were slightly rich in Te. Larger grains and a tighter grain size distribution were obtained with increased substrate temperature. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies showed that the microstructures of the as-deposited films agreed well with the expectations from structure zone model. Post-deposition annealing induced further grain growth and tightened the grain size distribution. Annealing at 400 °C resulted in randomization in the texture of films deposited at both substrate temperatures. Optical spectroscopy results of the films indicated that the optical band gap value increased from 2.13 to 2.16 eV with increased substrate temperature. Increasing the annealing temperature sharpened the band-edge. Resistivity measurements showed that the resistivity of films deposited at substrate temperatures of −123 and 27 °C were 32 Ω cm, and 1.0 × 10 4 Ω cm, respectively with corresponding carrier concentrations of 8.9 × 10 15 cm −3 and 1.5 × 10 14 cm −3. Annealing caused opposite changes in the film resistivity between the samples prepared at substrate temperatures of −123 and 27 °C.

Distinctive plasma density features of the topside ionosphere and their electrodynamics investigated during southern winter

This study utilizes a novel technique to map the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) data across the two hemispheres to learn about the morphology and plasma composition of the topside ionosphere, and the underlying ionospheric dynamics. In the southern winter hemisphere, the regional maps tracked a heavy‐ion (Ni‐O+) trough, aurora zone, polar hole, and large plasma density depletion. The latter appeared in the region of the South Atlantic Magnetic Anomaly (SAMA). The electron temperature (Te) map detected the thermal characteristics of these features, while the plasma drifts and flux maps tracked their dynamics. Results show that there were special electrodynamic effects in the SAMA region due to the low magnetic field and high conductivity. These increased the vertical downward (VZ) and the westward (VY) drifts. Independently, the VZ and VY maps registered the affected area that was depleted in heavy ions and rich in light ions. Some field‐aligned profiles tracked the impact of these SAMA effects on the heavy‐ion trough, which was a stagnation trough and appeared markedly differently at different longitudes. At trough latitudes ((56 ± 4)°S (geomagnetic) when Dstav = 0 nT), the elevated electron temperatures forming a Te peak indicated subauroral heating effects. A statistical study modeled the magnetic activity dependence of the Te peak's magnitude and location and revealed their linear correlation with the activity level. Statistically, the Te peak increased [10.226 ± 1.355]°K and moved equatorward [0.051 ± 0.009]° (geomagnetic) per 1 nT decrease in the averaged Dst index. Per 1 nT increase in the averaged AE index, its magnitude increased [1.315 ± 0.444]°K and the equatorward movement was [0.014 ± 0.003]°.

Production of stable tellurium evaporated targets

Due to the low melting point of tellurium metal, self-supporting Te targets degrade quickly when exposed to particle beams. This situation is greatly improved if the tellurium material is evaporated onto C foil backings. Elastic scattering in target and backing layers broadens the Te peak, making measurements difficult, while too little material reduces the reaction rate. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the target thickness. Evaporated metallic and oxide Te targets were prepared at Argonne National Laboratory by vacuum deposition from a resistively heated source boat. The stability of the targets was then tested by exposing them to a varying intensity alpha beam with an energy range from 17 to 27 MeV using the FN Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator at the University of Notre Dame. Optimal target thicknesses and beam currents were then obtained for p-process experiments. A description of the apparatus and production method will be presented.

Measurement and Analysis of Continuum Radiation From a Large-Diameter Long Implosion Time Argon Gas Puff$Z$-Pinch at 6 MA

Time-resolved measurements of the absolute free-bound (FB) continuum spectrum emitted from a 12-cm-diameter argon gas-puff Z-pinch driven at ~6-MA peak current with 220- to 260-ns implosion times are reported. A crystal spectrometer is used with silicon diode detectors to provide kiloelectronvolt spectral resolution. The energy and absolute-intensity calibration procedures for the spectrometer are described. The slope of the FB continuum is well represented by a decaying exponential spectrum with a single electron temperature from which spatially averaged, time-resolved (Te(t)), and time-integrated (langTerang) electron temperatures are inferred. An expression for the absolute FB continuum, which takes into account recombination onto bare as well as H-like species, is presented and used to infer time-integrated spatially averaged ion densities langnirang. The values of langTerang and langnirang are in general agreement with the values of these quantities obtained by using the conventional K-shell line-ratio method. Values of Te(t) peak on the rise of the continuum radiation pulse and gradually decrease during the pulse. The fraction of the total energy radiated in the K-shell that resides in the FB continuum is 6%-10%, and this fraction increases with langnirang. Calculated continuum spectra are in agreement with measured spectra

Aging in Healthy Men Impairs Recombinant Human Luteinizing Hormone (LH)-Stimulated Testosterone Secretion Monitored under a Two-Day Intravenous Pulsatile LH Clamp

Testosterone (Te) depletion in aging men in principle could reflect deficits in the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, or testis. Available pharmacological studies of possible failure of Leydig cell steroidogenesis remain inconclusive. The objective of the study was to assess Te secretion in older and young men in response to near physiological LH stimulation. Pulsatile i.v. infusion of recombinant human LH was administered for 2 d to stimulate Te secretion during suppression of endogenous LH concentrations with a potent selective GnRH receptor antagonist (ganirelix). SUBJECTS/CONTEXT: Healthy older (aged 60-73 yr, n = 8) and young (19-30 yr, n = 13) men were studied in an academic setting. Pulsatile LH and Te concentrations on the second day of exogenous LH stimulation were measured. Serum ganirelix concentrations and infused LH pulse increments were similar by age. In contrast, older subjects manifested: 1) reduced mean Te concentrations (P = 0.016), Te peak heights (P = 0.014), increments (P = 0.010), summed areas (P < 0.013), and interpeak Te concentrations (P = 0.023); 2) decreased Te to LH concentration ratios (P = 0.002); 3) diminished LH-Te feed-forward synchrony (P = 0.020); and 4) a blunted amplitude (P = 0.036) and advanced phase (P = 0.013) of diurnal Te rhythms. A novel regimen of pulsatile LH stimulation for 48 h during GnRH receptor blockade unmasks deficits in pulsatile, basal, synchronous, and nyctohemeral Te secretion in healthy older men. These findings do not exclude concomitant defects in GnRH outflow and/or Te-negative feedback in the aging male.

&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;F&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;-region ionospheric perturbations in the low-latitude ionosphere during the geomagnetic storm of 25-27 August 1987

Abstract. We have presented a comparison between the modeled NmF2 and hmF2, and NmF2 and hmF2 which were observed at the equatorial anomaly crest and close to the geomagnetic equator simultaneously by the Akita, Kokubunji, Yamagawa, Okinawa, Manila, Vanimo, and Darwin ionospheric sounders and by the middle and upper atmosphere (MU) radar (34.85° N, 136.10° E) during the 25-27 August 1987 geomagnetically storm-time period at low solar activity near 201°, geomagnetic longitude. A comparison between the electron and ion temperatures measured by the MU radar and those produced by the model of the ionosphere and plasmasphere is presented. The corrections of the storm-time zonal electric field, EΛ, from 16:30 UT to 21:00 UT on 25 August bring the modeled and measured hmF2 into reasonable agreement. In both hemispheres, the meridional neutral wind, W, taken from the HWW90 wind model and the NRLMSISE-00 neutral temperature, Tn, and densities are corrected so that the model results agree with the ionospheric sounders and MU radar observations. The geomagnetic latitude variations in NmF2 on 26 August differ significantly from those on 25 and 27 August. The equatorial plasma fountain undergoes significant inhibition on 26 August. This suppression of the equatorial anomaly on 26 August is not due to a reduction in the meridional component of the plasma drift perpendicular to the geomagnetic field direction, but is due to the action of storm-time changes in neutral winds and densities on the plasma fountain process. The asymmetry in W determines most of the north-south asymmetry in hmF2 and NmF2 on 25 and 27 August between about 01:00-01:30 UT and about 14:00 UT when the equatorial anomaly exists in the ionosphere, while asymmetries in W, Tn, and neutral densities relative to the geomagnetic equator are responsible for the north-south asymmetry in NmF2 and hmF2 on 26 August. A theory of the primary mechanisms causing the morning and evening peaks in the electron temperature, Te, is developed. An appearance, magnitude variations, latitude variations, and a disappearance of the morning Te peaks during 25-27 August are caused by variations in EΛ, thermospheric composition, Tn, and W. The magnitude of the evening Te peak and its time location are decreased with the lowering of the geomagnetic latitude due to the weakening of the effect of the plasma drift caused by W on the electron density. The difference between 25 August and 26-27 August in an appearance, magnitude and latitude variations, and a disappearance of the evening Te peak is caused by variations in W, the thermospheric composition, Tn, and EΛ.

Pulsatile intravenous infusion of recombinant human luteinizing hormone under acute gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor blockade reconstitutes testosterone secretion in young men.

The present study tests the hypothesis that iv infusion of discrete pulses of recombinant human (rh)LH after overnight GnRH-receptor blockade can restore midphysiological concentrations of testosterone (Te) in normal young men. In a pilot time-course analysis, injection of the GnRH antagonist ganirelix (2.0 mg sc) at 2200 h lowered LH concentrations (mean +/- sem) from 3.4 +/- 0.7 to 0.8 +/- 0.1 IU/liter (P < 0.01) and Te concentrations from 416 +/- 48 to 107 +/- 16 ng/dl (P < 0.01) (to convert to nmol/liter, multiply by 0.0347) at 0800 h the next morning. LH and Te concentrations remained suppressed thereafter for an additional 15 h (interval, 10-25 h after ganirelix administration) at mean values of 1.2 +/- 0.1 IU/liter and 67 +/- 10 ng/dl, respectively (P < 0.005 vs. baseline). Based on these data and earlier dose-finding studies, eight men received a single ganirelix injection followed by seven consecutive iv pulses of rhLH (15.3 IU Second International Reference Preparation) each delivered over 6 min every 2 h beginning at 0800 h. Recurrent rhLH stimuli restored mean LH concentrations (IU/liter of homologous standard) to 4.8 +/- 0.3, LH peak maxima to 7.1 +/- 0.6, incremental LH peak amplitudes to 3.7 +/- 0.4, and interpeak nadir LH concentrations to 3.3 +/- 0.3 (each P < 0.01 vs. saline infusion after ganirelix). These values were indistinguishable from the normal 95% range established in 23 young adults of comparable age. Injected LH pulses increased total Te concentrations (ng/dl) to 440 +/- 52, Te peak maxima to 552 +/- 64, incremental Te amplitudes to 188 +/- 23, and interpeak nadir Te concentrations to 366 +/- 43 (each P < 0.01 vs. saline addback; P value not significant vs. untreated men). Under combined ganirelix inhibition and pulsatile rhLH drive, Te concentrations rose from a nadir of less than 120 ng/dl to an asymptotic plateau of 611 ng/dl with an estimated half-time of 97 +/- 9.1 min. Cross-correlation analysis of paired serial LH and Te concentrations verified that infused LH pulses stimulate Te elevations within 40-70 (median 50) min (P < 0.001). Kinetic estimates of the half-life of exogenous rhLH averaged 107 +/- 3.8 min, which value exceeded that of secreted LH monitored after pharmacological GnRH stimulation (83 +/- 12 min; P = 0.012). We conclude that intermittent iv pulses of rhLH delivered over 12 h under selective GnRH-receptor blockade can restore young adult-like pulsatile LH and Te concentrations with an appropriate time delay coupling the lutropic stimulus to the steroidogenic response. Whether a comparable near-physiological paradigm can maintain human Leydig-cell testosterone production for a more extended interval is not known.

Respiratory pattern in a rat model of epilepsy.

Apnea is known to occur during seizures, but systematic studies of ictal respiratory changes in adults are few. Data regarding respiratory pattern defects during interictal periods also are scarce. Here we sought to generate information with regard to the interictal period in animals with pilocarpine-induced epilepsy. Twelve rats (six chronically epileptic animals and six controls) were anesthetized, given tracheotomies, and subjected to hyperventilation or hypoventilation conditions. Breathing movements caused changes in thoracic volume and forced air to flow tidally through a pneumotachograph. This flow was measured by using a differential pressure transducer, passed through a polygraph, and from this to a computer with custom software that derived ventilation (VE), tidal volume (VT), inspiratory time (TI), expiratory time (TE), breathing frequency (f), and mean inspiratory flow (VT/TI) on a breath-by-breath basis. The hyperventilation maneuver caused a decrease in spontaneous ventilation in pilocarpine-treated and control rats. Although VE had a similar decrease in both groups, in the epileptic group, the decrease in VE was due to a significant (p < 0.05) increase in TE peak in relation to that of the control animals. The hypoventilation maneuver led to an increase in the arterial Paco2, followed by an increase in VE. In the epileptic group, the increase in VE was mediated by a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in TE peak compared with the control group. Systemic application of KCN, to evaluate the effects of peripheral chemoreception activation on ventilation, led to a similar increase in VE for both groups. The data indicate that pilocarpine-treated animals have an altered ability to react to (or compensate for) blood gas changes with changes in ventilation and suggest that it is centrally determined. We speculate on the possible relation of the current findings on treating different epilepsy-associated conditions.

Azimuthal variation of ion density and electron temperature in the Io plasma torus

We analyzed about 47 hours of Voyager 1 ultraviolet spectrometer observations of the Io plasma torus in order to determine the distributions of ion and electron density and electron temperature as five‐dimensional functions of (1) radius (L), (2) System III longitude (λIII), (3) System IV longitude (λIV), (4) Jovian local solar time (ϕ⊙), and (5) azimuth relative to Io (ϕIo). We present averaged profiles of electron density (ne) and temperature (Te) as one‐dimensional functions of each of these five variables in turn. Each of these profiles is an average of the full five‐dimensional distribution over the other four variables. Our Te(L) estimate is substantially the same as that determined from in situ observations by the Voyager 1 plasma science investigation. As for the azimuthal profiles, we find that the ne(λIII) profile has a peak near λIII=180°, as expected from ground‐based observations, while the Te(λIII) profile peaks around λIII=300°. The Jovian surface magnetic field reaches its lowest magnitude on the Io footprints near the Te(λIII) maximum, suggesting that part of the torus electron heating might be associated with Birkeland currents or some other magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling. In the Io frame, we find an apparent ne(ϕIo) maximum about 90° downstream from Io while the highest Te(ϕIo) occurs near Io, suggesting that electrons are locally heated by the Io atmosphere‐torus MHD interaction. These two Te profiles suggest that field‐aligned currents might comprise the long‐sought additional (i.e., besides fresh ion pickup) electron‐heating power source for torus emissions needed to resolve the torus “energy crisis”. In local solar time, we find that the Te(ϕ⊙) and ne(ϕ⊙) profiles peak between dusk and local midnight, with the former maximum nearer dusk and the latter nearer midnight. This combination suggests that the variation is due to an offset of the torus toward local midmorning, and perhaps that the cooling time is short. We also describe a general method for constraining solutions to be nonnegative when fitting data using the singular value decomposition least squares technique.

Spatial distributions of electron density and electron temperature in direct current glow discharge

The spatial distributions of electron temperature and density in a dc glow discharge that is created by a pair of planar electrodes were studied using double Langmuir probes. The measurement was carried out on the horizontal center plane across vertically placed circular planar parallel plate electrodes. One electrode with magnetic enhancement (magnetron) was paired with a nonmagnetron in the two possible combinations. The measurements were carried out for the following three modes: (nonmagnetron) cathode/(nonmagnetron) anode (C–A), cathode magnetron/(nonmagnetron) anode (CM–A), and (nonmagnetron) cathode/anode magnetron (C–AM). In the C–A mode, electrons gain energy from the imposed electric field, and the electron temperature (Te) rises very sharply from the cathode to the leading edge of the negative glow where Te reaches the maximum. In this region, the number of electrons (Ne) is relatively small and does not increase much. The accelerated electrons lose energy by ionizing gas atoms, and Te decreases rapidly to the plateau value, which is reached near the midpoint between two electrodes and extends to the anode. In this region, Ne increases sharply. As electrons are pulled towards the anode, a steep increase of Ne was found towards the anode and then Ne drops sharply very near the anode as electrons are captured by the anode. The value of Te increases slightly towards the edge of the cathode and the anode (radial position), and the minimum Te was found at the center. There is a clear trend that Te and Ne are inversely related (Te×Ne=constant). This trend was also found in cases in which a magnetron is used as the cathode (CM–A) or as the anode (C–AM) paired with a planar nonmagnetron electrode. In the (CM–A) mode, the magnetic entrapment of electrons is seen in the sharp increase of Ne near the cathode surface. The characteristic toroidal glow near the magnetron cathode is associated with the Ne peak, and the Te peak is found inside the circular toroidal glow where Ne is small. In the (C–AM) mode, a large Ne peak was found near the anode in the center, and the Te peak was found in the center near the cathode. A funnel shaped glow that expands from the center of the anode is distinctively different from the toroidal glow observed for the cathode magnetron glow discharge.

Mixed-bed polymeric o-nitrobenzophenone reagents for the on-line derivatization of amines in high performance liquid chromatography.

Several polymer-bound o-nitrobenzophenone reagents containing different detector-sensitive tags have been combined in the same reactor for the on-line derivatization of amine samples. The formation of multiple derivatives allows numerous opportunities for quantitation from the same injection, and also allows improved identification from the retention times of the multiple derivatives. Changing the reaction conditions changes the ratio of the products formed, so that changes in the ratio of peak heights and areas can also be used for analyte identification. In this work, propylamine was derivatized in acetonitrile on-line, precolumn. Changing the reaction conditions, of reaction time, temperature, solvent, presence of catalyst and the components of the reactor, changed the ratio of the derivatives formed. These changes in product formation with changing reaction conditions were applied to the identification and quantitation of amphetamine and methamphetamine in urine. The drugs were identified by the retention times of their derivatives, the ratio of the peak areas of the derivatives and the change in the ratios after changing reaction conditions. Each derivative was also used for quantitation of levels of spiked concentrations of amphetamine and methamphetamine, with relative errors less than 8%.

Investigations of whisper gallery mirrors for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and soft X-rays

The authors have examined optical constants and predicted reflectivities of candidate surface coatings for whisper gallery mirrors (WGMs) in the extreme ultraviolet. The spectral regime near 100-150 AA has been identified in the literature as particularly promising due to the high WGM reflectivities of the noble metals in the vicinity of their Cooper minima in this regime. The authors confirm this basic result using newer EUV optical data, and they have sought candidate surface materials which would extend the range over which WGMs may be used to longer wavelengths. It is found that substantial WGM reflectivities are predicted for a variety of elements in the EUV, and that TE peak reflection is larger than TM peak reflection by on the order of 10%; however, most of the elements which do reflect well have surfaces which are vulnerable to oxygen contamination.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Seasonal variations in the subauroral electron temperature enhancement

The subauroral nightside electron temperature peak is one of the phenomena showing the response of the subauroral ionosphere to the influx of magnetic storm energy in the vicinity of the plasmapause. A statistical study of the seasonal variations of the subauroral electron temperature enhancement was undertaken using data from the Langmuir probe experiment on the DE 2 satellite throughout most of the mission (1981–1982). In the winter hemisphere the nighttime background electron temperature is the highest and the magnitude of the peak Te responds most weakly to the geomagnetic activity. This behavior can be explained by seasonal trends in the nighttime downward heat flux due to conjugate photoelectrons. Moreover, model results indicate that a factor of ∼3 increase in heat inflow during equinox relative to solstice is required to raise the electron temperature to a given level. This is a consequence of the higher electron densities at the Te peak near equinox. The Te peak occurs on field lines which thread the outer plasmasphere in the vicinity of the plasmapause and thus can be used as a tracer of the plasmapause position. Correlating the position of the Te peak with Kp′ (the highest value of 3‐hour Kp in the preceding 12 hours) indicates a trend toward a more expanded quiet time plasmasphere and one which is more easily compressed by magnetic storms at equinox than during the solstice period.