Taxation Of Individuals Research Articles

Taxation in insolvency (bankruptcy) procedures of legal entities

Subject. The article analyzes a set of norms related to the legal regulation of personal income tax, corporate income tax, VAT, and other taxes, as well as the order of their collection (payment) from a bankrupt, depending on its organizational and legal form. The choice of the research object is due to the presence of problems related to ambiguous issues in taxation in bankruptcy proceedings.The purpose of the study. The article attempts to comprehensively analyze the legal support of the current measures regulating the taxation of bankrupt organizations and individuals, current law enforcement practice, and the legal positions of the country's highest courts.Methodology. The leading research method is a formal legal one.Conclusions. The article reveals and concretizes a number of legal problems. The authors argue their own point of view on the taxation of bankrupt organizations and individuals, taking into account the practice of the highest judicial authorities, which, according to the authors.It is concluded that there are grounds to talk about the formation of such a new legal institution of financial law as "public bankruptcy law".

Remote Work and the Taxation of Individuals: A Developing World Perspective and the Argument for Inter-Nation Equity

Remote Work and the Taxation of Individuals: A Developing World Perspective and the Argument for Inter-Nation Equity

Prospects for the use of preferential taxation of individuals to achieve environmental sustainability in Russia

Within the framework of this article, the issue of achieving sustainable development goals is problematized, special attention is paid to the study of the possibilities of preferential taxation to ensure environmentally responsible behavior of individuals, as a significant facet of a proactive approach to solving environmental problems. The importance of the participation of the state and society in achieving the goal through the provision of tax preferences is emphasized. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved: the place of environmental responsibility in the system of general responsibility of individuals was studied; the role and methods of the state in the system of encouraging environmentally responsible behavior and consumption of the population are outlined; An assessment is made of the prospects for the use of environmental preferences in the taxation system for individuals. The study revealed that at the same time, environmental tax instruments are practically not used in Russia at the moment. Directions for the development of environmental tax preferences are proposed through the dissemination of the practice of applying zero tax rates for transport taxes, the introduction of environmental tax deductions, and the adjustment of investment tax deductions for taxes for individuals.

Переход от инвентаризационной стоимости объектов недвижимости к кадастровой при налогообложении недвижимости физических лиц: процесс и его последствия

Purpose: to consider the process of changing the calculation of taxation in Russia in recent years, its procedure and the consequences of changing the calculation of real estate tax. To show the need to change the introduced progressive scale of property tax for owners of residential facilities. To assess the possibility of changing the methods of calculating the base for taxation of individuals. Methods: analysis of the chronology of the establishment of taxes in the Russian Federation and the transition of recalculation of land tax in time. Comparison of tax calculation by inventory and cadastral values, property taxes in the Russian Federation. Results: the main reasons preventing the formation of an objective base for property taxation are identified: the insufficiency and unreliability of the information used, including at the initial stage of applying mass valuation of property as initial data and the imperfection of the developed methodology of cadastral valuation. Practical significance: historically, with the formation of states, a fiscal system was introduced. Taxation of real estate in modern Russia is regulated by a set of regulatory documents. Among the basic concepts of the field of taxation, the concept of the real estate tax base should be highlighted – the monetary expression of income from the sale of an immovable object. Thus, in recent years, changes have been made in the definition of the real estate tax base, which has a key impact on the formation of both the value and valuation of real estate and the formation of the fiscal policy itself in Russia. This article examines the process of changing the calculation of taxation in Russia in recent years, its procedure and the consequences of changing the calculation of real estate tax.

Comparison of essential indicators related to the personal income tax burden in the EU countries

Agriculture performs productive functions and is an essential provider of job opportunities. The labour force is one of the important factors affecting agricultural and food production. In general, the business environment affects, among other things, employers' and employees' personal income tax burden. Increasing the efficiency of business activity is inevitably associated with achieving the lowest possible costs. It can be concluded that labor and other personal costs represent, on average, 30-60% of the costs of the agricultural product. In general, taxation of individuals engaged in agriculture with personal income tax does not differ from taxation of individual's income in other sectors of the national economy. The paper focuses on assessing indicators related to the personal income tax burden in the EU countries for the years 2008-2020 based on the data from the Eurostat Tax Classification presented by descriptive characteristics. Achieved results are compared within the EU Member States and for particular countries with an EU-27 average. The West EU countries implement tax and fiscal policies compared to the East EU countries, which are not subject to significant changes in the tax system and thus ensure relatively stable tax revenues to public budgets regarding total taxes and employment income, including unchanged personal income tax rates. The East EU countries declare a lower tax burden of personal income tax. Still, due to the competitiveness of the countries, this burden is also being gradually reduced in the reviewed period in the case of the West EU countries, thus bringing closer unification of the tax policies. Slovakia achieved below-average values of all assessed indicators and at the same time high variability.

The COVID-19 Pandemic and the Taxation of Individuals in Africa: Proposals for Reform

COVID-19 had a huge effect on African countries. It revealed how vulnerable African tax systems are to a massive global economic shock. This article explores what made the tax systems for individuals in African countries more vulnerable than other jurisdictions, and what reforms should be made to address such vulnerabilities.

Preferences over taxation of high-income individuals: Evidence from a survey experiment

The mobility of high-income individuals across borders puts pressure on governments to lower taxes. A central tenet of the corresponding textbook argument is that mobile individuals react to tax differentials through migration and immobile individuals vote for lower taxes. We investigate to which extent this argument is complete. In particular, political ideology may influence voting on taxes. We vary mobility and foreign taxes in a survey experiment within the German Internet Panel (GIP), with more than 3000 individuals participating. We find that while the treatment effects qualitatively confirm model predictions of how voters take the mobility of high-income earners into account when choosing domestic taxes, ideology matters: left-leaning high-income individuals choose higher taxes and emigrate less frequently than right-leaning ones. These findings are in line with the comparative-static predictions of a simple model of inequality aversion when the aversion parameters vary with ideology.

Tax Benefits in the Taxation of Individuals’ Property

The article examines the economic content of tax benefits, their classification and application. Benefits have been established for the property tax of individuals, as well as for other taxes. Tax benefits include both full and partial tax exemption. The definition of the concept of "tax benefit" is given in Article 56 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. The definition states that the benefit provides certain categories of taxpayers and payers with certain advantages in comparison with other tax payers. Exemptions are attributed to tax benefits according to the Code. The exceptions allow to reduce the tax base and the amount of tax to all taxpayers. They are not an advantage for certain categories of taxpayers. In this case, the reduction of the tax base for calculating the property tax of individuals on the cadastral value of the established number of square meters of taxable objects cannot be attributed to tax benefits. It is almost impossible to assess the effectiveness of tax benefits for the property tax of individuals. These tax benefits are of social importance and are not aimed at increasing production or investment. The provision of benefits leads to budget expenditures. The article analyzes the budget expenditures for the provision of benefits for the property tax of individuals in the Irkutsk region. It is noted that the amount of the benefit depends on the cadastral value of the object, which is not entirely fair. The Russian tax legislation establishes a large number of benefits of various types. Monitoring the correctness of the application of benefits leads to additional costs for both the state and taxpayers. In the budget legislation, tax benefits are considered as budget expenditures. In this regard, it is most fair to provide benefits as subsidies to certain categories of taxpayers and approve them as budget expenditures.

Certain aspects of improving the participation in the tax legal relations of a natural person who carries out independent professional activities based on analysis of the EU experience

The article is devoted to researching the content of the concept of "independent professional activity" in the context of tax legal relations.
 The work carried out a comprehensive scientific study on the issues of determining the specifics of the tax-legal status of natural persons engaged in independent professional activity, the specifics of the specified category of persons fulfilling their constitutional obligation to pay taxes and fees, the mechanisms of participation of such persons in ensuring the taxation of other subjects , as well as in the development of recommendations for the improvement of regulatory and legal regulation of the tax-legal status of individuals engaged in independent professional activity, in particular, through the introduction of a special tax regime.
 Tax legal relations are always secondary, because they are generated, for example, by civil or labor legal relations. Such relations also include legal relations arising in the course of independent professional activity.
 Despite the lively scientific interest in the taxation of individuals, including the self-employed, the actual issue of the tax-legal status of individuals engaged in independent professional activity remains insufficiently researched. In particular, the existing studies either touch on certain aspects of the taxation of natural persons, or are conducted on the basis of legislative acts that have lost their validity as of today.
 All this led to the need to generalize the previously obtained developments and build on their basis the theoretical basis for determining the tax-legal status of individuals engaged in independent professional activity.

Certain aspects of improving the participation in tax legal relations of an individual who conducts independent professional activity based on the analysis of the EU experience

The article is devoted to researching the content of the concept of "independent professional activity" in the context of tax legal relations.
 The work carried out a comprehensive scientific study on the issues of determining the specifics of the tax-legal status of natural persons engaged in independent professional activity, the specifics of the specified category of persons fulfilling their constitutional obligation to pay taxes and fees, the mechanisms of participation of such persons in ensuring the taxation of other subjects , as well as in the development of recommendations for the improvement of regulatory and legal regulation of the tax-legal status of individuals engaged in independent professional activity, in particular, through the introduction of a special tax regime.
 Tax legal relations are always secondary, because they are generated, for example, by civil or labor legal relations. Such relations also include legal relations arising in the course of independent professional activity. The regulation of liberal professions in foreign countries, where this social institution has developed, differs in diversity related to national characteristics, while the regulation is based on fairly similar principles.
 Despite the lively scientific interest in the taxation of individuals, including the self-employed, the actual issue of the tax-legal status of individuals engaged in independent professional activity remains insufficiently researched. In particular, the existing studies either touch on certain aspects of the taxation of natural persons, or are conducted on the basis of legislative acts that have lost their validity as of today.
 All this led to the need to generalize the previously obtained developments and build on their basis the theoretical basis for determining the tax-legal status of individuals engaged in independent professional activity.

The Rationale for Economic Migration in Selected Countries of Eurasia with Particular Reference to the Taxation of Individuals (Self-Employed and Non-Business) with Income Tax: An Overview Approach

AbstractThe analysis undertaken in this article is of the migration of natural persons, self-employed and not self-employed, for economic (including tax) reasons, which has been recorded among the citizens of Belarus, Ukraine, Poland, and Vietnam. Tax migration, which is a type of economic migration of individuals, including those engaged in business, is one of the forms of reaction to taxes and tax reforms introduced in a country and the shape of the system of tax preferences. This study aims to examine the conditions of income taxation of individuals in the countries studied (Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, and Vietnam). The shape of the tax system has been or could be a premise for the migration of individuals from Poland to other countries, as well as from the countries studied to Poland. The reason for choosing these countries for the analysis of this phenomenon was the well-established scholarly cooperation of the Polish authors with authors representing public universities in Vietnam, Ukraine, and Belarus, as well as the available statistical data confirming the fact that residents of these countries account for the largest number of permanent and temporary residence permits given in Poland. It was considered that a comparison of legal solutions to the income taxation of taxpayers in the indicated countries, given the significant level of migration to Poland, can lead to exciting conclusions due to the differences in their legal systems, economic development, and tax systems.

Prospects for the development of taxation of individuals in Russia, taking into account advanced foreign experience

This study is devoted to the search for advanced foreign experience in differentiating the tax burden of individuals and determining the directions for its implementation in Russia. The article consists of three thematic blocks: the first is devoted to assessing the tax burden of individuals in the Russian Federation, the second contains a description of foreign experience in taxing the population, and the third contains directions for improving domestic taxation. Based on the analysis of foreign experience in taxing individuals, methodological tools have been identified to ensure the differentiation of the tax burden (diversification of fiscal units; the use of a progressive scale; new fiscal institutions; tax deductions and tax credits; taxes on inheritance and gift; taxes on wealth and luxury). The tools that can be implemented in domestic practice have been identified: taxation of inheritance and donation; expanded application of elements of family taxation for socially oriented tax deductions; differentiated approach to tax administration of property and income taxes levied on individuals. In addition, methodological approaches to the administration of taxes from the population have been formed, based on the following criteria: calculation of tax liabilities; source of information on tax liabilities; the moment of granting tax benefits (preferences); frequency of payment of taxes; the possibility of hiding the object of taxation. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of using its results in the development of tax policy measures.

Legal regulation of income taxation of individuals on transactions with digital rights (cryptocurrencies)

The author discusses the features of the legal regulation of taxation of transactions of individuals with digital rights in the Russian Federation. As a result of the study, the author identified a gap in the legal regulation of taxation of digital rights in the Russian Federation, when determining the system of tax benefits for transactions with digital rights. Public relations arising in connection with the turnover of digital rights are regulated by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, while neither legislation nor law enforcement practice has been defined, the specifics of taxation of income of individuals on transactions with digital rights. In this connection, it is necessary to highlight the features of the legal regulation of taxation of income of individuals on transactions with digital rights and determine whether these features are applicable to the legal regulation of taxation of income of individuals on transactions with digital rights in the Russian Federation. The problem is that in the legislation of the Russian Federation there is no legal regulation of taxation of income of individuals on transactions with digital rights. The goal go the research is to investigate the experience the foreign legislation and regulatory legal regulation of the Russian Federation and to identify the problems of legal regulation of taxation of income of individuals on transactions of individuals with digital rights. Scientific novelty of the research lies in fact that previously, no research has been conducted on the application of tax benefits in the legal regulation of taxation of personal income on transactions with digital rights.

The principle of justice in the taxation of individuals in the national tax system

The principle of justice in the taxation of individuals in the national tax system

Налоговые механизмы сглаживания неравенства в доходах населения

The relevance of the work is due to the need to smooth out the existing income inequality in Russian society, which can be achieved through a revision of approaches to taxation of personal income. The subject of the study is the personal income tax (personal income tax) as a tool to reduce the level of social stratification and reduce income inequality. The purpose of the work is to determine the vector of personal income tax reform in terms of reducing the level of social stratification in modern Russian society and smoothing income inequality as one of the key areas of the implementation of the socio—economic development program of the state. The article assesses the effectiveness of the functioning of the current flat scale of taxation of income of the population. The proposal to introduce a progressive scale of personal income tax rates as a more effective tool for reducing the level of social stratification in society is substantiated. Proposals are formulated to establish the size of personal income tax rates depending on the income of taxpayers and the exclusion of certain types of investment tax deductions provided for the taxation of individuals. As a result of the research, the necessity of transition to a progressive scale of taxation is justified, which is considered as one of the effective tools that allow smoothing out inequality in income of the population and thereby achieving the goals laid down in national projects and programs of socio-economic development of the state.

LUMP-SUM TAX IS AN ALTERNATIVE TO WEALTH TAXATION

The purpose of the article is to study the topical issues of wealth taxation, which is due to the established stable trends of growth of welfare of market participants. This study can be considered relevant and in demand based on the steady trend of enrichment that has taken hold in the world. This is a consequence of the accelerated pace of economic progress aimed at improving the well-being of individuals. Modern society is characterized by a noticeable increase in the number of wealthy people and an increase in the level of well-being in general. The number of wealthy individuals is especially growing. The purpose of this paper is to determine the essence of taxation of wealthy individuals. The topic of the article is driven by the need to disclose various forms and methods of taxation of wealthy individuals. At the same time, the purpose of the article is to study not the taxation of wealth, but rather the taxation of wealthy individuals. In this regard, the mechanism of one-time taxation is considered. Methodology. A correct analysis of the structure of wealth and wealthy citizens in society makes it possible to assess the effectiveness of specific forms of taxation, including one-time taxation. Results. The article examines the issues and current specifics of the lump-sum tax. The lump-sum tax is currently applied only in some countries, but it is quite effective. Practical implications. The peculiarities of the application of a one-time tax for wealthy individuals are investigated. The economic essence of the one-time tax is investigated. The specifics of the functioning of a one-time tax for wealthy individuals in some countries of the world are considered. Value/originality. It is found that wealth is a complex, multifaceted category which can be characterized as a specific characteristic of the socio-economic structure of society, which determines its status, results, dynamics and development trends. The features of the functioning of the one-time tax in different countries of the world are considered. The use of a one-time tax as a fiscal instrument in the tax system of the state is proposed.

Tax Deductions: Nature and Application Problems

Providing tax deductions admits the population to feel the actual financial participation of the state in their lives. The paper defines the concept of tax deduction, revealing it from the point of view of legal optimization of the taxation of individuals. The research singled out conditions for granting standard, social, investment, property, professional tax deductions and it considered viable options for a taxpayer’s application to the tax authorities for the right to use them. The purpose of the study is to substantiate and develop practical recommendations for increasing the amount of tax deductions, considering dynamic changes in the minimum wage. The authors defined the following tasks to achieve it: study and generalize the views of Russian scientists on the problems of providing tax deductions in modern economic conditions; identify and argue the socio-economic problems of tax deductions and suggest ways to solve them; develop approaches to improve the mechanism for increasing the size of tax deductions in order to fulfill the functions assigned to them, namely, the impact on improving welfare and providing tangible state social guarantees to the population. In the work’s course, the authors used abstract-logical, computational-analytical, monographic and experimental methods. Also, the methodological and theoretical basis were the work of domestic scientists on research, regulatory legal and legislative acts of the Russian Federation regulating the functioning of the tax system; official publications, as well as materials of scientific and practical conferences. The results obtained will make it possible to determine the ways of more detailed improvement of the mechanism for granting tax deductions, working out the procedure for their administration and the conditions for their provision to the population of the country. The aim of this is to establish more reasonable amounts of these deductions and implement the principle of uniform taxation of citizens of the Russian Federation.

USE OF PROPERTY OF INDIVIDUALS IN BUSSINES ACTIVITIES: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

The presence of real estate in individuals imposes obligations on its rational use, maintenance, as well as the payment of taxes. At the same time, tax liabilities arise in two cases: in connection with the ownership of property and with its use. The desire of citizens to increase their personal well-being leads to situations of using existing property in order to obtain additional income. In this case, various kinds of tax incidents arise. The law enforcement practice of property taxation of individuals is extremely contradictory, but basically boils down to the classification of income from the use of property to the implementation of entrepreneurial activity with all the ensuing tax consequences. Despite the fact that, for the most part, citizens are trying to be law-abiding, nevertheless, the presence of tax disputes related to the use of property of individuals in business activities is increasing. The tax policy of the state on this issue is reduced to the formation of a law-abiding taxpayer, who in this case is provided with various kinds of tax benefits and preferences. The current analysis of the situation has shown that a significant part of individuals, earning on real estate, strive to minimize tax liabilities, thereby increasing tax risks.

Federal Taxation: Comprehensive Topics

Federal Taxation: Comprehensive Topics

Оценка фискальной эффективности имущественных налогов с физических лиц в России

The article is devoted to the analysis of the fiscal efficiency of taxation of individuals with property taxes. The concept of fiscal efficiency is revealed, under which it is proposed to understand the ability of the tax to provide revenue to the budget (budget efficiency); the ability of the tax to stimulate economic growth; the fairness of the tax in relation to the tax base and subjects of taxation. Based on the statistical data of macroeconomic development, the collection of property taxes and the dynamics of the tax base, the fiscal efficiency of property taxes from individuals in Russia is calculated.