Taxation In Countries Research Articles

An examination of direct and indirect taxation in OECD countries and the case of Greece

This paper attempts to analyze and interpret the principles of direct and indirect taxation. Initially, a theoretical approach to the general concepts and principles governing tax law is presented. It is followed by a presentation of the Greek tax and financial system. The key points demonstrating the harmonization of tax legislation, in accordance with the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) guidelines so far are highlighted. Any future reform of the Greek national tax system should incorporate the fundamental principles of national tax policy. Additionally, it must be in line with OECD principles and guidelines. The further implementation of the Organization's recommendations will shift the balance between direct and indirect taxation, leading to strengthening the first and reducing the second. Over the last decades, the ratio of direct to indirect taxes has been on the increase, particularly in developed countries. The main reason is that direct taxation is socially just and effective. Direct taxation is attributed by the liable person, while indirect taxation is transferred according to the ability of each person to react to the relevant market. The OECD supports, for member countries, the strengthening of direct taxation, which takes into account income and other social criteria and satisfies both the criterion of efficiency and the criterion of fair distribution of economic burdens. On the contrary, indirect taxation is reduced to inversely progressive taxation in terms of the income of consumers and is not consistent with the OECD principles of socially just and effective taxation in economically developed countries. The taxation of the citizens in general follows the principle of the citizens contributing to the public burdens according to their powers, for there is nothing more unjust than to treat unequal men as equals. From this proportional treatment of the taxing units, the constitutional principle of equality is also satisfied by reflection.

The Determinants of Fiscal Pressure in a Context of Crisis in the Central African Republic

The Central African Republic is one of the six member countries of the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC), and the only non-oil producing country in the community whose own budgetary resources come essentially from taxes. The country's modest budgetary resources are due to the low mobilization of tax revenues, as a result of the under-exploitation of its fiscal potential, linked to that of its economic potential. While the studies carried out on the determinants of CAR's tax burden have made it possible to isolate the long-term structural factors such as GDP per capita, agricultural value added, the degree of economic openness and external financing that influence tax burden, the effects of the socio-political crises that have occurred at various times and sequentially have not been taken into account to assess their short, medium and long-term consequences on the country's tax burden. The aim of this work is to integrate periods of socio-political crisis in CAR into the determinants of tax pressure and to assess their effects on the country's tax mobilization.

A systematic analysis of European markers of balanced environmental management under the conditions of economic circularity

The main task of the article is to research the role of balanced environmental management in the construction of a circular model of the European countries’ economy by using environmental and economic markers. It determines the level of environmental pollution and other environmental problems, including those caused by resource waste. It proposes a technological method of wastewater treatment from estrogen, microplastic particles and oil by using iron oxide. The rate of population for which secondary wastewater treatment is available and its importance for water efficiency under the conditions of significant water crisis in Europe was determined. The paper identifies the main indicators of economic losses of European countries that depend on climate change, because the weather anomalies have a significant impact on economic processes. It studies the dynamics of changes in the area of forested land according to FAO of the European G7 members, the current potential of forest resources of Ukraine and identifies the necessity of systematic electronic wood accounting. It is established that in the EU countries the practice of returning many types of raw materials to production after waste processing has long been accepted, and the need for the fastest possible introduction of innovative processing technologies is identified. Mathematical formulas for calculating the coefficient of cyclicality, circular use of materials and establishes the level of using cyclical materials by European manufacturers are derived. It is established that to identify the efficiency and dynamism of waste transformation, it is appropriate to use an indicator that measures the fraction of recycled household waste in the total volume of its generation. The article establishes the share of fossil fuels in the total available energy of European countries and analyses the dynamics of primary energy consumption based on the example of the Scandinavian countries. It identifies the level of revenues from environmental taxes in most European countries and their importance for the circular economy. It is recommended for Ukraine to study and use the experience of the European Union countries for construction its own model of circular economy based on the principles of balanced nature management and sustainable development.

The possibilities of using foreign experience in tax regulation of socio-economic processes in Kazakhstan

The article analyzes the foreign experience of tax regulation of socio-economic processes in the EU countries and the possibility of its adaptation to the Kazakh economy. A significant analogy has been revealed in the main taxes in European countries with common political and economic interests, historically interacting in solving problems of global development. The mechanisms of the regulatory impact of taxes on the social and economic development of foreign countries are studied: VAT, excise taxes, corporate income tax, personal income tax. The advantages and disadvantages of applying various tax benefits and preferences, principles of taxation organization in the world taxation practice are revealed. Tax systems differ significantly in the number of taxes and their structure, organization and management methodology. Along with this, it is impossible not to recognize the significant similarity of the main taxes in countries geographically close to each other, having common political and economic interests, historically interacting in solving global development issues. The study of historical experience also allows us to assert the social significance of such a tax as VAT, given its application to the consumption of luxury goods. Taxation of these goods made it possible to partially make additional withdrawals of income from the well-to-do segments of the population and redistribute them, to a certain extent serving social equalization. The results of the study confirm the significant similarity of the instruments of tax regulation of socio-economic processes in different countries, caused by historical, geographical and economic-globalization factors. In turn, this allows us to use the advantages of foreign experience in Kazakhstan, adapting its individual elements to domestic conditions and taking into account the peculiarities of the development of the national economy and the specifics of the circumstances of the formation of the tax system of our state.

The Impact of Earnings Management, Leverage, and Profitability on Tax Avoidance in Mining Sector Companies

Taxes help the country develop in education, health, industry, and more. Since taxes are a major source of state revenue, the government prioritizes tax payment. Industrial taxpayers should follow appropriate norms and correct accounting principles to avoid violating government or country tax legislation. This research aims to study and assess the influence of profitability, leverage and earnings management on tax avoidance in mining companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI). The focus of this research is on the group of companies in the mining sector listed on the BEI during the period 2019 to 2023. A saturated sampling technique, or often referred to as a census, is used in this research, where all 62 companies in the population are included as samples for a continuous period of 5 years. , resulting in a total of 310 observations. The results of hypothesis testing show that the earnings management, leverage and profitability variables together have a significant influence on tax avoidance. Earnings management, leverage, and profitability each have a large and positive impact on tax avoidance practices. This research is aimed at providing valuable insights and a complete understanding of tax evasion, with the aim of assisting stakeholders, including the government, in making the right decisions and formulating effective tax control laws.

REVIEW PAPER- “A STUDY ON GOODS AND SERVICES TAX (GST)”

Goods and Services Tax is an indirect tax to support and enhance the economic growth of the country. Most of the Developed countries have implemented Goods and Services Tax Bill (GST). However, in India, GST was established in 1999. A committee was set up to design the model of GST. But GST was re-launched on 1 July 2017 by the Indian government. There was a big hue and cry for its implementation. The GST replaced all the multiple taxes which were taken by state and central government. That is why it is said One Nation One Tax which means there is no need to pay any other tax in all over the country. The study systematically reviews the impact of GST in India. The study provides the bibliometric visualization and sentiment analysis of Goods and Services Tax (GST). It was found that the government’s motive of GST was to bring all the citizens of the nation under the tax and to prevent the flow of black money. The Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a type of indirect tax that has replaced various other indirect taxes in many countries, including India. It is designed to simplify the tax structure and make it more transparent. Instead of multiple taxes at different stages of production and distribution, GST consolidates them into a single tax at the point of consumption.

Menilik Dampak Kebijakan Peningkatan PPN 11% Pada Masyarakat Indonesia Sesuai UU No. 7 Tahun 2021 tentang Harmonisasi Peraturan Perpajakan

One of the important fiscal instruments for Indonesia's state revenue is taxes, which are used to achieve development targets. The decline in social activity due to the pandemic has impacted income tax receipts, potentially weakening the country's taxation sector and overall economic growth. Government regulations refer to unstable economic conditions so that new policies have been realized and passed in accordance with UU No.7 Tahun 2021 tentang kenaikan pajak pertambahan nilai (PPN) menjadi 11 %. The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of the 11% PPN increase policy which took effect on April 1, 2022 for the people of Indonesia. This research uses a qualitative method of literature study, using secondary data sources obtained from books, supporting articles, scientific papers, previous studies and other literature. The increase in PPN rates has an impact on all levels of society, especially those in the lower middle class because PPN is applied objectively, regardless of the status or income of the tax object. But in reality, this policy has a positive effect on Indonesia's economic growth followed by an increase in public consumption, so that tax revenue is able to make a significant contribution to state revenue.

ОПОДАТКУВАННЯ ЦИФРОВИХ ПОСЛУГ В УКРАЇНІ ТА СВІТІ

Introduction. The article investigates modern approaches to the taxation of digital services both in Ukraine and in the world. A general overview of existing taxation of digital services, as well as an analysis of the components of digital service taxation in different countries, helps to identify important trends and better understand the directions of further improvements in this area in order to adapt the domestic system of digital service taxation to EU regulations. Problem Statement. To study current aspects of regulation of digital service taxation in the context of international cooperation and OECD initiatives, in particular within OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on Tax Base Erosion and Profit Avoidance (G20/BEPS). The purpose is to generalize the international practice of digital service taxation in terms of studying the possibilities of its approbation in the conditions of Ukraine and evaluating the efficiency of Ukrainian value-added tax on the Services Electronically Supplied by Non-Residents. Methods: General scientific and special methods are used: analysis, synthesis, grouping, description, comparison, theoretical generalization and abstract-logical. Results. The authors examine the main principles underlying digital service taxation, and also compare the taxation systems of digital and traditional business in terms of their compliance with the main principles of taxation, in particular the principle of neutrality, efficiency, fairness, simplicity, flexibility and the principle of gained benefits. The efficiency of the Ukrainian value-added tax on the Services Electronically Supplied by Non-Residents for the period of 2022 was analysed based on the c-efficiency indicator and an assessment of the tax gap, the results of which revealed potential for increasing the volume of its revenues to the budget. Conclusions. The expediency of expanding the VAT base by lowering the VAT registration threshold for non-resident providers of digital services, as well as imposition of VAT on a wider range of services has been substantiated.

National Environmental Taxes and Industrial Waste in Countries across Europe

The use of economic instruments within environmental policy has become a challenging topic for policymakers, governments and scholars. Environmental taxes have emerged as a prevailing preference in developed countries to promote sustainability. Recently, a particular focus has been given to waste generation and disposal, shifting the attention from greenhouse gases to another important source of environmental pollution. This paper investigates the effect of national environmental taxes and policies on industrial waste. A fixed effects model is used for 34 countries across Europe from 2004 to 2022. The results suggest that environmental taxes and energy policies reduce industrial (hazardous and non-hazardous) waste. However, environmental tax reforms should take into consideration the deterioration in environmental quality, the increase in economic costs and undesirable social consequences.

Online advertisement in a pink-colored market

It is surprising that women are often charged more for products and services marketed explicitly to them. This phenomenon, known as the pink tax, is a major issue that questions women’s buying power. Nevertheless, it is not just limited to physical products – even online advertising can be subject to this type of gender-price discrimination. That is where our research comes in. We have developed a new methodology to measure what we call the digital marketing pink tax – the additional expense of delivering advertisements to female audiences. Analyzing data from Facebook advertising platforms across 187 countries and 40 territories shows this issue is systematic. Particularly, the digital marketing pink tax is prevalent in 79% of audiences across the world and 98% of audiences in highly developed countries. Therefore, advertisers incur a median cost of 30% more to display advertisements to women than men. In contrast, advertisers have to pay less digital marketing pink tax in less-developed countries (5%). Our research indicates that countries in the Middle East and Africa with a low Human Development Index (HDI) do not experience this phenomenon. Our comprehensive investigation of 24 industries reveals that advertisers must pay up to 64% of the digital marketing pink tax to target women in some industries. Our findings also suggest a connection between the digital marketing pink tax and the consumer pink tax – the extra charge placed on products marketed to women. Overall, our research sheds light on an important issue affecting women worldwide. Raising awareness of the digital marketing pink tax and advocating for better regulation.

Presenting the data governance model in the country's tax affairs organization, a study in the smart tax system

Presenting the data governance model in the country's tax affairs organization, a study in the smart tax system

Impact of GST on Retailers with Reference to Hosur City

Impact of GST on Retailers with Reference to Hosur City

Income Tax Rates, Tax Sanctions and Modernization of Tax Services on Taxpayer Compliance in Magetan Regency – Indonesia

The phenomenon of taxpayer compliance is a critical issue in a country's taxation system. This compliance refers to the willingness and actions of taxpayers to fulfill their tax obligations in accordance with applicable regulations. The level of taxpayer compliance is influenced by various factors, both encouraging and inhibiting. This research aims to analyze the influence of Income Tax (PPh) rates, tax sanctions, and modernization of tax services on taxpayer compliance in Magetan Regency. This research uses a quantitative approach with interview and questionnaire methods targeting taxpayers registered at the Magetan Tax Service, Counseling and Consultation Office (KP2KP). A total of 120 questionnaires were collected and analyzed using multiple regression analysis techniques with the help of IBM SPSS 24. Several tests carried out included data quality tests, classical assumption tests, and hypothesis tests. The research results show that partially, income tax rates, tax sanctions and modernization of tax services have a positive and significant influence on the level of taxpayer compliance in Magetan Regency. These findings have important implications for tax authorities in efforts to increase taxpayer compliance through optimizing tariff policies, enforcing sanctions, and improving the quality of tax services.

ON CLOSING TAX AVOIDANCE LOOPHOLES FOR COMPANIES

The purpose of the research. The article discusses proposals to close loopholes for business tax evasion and understatement of tax payments to the budget in fulfillment of the Address of the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin to the Federal Assembly on 29.02.2024. The article substantiates and presents specific proposals for closing amendments to the tax legislation in order to eliminate gaps that allow businesses to evade taxes or understate tax payments. Among the proposed tax additions are: recognition of preparatory and auxiliary activities, a single business process for the formation of a permanent establishment; attribution of income at the place of benefit; exclusion of the right to choose the state to pay taxes and expenses without a business purpose from the calculation of income tax; establishment of the beneficiary of the actual recipient of income; avoidance of loopholes for tax evasion in the division of business; abolition of tax benefits for special investment contracts, concluded by the taxpayer. Results. According to the results of the conducted research of improvement of taxation practice in the interests of ensuring its completeness and reliability for budget revenues, the priority of the need to create a safe for the country tax business activity with legislative suppression of «loopholes» of understatement of tax payments or avoidance of their payment, reducing the risk of under-receipt of tax revenues to the budget at the stage of sustainable revival of the country's economy increases.

Optimizing the Implementation of Carbon Tax in Reducing the Impact of Environmental Pollution

Carbon taxes are one of the climate control tools that help achieve sustainable economic growth. It is a market-based instrument that aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by making it more expensive to emit carbon dioxide. The Indonesian government has shown its seriousness in reducing global warming by establishing carbon tax regulations, including a provision in Law No. 7 of 2021 concerning the Harmonization of Tax Regulations. Despite implementing carbon taxes in several countries, their implementation must be reconsidered to ensure the objective is achieved. Therefore, this research aims to optimize the implementation of a carbon tax to reduce the impact of environmental pollution. This paper will investigate whether or not the carbon tax has already reduced emissions or if it is not affected at all. Three factors could cause carbon emissions: Coal, vehicle, and greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, conducting an expectation study encompassing these policymakers, stakeholders, and researchers can gain insights into the potential outcomes and impacts of optimizing the implementation of a carbon tax in reducing environmental pollution. It can inform decision-making processes and help guide the designing and refining adequate and equitable environmental policies.

Designing turnover taxes in countries with large informal sectors

AbstractTurnover (sales) is frequently used in developing countries as a presumptive income tax base to economize on the costs of tax administration and taxpayer compliance. We construct a simple model where a size threshold separates firms paying turnover tax from those paying regular income tax and where firms have the option of producing in the untaxed, informal sector. The optimal turnover tax rate trades off two policy concerns: reducing informality and avoiding strategic reductions in sales by firms seeking to remain below the threshold for the regular income tax. We provide analytical results and calibrate the model to compute the optimal policy using realistic parameter values. Introducing an optimally designed turnover tax induces about 12 percentage points of previously informal enterprises to register for the presumptive regime in the calibrated model.

Blockchain technology integration in tax policy: Navigating challenges and unlocking opportunities for improving the taxation of Ghana's digital economy

In an era marked by a profound digital transformation of economies worldwide, Ghana stands as a vivid example of a nation at the crossroads of taxation evolution. The country's tax policies are undergoing a significant shift to adapt to the burgeoning digital economy, with a keen focus on capturing and regulating the ever-expanding revenue streams generated through online enterprises. This research explored the potential of integrating blockchain technology with tax policy. Unstructured and semi-structured interview questions were designed to obtain insight into the problem. A survey was conducted to obtain views on the variables that explained the potential of integrating blockchain technology with tax policy to enhance the effectiveness of taxing online enterprises in Ghana. The study used correlation analysis to confirm propositions derived from preliminary interview and the review of literature. It was found that while blockchain offers significant advantages in bridging the gap for effective online taxation in Ghana, there are challenges which include institutional and regulatory conformity issues, technical integration and alignment incompatibility, and inadequate stakeholder engagement. This result may be useful in the design of tax online tax policy in Ghana and other jurisdictions with similar socio-economic environment.

GST IMPLEMENTATION IN INDIA: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS

‘The implementation of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India represented a watershed moment in the country's tax reform history. This article gives a thorough examination of the GST implementation process, including its goals, problems, and outcomes. This study assesses the impact of GST on several sectors of the economy, including manufacturing, services, and consumer goods, using a comprehensive analysis of literature, official publications, and statistical data. Key features of the GST structure, tax rates, compliance processes, and technology infrastructure are examined to determine their success in accomplishing the aims of simplifying taxation, boosting economic growth, and supporting fiscal consolidation. This report also looks at how firms, taxpayers, and government agencies have adapted to the GST regime. highlighting both the successes and shortcomings encountered during the transition. By synthesizing existing research and offering insights from diverse perspectives, this paper aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the GST implementation in India and provide valuable lessons for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers in the field of taxation and public policy.

Urgency and Impact of Green Taxes Implementation in Encouraging Green Business Post Covid-19

This study aims to examine the urgency, impact and strategy of Green Taxes in encouraging Green Business after the Covid-19 pandemic. This study uses a qualitative approach with a comparative descriptive type of research, in which the application of Green Taxes in various countries for the purpose of encouraging Green Business is compared to the conditions in Indonesia. The results of the research show that environmental damage due to industrial activities that occur in Indonesia can harm the country because, coupled with the COVID-19 pandemic, the end of which is not yet known, it will increase the state’s health spending. It. Many countries have successfully implemented Green Taxes and changed their business patterns to be environmentally friendly, although the negative impact of the green tax implementation, i.e. a decrease in net profit in the business sector, can result in layoffs and a decrease in tax revenue in several sectors. The application of Green Taxes in Indonesia is still at the level of the domestic tax function, which can be seen in the increasing target and realization of Green Taxes each year. The government must be more assertive in enforcing Green Taxes and be transparent in the use of the funds. Supervision in the implementation of the green tax policies must also be improved so that the expected goals can be achieved.

Study on the Tax Burden Sharing between Supply and Demand--Based on a Perspective of Microeconomics

Although a country's tax on market goods increases fiscal revenue to a certain extent, the tax burden is borne by both the supply and demand, which damages the interests of both consumers and suppliers. In the long run, government taxes on goods hurt both producers and consumers and hurt economic growth. This paper analyzes the nature of national taxation, the impact of tax burden on both supply and demand, and the relationship between tax burden allocation and elasticity of supply and demand. At the same time, this paper analyzes that the difference between the supply and demand elasticity is the main reason for the difference between producers and consumers. Finally, this paper puts forward some suggestions and countermeasures to promote economic growth and reduce the tax burden of producers and consumers.