Taylor's Study Research Articles

A comparative study of effective atomic number calculations for dual-energy CT.

Several new formalisms of Effective Atomic Number ( ) have emerged recently, deviating from the widely accepted Mayneord's definition. This comparative study aims to reexamine their theories, reveal their connections, and apply them to material differentiation on dual-energy computed tomography (DECT). The first part of this paper is an in-depth review of several highly cited formalisms. This part includes (1) refuting the claim in Taylor's study that the classic Mayneord's formalism was inaccurate, (2) showing that Mayneord's, Rutherford's, and Bourque's formalisms were equivalent, and (3) explaining the fundamental difference between Taylor's and Bourque's formalisms. The second part of this paper explains how we translated the theories into software implementation and added an open-source calculation engine to our free research software 3D Quantitative Imaging (3DQI). The work includes developing an interpolation method based on radial basis function to make Taylor's formalism applicable to DECT, and devising a table lookup method to generate map with high efficiency for all appropriateformalisms. Comparing Bourque's and Taylor's formalisms for six common materials over 40 100 keV energy range, it was found that Bourque's values had a weak energy dependence by 0.18% 3.10%, but for Taylor's results this variation increased by a factor of 10. Further comparison showed that at 61 keV, different formalisms fall into two categories-Bourque, Mayneord, Van Abbema (a derivative of Rutherford) for the first category, and Taylor and Manohara for the second. Formalisms within each category produced similar values. For a material consisting of two elements, the two categories of formalisms tended to show a greater discrepancy if the constituent elements had larger difference in . The developed calculation engine was successfully applied to kidney stone classification and colon electroniccleansing. We renewed the understanding of several popular formalisms: Contrary to the conclusion of Taylor's study, Mayneord's power-law formula is well grounded in theory; Bourque's formalism (based on the average electron microscopic cross-section) is considered numerically equivalent to Rutherford's, but with the advantage of being mathematically rigorous and physically meaningful; Taylor's formalism (based on the average atomic microscopic cross-section) is theoretically not suitable for DECT but a workaround still exists; Manohara's formalism should be used with caution due to a problem in its definition of electron cross-sections. The developed engine in the 3DQI software facilitated accurate and efficient estimate for various DECT applications.

Reflections on US Psychiatry: How the Baton Was Passed From European Psychiatry and the Contributions of US Psychiatry.

The medical model in psychiatry and descriptive psychopathology were established in Germany by Krapelin's textbook and Jaspers' General Psychopathology. In the United Kingdom, Mayer-Gross' textbook synthesized both books, influencing US psychiatry. US psychiatrists from the World War II generation defeated the US academic psychoanalytic establishment by building three pillars: biological psychiatry (brought by Wortis), the psychopharmacology revolution, and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd Edition (DSM-III). The psychopharmacology revolution included immigrants (e.g., Gershon), Cole's marketing, and textbooks by Klein and Fink. The "neo-Kraepelinians" introduced the medical model in US psychiatry and defined 15 valid psychiatric disorders. Spitzer supervised DSM-III's development. Its 1980 publication started the world dominance of US psychiatry and the multiplication of diagnoses. Major contributions by US psychiatrists include a) McHugh's update of the Jaspersian approach, b) Fink's inclusion of catatonia as a syndrome in DSM-5 (following Abrams and Taylor's studies), and c) DSM-III's departure from the Jaspersian hierarchy of schizophrenia and affective symptoms.

Introduction to the Theme "Old and New Toxicology: Interfaces with Pharmacology".

The theme of Volume 61 is "Old and New Toxicology: Interfaces with Pharmacology." Old toxicology is exemplified by the authors of the autobiographical articles: B.M. Olivera's work on toxins and venoms from cone snails and P. Taylor's studies of acetylcholinesterase and the nicotinic cholinergic receptor, which serve as sites of action for numerous pesticides and venoms. Other articles in this volume focus on new understanding and new types of toxicology, including (a) arsenic toxicity, which is an ancient poison that, through evolution, has caused most multicellular organisms to express an active arsenic methyltransferase to methylate arsenite, which accelerates the excretion of arsenic from the body; (b) small molecules that react with lipid dicarbonyls, which are now considered the most toxic oxidative stress end products; (c) immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), which have revolutionized cancer therapy but have numerous immune-related adverse events, including cardiovascular complications; (d) autoimmunity caused by the environment; (e) idiosyncratic drug-induced liver disease, which together with the toxicity of ICIs represents new toxicology interfacing with pharmacology; and (f) sex differences in the development of cardiovascular disease, with men more susceptible than women to vascular inflammation that initiates and perpetuates disease. These articles and others in Volume 61 reflect the interface and close integration of pharmacology and toxicology that began long ago but continues today.

Worker Productivity in Operations Management

From Frederick Taylor's study of brick laying manual laborers in the early 20th century, to the multi-year benchmarking of automotive plant productivity as part of the International Motor Vehicle Program, the systematic observation, measurement, and analysis of work has a strong tradition in operations management. Traditional manufacturing provided the setting for much of the early research on worker productivity. However as we have now seen an inexorable shift towards more service driven economic output, especially in the industrialized economies, the research in operations management on worker productivity has also increasingly focused on services. This monograph will take stock of the literature in operations management on worker productivity. The research is not exhaustive, but is meant to showcase some of the interesting and relevant papers that fall into a few key themes. Mainly, the individual worker is the focal unit of analysis, and the goal is to explore the various operational factors that allow the worker to become more productive. Key areas of emphasis include the behavioral microfoundations of productivity, the effect of peers and workplace dynamics, the design and organization of work, and ways to improve human capital. Although much is known about the drivers of worker productivity, much remains unexplored. Furthermore, looming changes to the modern workplace call for new ways to think about worker productivity. For example, artificial intelligence, new models of business, and novel workplace arrangements, all have important implications for the design and organization of the modern workplace, and for the roles and responsibilities of the knowledge worker. Collectively, these developments will continue to make worker productivity a rich and exciting area of research.

Can we cure type 2 diabetes?

Can we cure type 2 diabetes?

How valid is Taylor dispersion formula in slugs?

How valid is Taylor dispersion formula in slugs?

THE VICTORIAN MENTAL SCIENCES

In a 1990 review ofJenny Bourne Taylor'sIn the Secret Theatre of Home: Wilkie Collins, Sensation Narrative, and Nineteenth-Century Psychology(1988), Lawrence Rothfield commented that the book explores what “until recently might have seemed a bizarrely specialized cultural context and an equally obscure literary phenomenon” (97). Rothfield argued that Taylor's study was representative of the recent move to new historicist methodologies, which made contexts and authors once considered to be historical footnotes important to scholarship. Prior to that shift, “[n]ineteenth-century English psychology, a mishmash of scientifically dubious theories and practices such as phrenology, physiognomy, moral management, and mesmerism, hardly seemed key to understanding the broad cultural issues of concern as traditionally construed in Victorian studies” (97). Strikingly, now some twenty-five years later, knowledge of nineteenth-century psychology seems essential to the field. Presses, alert to that shift, have republished out-of-print literary studies that explored Victorian literature in relation to psychology in the years preceding the current surge of interest in the subject. (Faas's 1989Retreat into the Mind: Victorian Poetry and the Rise of Psychiatrywas reissued by Princeton University Press in a 2016 hardcover edition. Kearns's 1987Metaphors of Mind in Fiction and Psychologywas reissued in 2014 by the University of Kentucky Press.) Judging by the number of publications in the area, as well as by titles on the programs of recent conferences, the sciences of the mind have become one of the central topics in Victorian studies.

Public Theology and the Modern Social Imaginary

Abstract: Charles Taylor's study of the development of the modern social imaginary raises several issues for public theology in a secular, multicultural society. Canada provides an example of such a culture and shows how the issues arise in a specific public and media context. Even if public theologians can learn to speak the language of secular multicultural societies and give what are recognized as public, rational arguments for their positions, the media culture may not provide the space which makes public theology possible.

Women and Politics

Barbara Taylor, Mary Wollstonecraft and the Feminist Imagination (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003). Cloth, £45. Paper £16.99. Amanda Vickery, ed., Women, Privilege, and Power: British Politics, 1750 to the Present (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001). Cloth $65. The most challenging aspect one confronts in reviewing Barbara Taylor's Mary Wollstonecraft and the Feminist Imagination and Amanda Vickery's edited collection Women, Privilege, and Power: British Politics, 1750 to the Present is the confused nature of politics itself. The character of politics shifts depending on whether one is discussing a pre-democratic England, activities rather than ideas, or the class assumptions underpinning gender and the political. Taylor's study of Wollstonecraft's feminism is grounded in her political perspective but studies her essentially as an intellectual—thus Wollstonecraft's treatment of ideas takes precedence over her more limited political activism. Vickery's collection, on the other hand, privileges the actual involvement of women in politics, along with the perception and representation of that involvement, and devotes little attention to political theory or the ideas providing the foundation for British politics. Both books document the dual effort to change the reality of women's political circumstances: the ideological push for women's empowerment and the establishment of organizations at the local and national levels that would provide a means to further their political involvement. Barbara Taylor's approach to Wollstonecraft's feminism affirms the place of imagination and the importance of religion to her demands for women. And, while she insists that later commentators (both scholars and feminists) have removed Wollstonecraft from her historical moorings, she nonetheless overlooks the similarities of the eighteenth-century radical's views to earlier feminists, in particular Mary Astell. A number of issues Taylor identifies as central to Wollstonecraft's feminism are identical to Astell's concerns, even though the two feminists resided at opposite ends of the political spectrum: an attack on women's frivolous, non-serious life choices, and an equality based on religion. Astell, in pushing women's intellectual development, chides women: "how can you be content to be in the World like Tulips in a Garden, to make a fine shew and be good for nothing" (Serious Proposal to the Ladies, [1694], 154), while Wollstonecraft bemoans that "this desire [for marriage] making mere animals of them, when they marry they act as such children...they dress, they paint, and nickname God's creatures." Each author, to encourage women's intellectual and moral seriousness, castigates women yet still excoriates men's ill use of them. A religious basis for human equality also characterizes each feminist, as Astell claims that an [End Page 405] individual has a "liberty" to think as she or he desires, and it would be wrong "to pretend to Dictate to our Fellow Rational Creatures." God created everyone with a rational soul, and for women not to use such abilities was an affront to the Deity. Wollstonecraft also pursued a similar equality, based in God's creation: "it is not empire,—but equality, that [women] should contend for" and pursue "those talents and virtues, the exercise of which ennobles the human character" (quoted in Taylor, 14). And tied to these similar views, both women were especially disdainful of supposed "chivalric" behavior that infantilized women and offered them artificial praise while denying them real power and respect. Wollstonecraft, both in pushing for women's agency and moral and intellectual equality with men and advocating a radical, democratic state (unlike Astell) was moving the ideological argument forward in ways that would ultimately lead to women's successful political campaigns of the late 1800s and early 1900s. But she has strong ties, as well, to those arguing for women's greater access to knowledge and individuality in the preceding century. Barbara Taylor views Mary Wollstonecraft as both a unique woman concerned with being female, and as a female philosopher whose writings laid a foundation for women's intellectual and political empowerment. While not indulging in the details of...

Kitchen Knights in Medieval French and English Narrative: Rainouart, Lancelot, Gareth

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes Cooks, kitchen staff, and house servants, such as carvers and table servers who are not knights, figure in many medieval narratives too numerous to cite here, for instance in all five of Chrétien de Troyes's twelfth-century Arthurian romances and in the Tristan tradition as well as in thirteenth-century texts such as Le Bel Inconnu and the Mule sans frein. Space has limited this exploration to three kitchen knights but there are many analogues, such as Ganelon and the cooks in the Chanson de Roland and the Havelok tradition. There are many episodes in which Lancelot undergoes a period of madness in the French and English verse and prose Arthurian traditions. Though in other episodes he eats raw food, as does Yvain in the Chevalier au Lion, this is the only episode in which his gluttony, cookery, and eventual obesity become major factors. Translations and paraphrases from the Old French and Malory are my own. Jeanne Wathelet-Willem has put forth the origin of this nickname as related to the carrying device Rainouart uses to carry buckets of water and as a kitchen utensil and weapon. See also Herman. A variant of this culinary detail in the Chanson de Guillaume (G2) is “Et faire .I. poivre et .I. oisel torner” [And make a pepper sauce and turn a bird]. See Suard's study of battlegrounds and other epic spaces in Aliscans. Other elements of what I have called culinary comedy not treated by the present study, such as food fights between knights, drunkenness, ruses involving food, and food stealing, in other romances are explored in my “Culinary Comedy in French Arthurian Romance.” In one of the few existing studies on Rigomer, Neil Thomas has seen the romance as an ironic counterfeit of French Grail romances and notes analogues in other Gauvain romances as well. Elsewhere in Rigomer Lancelot engages in nontraditional fighting, such as fighting with a piece of wood from the cooking fire as a weapon or fighting against cats. See Felicity Riddy (60–83) on the didactic context for Malory's Tale of Gareth and contemporary courtesy books. P. J. C. Field suggests that the name Beaumains may be Malory's translation back into French, albeit bad French, from a lost English source of the tale (69–70). See Paul Beekman Taylor on the etymology and mythological origins of the name Gareth; Taylor's study suggests a link with mythological artificer figures. Thomas L. Wright makes a case for the French prose Suite du Merlin as a source of Malory's Tale of Gareth. Dhira B. Mahoney argues for Ipomedon, Havelok, and other influences. Kay himself appears in Malory and the wider Arthurian tradition as Arthur's foster brother with the title of Cupbearer, Steward, or Seneschal. He often oversees table service at feasts, accompanied by other knights (such as Griflet and Lucan), and this service is never depicted as shameful or lowly, but rather as an honor. Furthermore, he is shown as the keeper of customs; for instance, in Malory before Galahad's arrival on Pentecost, he reminds Arthur of his custom never to eat at a feast before adventure comes to court. Keu, Sir Kay's name in the French verse and prose traditions, echoes the word for cook as in the title of maître-queux. See Gowans for a history of the figure of kay in Europen literature. Additional informationNotes on contributorsSarah GordonSarah Gordon has a PhD from Washington University and MPhil from Oxford. She is assistant professor of French at Utah State University, has an upcoming book on Culinary Comedy in Medieval French Literature, and has published in journals such as Medievalia et Humanistica

Obscurity's Myriad Components: The Theory and Practice of William Faulkner by R. Rio-Jelliffe (review)

YES, 34, 2004 YES, 34, 2004 339 339 H. D. andthePublicSphere ofModernist Women Writers does a greatdeal to contribute to our understanding of how modernist writing by women was produced and consumed. It also offersan importantcorrectiveto biographicalcriticismof H. D.'s work by focusing on the 'public' H. D. Perhaps more importantly,by examining modernism in relation to the public sphere Taylor's study challenges the way that 'modernism'itself has come to be understood. UNIVERSITY OF NORTHUMBRIA AT NEWCASTLE VICTORIA BAZIN Obscurity's MyriadComponents: The Theoryand Practiceof WilliamFaulkner. By R. RIO-JELLIFFE. Cranbury, NJ: Bucknell University Press; London: Associated University Presses. 2001. 201 pp. C30. ISBN:0-8387-5462-7. 'Words kill', Faulkner told a group of University of Virginia students. Intensely aware that words reduce the rich complexity of the materialworld to a single, arbitrary ,man-made meaning, Faulkner,in novel after novel, sought innovative narrative and linguistic strategies to release the world body from the stranglehold of abstractions. This struggle to break through language's enforcement of settled notions is the subject of R. Rio-Jelliffe'sstudy, Obscurity's MyriadComponents: The Theory andPractice of WilliamFaulkner. Working from the premise that Faulkner's knowledgeof 'the treacherousnature of his medium may have led to his breakfrom establishedpractice to effect "a dialogic tension"among antinomiesin the language and form of his fiction' (p. I5i), Rio-Jelliffeintensivelyanalysesthis dialogic tension in six novels that she finds particularlyfractured, TheSoundandtheFury,As I Lay Dying,LightinAugust, Absalom, Absalom.1, TheUnvanquished, and GoDown,Moses.In The Unvanquished, for example, she argues that when Faulkner revised the original magazine storiesfor publicationas a novel, he transformedthe single-tonedvoice of the stories to 'a bi-tonal voice entwining the distinct styles and perspectivesof the child and the grown Bayard Sartoris'(p. II8). Her chapter on GoDown,Mosescontends that its widely debated lack of 'the traditionalframe of successive or logical order' reflectsBergsonianconcepts, and she quotes Bergson to describe the novel's form:'Faulkner's"newpattern",ajoint formaland thematic design that set [sic]the segmentsinside one another, secures"the interplay"of "a conflict"of elements that also resolves into "a composition of forces"'(p. I36). I have three reservationsabout this project. First, Rio-Jelliffe'swriting is sometimes ungrammaticaland often syntacticallyawkward.Secondly, as the notes (but not the text)of thisstudydisclose,Rio-Jelliffehas littleto add to the abundantextant scholarship on Faulkner's characteristic use of equivocation, incongruity, disjunction , paradox, and counterpoint. Finally,my last reservationgoes to the veiled agenda of this project, which seems to be an attempt to defend Faulkneragainst detractorswho would 'resolveinconsistenciesin Faulkneror, with no littleexasperation on the part of some readers, [...] impute incongruitiesto weaknessof thought or artistry'(p. 152). In 2003, Faulkner'sfiction does not require a defence. While it is true that, in I960, Walter Slatoffs QuestforFailurecriticized the novelist for a characteristicreluctance to solve dilemmas, in recent decades no reputablescholar has faulted Faulkner for exploring rather than resolving the oppositions that constitute our meanings. H. D. andthePublicSphere ofModernist Women Writers does a greatdeal to contribute to our understanding of how modernist writing by women was produced and consumed. It also offersan importantcorrectiveto biographicalcriticismof H. D.'s work by focusing on the 'public' H. D. Perhaps more importantly,by examining modernism in relation to the public sphere Taylor's study challenges the way that 'modernism'itself has come to be understood. UNIVERSITY OF NORTHUMBRIA AT NEWCASTLE VICTORIA BAZIN Obscurity's MyriadComponents: The Theoryand Practiceof WilliamFaulkner. By R. RIO-JELLIFFE. Cranbury, NJ: Bucknell University Press; London: Associated University Presses. 2001. 201 pp. C30. ISBN:0-8387-5462-7. 'Words kill', Faulkner told a group of University of Virginia students. Intensely aware that words reduce the rich complexity of the materialworld to a single, arbitrary ,man-made meaning, Faulkner,in novel after novel, sought innovative narrative and linguistic strategies to release the world body from the stranglehold of abstractions. This struggle to break through language's enforcement of settled notions is the subject of R. Rio-Jelliffe'sstudy, Obscurity's MyriadComponents: The Theory andPractice of WilliamFaulkner. Working from the premise that Faulkner's knowledgeof 'the treacherousnature of his medium may have led to his breakfrom establishedpractice to effect "a dialogic tension"among antinomiesin the language and form of his fiction' (p. I5i...

Women, Writing, and Fetishism, 1890-1950: Female Cross-Gendering (review)

Reviewed by: Women, Writing, and Fetishism, 1890–1950: Female Cross-Gendering Goody Alex Women, Writing, and Fetishism, 1890–1950: Female Cross-Gendering. By Clare L. Taylor. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. Pp. vii + 254. $80.00 (cloth). In his 1927 essay "Fetishism" Freud posited the disavowal of the mother's castration as the motivation behind fetishistic substitution. So if, as Freud assumed, women believe in their own genital castration, then women cannot be fetishists. In her study, Women, Writing, and Fetishism, 1890-1950, Taylor rejects this basic model. Following theorists such as Lorraine Gamman and Merja Makinen (Female Fetishism: A New Look, 1994), Sarah Kofman (The Enigma of Woman in Freud's Writing, 1985), and Teresa de Lauretis (The Practice of Love: Lesbian Sexuality and Perverse Desire, 1994), she explores the fetishistic possibilities and pleasures of female cross-gendering in a range of texts by women from the late-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century. This project is quite ambitious, attempting as it does to establish an historically specific theoretical model for the fetishism Taylor discovers in the "cross-gendering" fiction of Sarah Grand, Radclyffe Hall, H.D., Djuna Barnes, and Anaïs Nin. It is a model that enables her literary analyses to encompass also the autobiographical intersections of the texts with psychoanalytic and sexological debates about cross-dressing and lesbianism. The vocabulary and theoretical trajectory of Taylor's study are crucial to its success. She works very hard to define her terminology, choosing the term cross-gendering, in particular, to carry "specific reference to a form of female masculinity, transvestism, and cross-dressing" (2) but also to cover historically located practices and identities, notably the concept of "inversion" postulated by the late-nineteenth-century sexologists Richard von Krafft-Ebing and Havelock Ellis. This "fusion of clinical terminology and cultural usage" (3) is intended to encompass the range of identities, desires, identifications, and classifications that Grand, Hall, H.D., Barnes, and Nin elaborate in their texts. Taylor is also interested in the "literariness of fetishism," and it is here that she most clearly addresses some of the core ideas about women's writing and modernism. The fetish, as a mark and signifier of undecidability and the synecdochal instigator of erotic pleasure, can also, as Taylor suggests, be seen as the figure for the texts she considers in this study. Whether considering lesbian desire (the "unsaid" of patriarchal culture), or the contradictions and instabilities of modernist texts, or the semi-autobiographical facet of women's fiction writing, it seems that Grand, Hall, H.D., Barnes, and Nin are writing (of) fetishism. Thus, Taylor argues that these women writers challenge both sexological and psychoanalytic theory in their textual encoding of cross-dressing and lesbian desire and that their texts inhabit and explore the undecidability of gender, sexuality, identity, and the text. [End Page 387] Women, Writing, and Fetishism, 1890-1950, which is in the Oxford English Monographs series, has a clear and thoroughly researched thesis that is established in the introductory chapter and then applied in detail and elaborated upon in subsequent chapters, each focusing on a specific woman writer or text. The introduction is thus very dense and occasionally inaccessible, covering a huge range of theoretical ground as the thesis is delineated against surrounding and preceding material. It certainly requires a high level of engagement with psychoanalytic ideas and is clearly directed at an audience of academics or postgraduate researchers in the field. Taylor's writing is not obtuse in any way, but as her ideas are so specifically articulated (and they need to be to serve the purpose she lays out), the theoretical framing and interpretations of this study can appear sophistic and unwieldy at times. After the introductory chapter the study moves from Sarah Grand's late-nineteenth-century Heavenly Twins to Hall's The Well of Loneliness, H.D.'s HER and Tribute to Freud, and Barnes's Nightwood and culminates with Anaïs Nin's fiction of the 1930s and 1940s. In each case various facets of the central thesis are expanded; for example, the chapter on The Well of Loneliness reads this text closely alongside the sexological ideas of the time and emerging psychoanalytic models...

Authority Files in Online Catalogs Revisited

User requests resulting in zero hits for author searches in an online catalog are analyzed. The need for bibliographic records relating to a name to be brought together under one form of the name and the need for cross references to direct a user from variant forms of the name are discussed. Arlene Taylor's study of this problem in 1983 is replicated. Data are given to prove that linked bibliographic/authority files and the availability of see references online in the public view of OPACs are reducing zero hits.

Jewel of the Desert: Japanese American Internment at Topaz.

In the spring of 1942, under the guise of 'military necessity', the U.S. government evacuated 110,000 Japanese Americans from their homes on the West Coast. About 7,000 people from the San Francisco Bay Area - the vast majority of whom were American citizens - were moved to an assembly center at Tanforan Racetrack and then to a concentration camp in Topaz, Utah. Dubbed the 'jewel of the desert', the camp remained in operation until October 1945. This compelling book tells the history of Japanese Americans of San Francisco and the Bay Area, and of their experiences of relocation and internment. Sandra C. Taylor first examines the lives of the Japanese Americans who settled in and around San Francisco near the end of the nineteenth century. As their numbers grew, so, too, did their sense of community. They were a people bound together not only by common values, history, and institutions, but also by their shared status as outsiders. Taylor looks particularly at how Japanese Americans kept their sense of community and self-worth alive in spite of the upheavals of internment. The author draws on interviews with fifty former Topaz residents, and on the archives of the War Relocation Authority and newspaper reports, to show how relocation and its aftermath shaped the lives of these Japanese Americans. Written at a time when the United States once again regards Japan as a threat, Taylor's study testifies to the ongoing effects of prejudice toward Americans whose face is also the face of 'the enemy'.

Fewer Errors Resulting from the Users' Misconception of the OPAC in 1992 than a Decade Ago

This comparative study of OPAC use investigates whether there are fewer zero or no direct hits due to users' miscon- ce tions today than a decade ago. For this purpose, data from PEG- AJUS, Columbia University Law Library's INNOPAC-based OPAC, on failed author searches is compared with that from Arlene G. Taylor's study of LUIS, Northwestern University's NOTIS-based OPAC, from 1984. No direct hits resulting from a misconception of the system are found to constitute only half of h e no direct hits compared with the corresponding category of the earlier study. The results of a t-test give sufficient proof to conclude that this difference is statistically valid.

Study skills for nurses J Taylor Study skills for nurses Chapman & Hall 102pp £8.95 0-412-44070-9

Study skills for nurses J Taylor Study skills for nurses Chapman & Hall 102pp £8.95 0-412-44070-9

Soldiers of Christ: preaching in late medieval and reformation France

In an age when the printed book was still in its infancy, the pulpit was the mass medium of the era. Cities competed with one another to attract the leading preachers, and thousands of people from all classes of society flocked from miles around to hear them speak. A vital part of medieval religious life, sermons were the chief occasions on which the church attempted to bridge the gap between high theology and popular religious culture. Taylor's study of preaching in France offers intriguing clues into the beliefs and behaviour of ordinary Christians in the crucial era that saw the onset of the Protestant Reformation. By examining hundreds of surviving sermons from the most influential preachers of the time, Taylor is able to reconstruct popular attitudes to such issues as original sin, free will, purgatory, the devil, the sacraments, the magical arts, the inequalities in society, and the status of women. A concluding section examines the beginnings of Protestant preaching in France and Catholic responses to this challenge.

Medieval Persian Court Poetry (review)

Reviews ^63 (p. 120b), the Boucicaut Master (p. 97a), or the Bedford Master (p. 120b). Furthermore, one reads with unease the statements '...patterns established in Paris . . . developed and disseminated by the Mdtre Francois School' and '..the style., is closely related to the Mattre Francois atelier'. The reader might well ask where the facts about the existence of this particdar 'School* or 'atelier' may be found. This publication represents a successful conclusion to the god set by the authors to bring the attention of pdaeographers, codicologists, bibliophdes and art historians the varied and often handsome manuscripts in N e w Zealand collections, a few of which were already known through D. M . Taylor's study in 1955, The Oldest Manuscripts in New Zealand. Peter Rolfe Monks Townsville Meisami, J. S., Medieval Persian Court Poetry, Princeton, Princeton U. P., 1987; pp. xiii, 345; 8 ill.; R.R.P. A U S $101.50. Iranian poetic and cultural traditions dating from pre-Islamic Sassanian times that influenced even Arabic literary tradtions of the Abbasid cdiphate of Baghdad have been discussed in innumberable monographs written in Western languages and in Persian and in Urdu. Meisami, ignoring the researches of Shibli N u mani and Mahmud Shirani published in Urdu, has mainly concentrated upon works in European languages and in Persian. Her over-reliance on the. articles of Von Grunebaum and Hodgson's The Venture of Islam, has made her historical conclusions occasionally unsound. She has, however, done adequate justice to the three major genres of Persian poetry: panegyric, romance and lyric ghazal. Sherightiyconcludes her essay on 'The poetry of praise: The qasidah and its uses' with the remark that 'the very choice of the polythematic type of qasidah [composed by Awhad d-Din Anvari (d. 1189-90?)], as opposed to panegyric without preamble, is frequendy a signal that the ultimate purpose of the poem is not purely or exclusively encomiastic, but involves more complex ends, among which the didactic and ethical are of particular importance', (p. 76) The image of the medievd Persian court poet's conception of the nature and purpose of his art was defined by Nizami Ganjavi (d. 1209) w h o m H. Ritter compares with Goethe 'as no fable but a treasure'. Meisami also underlines the fact with numerous illustrations that 'Panegyrists, romance writers, and lyric poets shared the conviction that poetry served moral ends, although the specific manner in which these ends were to be achieved varied according to the dictates of their respective genres' (p. 305). It was, however, in the microcosmic world of human love that Iranian philosophers, such as Nasir Al-Din Tusi (d. 1274), and poets perceived the true perspective for man's 'natural direction towards perfection'. It is this 164 Reviews appreciation of the nature and purpose of love that leads Meisami to devote about three quarters of her book to romance and love. Her third chapter equates romance with the language of experience and in chapter four the character as mord emblem rotates around the romance. Chapter five describes romance as mirror, predominated by allegories of kingship and justice. The ideals of love which form the principd theme of the ghazal (short lyric) arerightiyseen by Meisami as a 'distinctively Persian genre that has no exact counterpart in Arabic*. Her sixth chapter, on ghazal, discusses the dlegories and symbols of Sa'adi (d. 1292) and Hafiz (d. 1389), both from Shiraz. She deds with Hafiz in depth and points out that his ghazals 'do indeed function as a mirror, but a mirror of transcendentd truth, rather than of historical realia' (pp. 284-5). What makes Meisami's book interesting to Western readers is her comparative approach. She says, 'Important parallels exist between medieval Persian literature and that of the West, parallels that cannot be considered the result of 'influence' but must be viewed as common responses to similar cultural circumstances', (p. 310). S. A. A. Rizvi Austrdian National University Mertes, K., The English Noble Household 1250-1600: good government and politic rule, Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1988; pp. x, 235; 17 plates; R.R.P.£19.50. Recovering the past from a sensitive interpretation of surviving laundry lists used to be a standard historical...

Revascularized iliac bone graft for mandibular reconstruction.

Revascularized iliac bone has advantages over other revascularized bone grafts for the reconstruction of large mandibular defects. This is a detailed anatomical study of the blood supply to the iliac bone using microfil and Batson injection methods. It confirms and extends Taylor's study. Clinical results are reported for six cases of extensive mandibular defects which were reconstructed using this method.

Thomas Chatterton's Art: Experiments in Imagined History

Thomas Chatterton's fabrications-or forgeries-of historical poems ostensibly written from the thirteenth through the fifteenth centuries have attracted a great deal of attention and discussion of their authenticity since the eighteenth century. Nevertheless, his works have never before been the subject of a sustained serious and critical investigation that focused on his artistic achievement rather than on the legend and myth surrounding his melodramatic life. Donald Taylor's study provides a thorough analysis of Chatterton's poems and to place them in the context of the poetic and literary traditions that influenced him. Setting his analyses within the contexts of historic, heroic, satiric, pastoral, and descriptive modes, the author considers each of Chatterton's major works as solutions to the literary problems the poet set for himself, thus tracing the literary history of Chatterton's artistic development as a sequence of subjects and literary modes explored. As Professor Taylor amply demonstrates, Thomas Chatterton's brief career embodies important features of the literary transition from the Augustans to the Romantics and, contrary to traditional assumptions, shows that the historical worlds Chatterton imagined have close ties to the century and sensibility against which he is assumed to have rebelled. Originally published in 1979. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.