Task-related Behavior Research Articles

The Impact Of Motivational Factors And Task-Related Behavior On Employee Performance

This study aims to examine the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation on employee task-related behavior and performance at PT. Admiral Lines. The background of this study is the instability of employee performance, so a study was conducted to determine the dominant motivational factors that influence employee task-related behavior and performance. The population of this study were employees of PT. Admiral Lines, with samples taken using purposive sampling techniques totaling at least 85 respondents. This study used a quantitative method with the Structural Equation Modeling - Partial Least Square (PLS-SEM) approach. The results of the study showed that intrinsic motivation has a positive influence on task-related behavior, but does not have a positive effect on employee performance. Conversely, extrinsic motivation has been shown to have a positive influence on employee task-related behavior and performance. In addition, task-related behavior also plays a significant mediation role in the relationship between motivation (intrinsic and extrinsic) and employee performance. These findings indicate that in order to improve employee performance, companies need to pay attention to motivational factors, especially extrinsic motivation, such as financial rewards and incentives, which have proven effective in influencing employee performance. After conducting the study, the researcher suggested expanding the population to the branches of PT. Admiral Lines which are located in other regions in Indonesia, in order to represent more answers from PT. Admiral Lines employees throughout Indonesia. In addition That way, you can add other supporting variables to measure employee performance such as job satisfaction and employee engagement or other relevant variables as research innovations. Keywords : intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, task-related behavior, employee performance

Leadership in Face-to-Face and Virtual Teams: A Systematic Literature Review on Hybrid Teams Management

Aim/Purpose: The rise of virtual communication technologies and hybrid work contexts has brought significant changes to leadership dynamics, highlighting the need for effective management of teams operating in both face-to-face and virtual settings, known as hybrid teams. Background: This systematic review examines leadership models utilized in face-to-face and virtual teams, factors contributing to leadership emergence in these contexts, and effective strategies for leading hybrid teams. Methodology: In this study, three scientific databases were searched, resulting in the retrieval of 1,707 studies. These studies were then subjected to a review process following the PRISMA guidelines, ultimately leading to the inclusion of 15 research contributions in the final review. Contribution: Given the results, key strategies for practitioners include the development of strong communication skills, providing constructive feedback, and implementing efficient remote management techniques. Findings: The findings emphasize three prominent leadership models – transformational leadership, leader-member exchange (LMX), and shared leadership – all of which play crucial roles in hybrid team settings. Personality factors drive leadership emergence in face-to-face settings, while virtual settings benefit more from task-related behaviors. Recommendation for Researchers: This review informs researchers seeking to enhance leadership efficacy in modern group settings, aiding leaders in navigating the complexities of hybrid team environments.

Effects of a reading dog programme on reading skills and task-related behaviour in special needs education

ABSTRACT In this study, we randomly assigned struggling readers in special needs education (n = 23; 8–12 years of age) to a dog-assisted reading intervention or a similar intervention without a dog present. Students participated in 30-minute reading sessions twice a week for a total of six weeks. Using two standardised tests we measured reading skills before, immediately after, and three months after the intervention. In addition, the task-related behaviours and emotional expressions of a sub-group of these students (n = 17) were observed during the sessions. Results show that students who received the dog-assisted intervention had a higher increase between the pre- and post-test in their reading scores on two standardised tests, for both single-word reading and full-text reading. Differences between the groups at the follow-up measurement were present, but not significant. Observations indicated that the group receiving the dog-assisted reading intervention showed a longer duration of on-task behaviour and positive emotions during the sessions. No differences in the duration of off-task behaviour and negative emotions were found.

Updating the relationship of the Ne/ERN to task-related behavior: A brief review and suggestions for future research.

The error negativity/error-related negativity (Ne/ERN) is one of the most well-studied event-related potential (ERP) components in the electroencephalography (EEG) literature. Peaking about 50 ms after the commission of an error, the Ne/ERN is a negative deflection in the ERP waveform that is thought to reflect error processing in the brain. While its relationships to trait constructs such as anxiety are well-documented, there is still little known about how the Ne/ERN may subsequently influence task-related behavior. In other words, does the occurrence of the Ne/ERN trigger any sort of error corrective process, or any other behavioral adaptation to avoid errors? Several theories have emerged to explain how the Ne/ERN may implement or affect behavior on a task, but evidence supporting each has been mixed. In the following manuscript, we review these theories, and then systematically discuss the reasons that there may be discrepancies in the literature. We review both the inherent biological factors of the neural regions that underlie error-processing in the brain, and some of the researcher-induced factors in analytic and experimental choices that may be exacerbating these discrepancies. We end with a table of recommendations for future researchers who aim to understand the relationship between the Ne/ERN and behavior.

The Relationship Between Parenting Stress and Social Skills of Preschool Children

Social skills refer to specific task-related behaviors in daily life, such as participating in peer interactions, making friends, or making requests. In early childhood, social skills have a significant impact on their future academic performance, behavior patterns and even mental health. In this quantitative study, a questionnaire survey was conducted, selecting samples from urban kindergartens in Heze City, Shandong Province, China, and collecting a total of 256 valid questionnaires. The results showed that preschoolers' social skills (2.69±0.34, 2.5 is the mean score) were at a medium level and parents' parenting stress (2.34±0.60, 3 is the mean score) were at a medium to low level. Children's social skills differed significantly on the mother's education variable but not on other demographic variables. Children whose mothers' education was undergraduate had better social skills than children whose mothers' education was college, and children whose mothers' education was postgraduate had better social skills than children whose mothers' education was college. There is a significant and negative correlation between children's social skills and parents' parenting stress (correlation coefficient = - 0.171**), and parents' parenting stress was predictive of children's social skills (β= - 0.143). This study may contribute to designing social skills intervention programs for preschool children from the parents' perspective and expand research considerations on social skills interventions.

Performance management systems, innovative work behavior and the role of transformational leadership: an experimental approach

PurposeDespite increasing attention to employee development, past research has mostly studied performance management systems (PMSs) in relation to task-related behaviors compared to proactive behaviors. Accordingly, this study addresses the relation between PMSs and innovative work behavior (IWB).Design/methodology/approachBuilding on signaling theory and human resource management (HRM) system strength research, the authors designed a factorial survey experiment (n = 444) to examine whether PMSs stimulate IWB under different configurations of distinctiveness, consistency and consensus, as well as in the presence of transformational leadership.FindingsResults show that only strong PMSs foster IWB (high distinctiveness, high consistency and high consensus [HHH]). Additional analyses reveal that the individual meta-features of PMS consistency and consensus can also stimulate innovation. Transformational leadership reinforced the relationship between PMS consensus and IWB relationship, but not the relationships of the other meta-features.Practical implicationsThe study’s findings suggest that organizations wishing to unlock employees' innovative potential should design PMSs that are visible, comprehensible and relevant. To further reap the innovative gains of employees, organizations could also invest in the coherent and fair application of planning, feedback and evaluation throughout the organization and ensure organizational stakeholders agree on the approach to PMSs.Originality/valueThe study’s findings show that PMS can also inspire proactivity in employees, in the form of IWB and suggest that particular leadership behaviors can complement certain PMS meta-features, and simultaneously also compete with PMS strength, suggesting the whole (i.e. PMS strength) is more than the sum of the parts (i.e. PMS meta-features).

Let’s pause for a second: Neurodynamic evidence for rapid and coordinated team pauses during simulated patient encounters

In this study we explored neurodynamic candidates for coordinated periods of wakeful rest across team members while they performed healthcare simulations. Wakeful rest occurs sporadically when a person pauses task-related behavior at goal areas or choice points and is thought to be associated with memory replay. Analysis of the second-by-second EEG-derived neurodynamics of Emergency Medical Flight dyads identified periods of inter-brain coordination that surrounded periods of individual team member uncertainty but were negatively correlated with them ( r = -.3 to - .81). The brain region expression and inter-brain network connectivity of the shared information had properties consistent with the default mode network (DMN), an important effector of wakeful rest in animals and humans. This shared information was present in the 70-110 Hz electroencephalogram (EEG) spectrum which may represent bursts of memory replay. Going forward, our hypothesis is that these periods of wakeful rest (pauses) associated with increased inter-brain coordination may represent self-imposed or opportunistic ‘time-outs’ for team members to ‘gather their thoughts’ and mentally replay recent events before mentally projecting their plans forward.

Determining the Relationship between Green Human Resource Management, Environmental Awareness and Green Behaviors: The Moderating Role of Servant Leadership

The main goal of the current research was to determine the relationship between green human resource management and green behaviors of employees with the mediating role of environmental awareness and the moderating role of servant leadership. In terms of the nature of the research, this research is in the category of descriptive-correlational research and in terms of the purpose of the research, it is in the category of applied research. The statistical population of the present study is all the employees of the municipality of Tehran province, the number of which is 420. Random sampling method is available; the number of statistical sample was calculated using Cochran's formula to be 201 people. In order to collect information, the questionnaire of Sabz Zaid et al.'s human resource management (2018), Sarmad et al.'s environmental awareness (2013), Shah's employees' green behavior (2023), and servant leadership by Peterson (2003) and Hazrati (2018) were used. Also, in order to analyze the data, structural equation modeling method was used with Lisrel v8.8 software. The results of the path coefficient showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between green human resource management and task-related behaviors and environmentalist performance-related behaviors. Also, environmental awareness does not mediate the effect of green human resource management on the behaviors related to the duty of environmentalists, but it mediates the behaviors related to the performance of environmentalists. According to the results of servant leadership, it does not moderate the effect of green human resource management on task-related behaviors and performance of environmentalists. But the results showed that servant leadership moderates the effect of green human resource management on environmental awareness. According to the results, it is suggested that policymakers introduce laws and regulations to support and encourage green projects, including impact evaluation and waste management systems in municipalities.

Going Green Together: Effects of Green Transformational Leadership on Employee Green Behaviour and Environmental Performance in the Saudi Food Industry

Over the last few decades, environmental impacts have been a major concern not only for policymakers but also for scholars and leaders of organisations. The leadership of organisations can drive the green behaviour of their employees, thus driving the overall green performance of enterprises. In this research, we examined the direct influence of green transformational leadership (GTFL) on the environmental performance of food organisations and the indirect influence via green behaviour of employees. More specifically, we have examined the mediating effect of employee green behaviour, whether task-related or pro-environmental behaviour, on the association between GTFL and environmental performance. For this purpose, we adopted a pre-tested research instrument for data collection from 1050 employees in different food enterprises across the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). We have used Amos structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the direct and indirect effects of GTFL. The results confirmed a positive significant influence of GTFL on both dimensions of green behaviour, i.e., task-related and pro-environmental behaviour, and on environmental performance. The results showed a partial mediating effect of task-related behaviour in the link between GTFL and environmental performance, whereas pro-environmental behaviour has a perfect mediation effect. The results highlight the dynamic role of pro-environmental behaviour in affecting the above link and send a crucial message to leaders in the food industry about prioritizing pro-environmental behaviour when selecting and recruiting new employees. Additionally, development programs should be conducted to enhance the pro-environmental behaviours among employees.

Reward versus motoric activations in nucleus accumbens core of rats during Pavlovian conditioning.

The nucleus accumbens (NAc) core plays an important role in processing of events related to food reward, such as conditioned cues, approach or consumption. Nonetheless, there is lack of clarity regarding whether NAc core processes these separable events differently. We used the high temporal and spatial resolution of single unit recording with trial-by-trial video analysis to examine firing during three distinct categories termed cue, approach and consumption in a Pavlovian task. We had three goals. First, we sought to precisely define task-related behaviour in terms of distinct phases, in order to compare neural activity between motorically matched behaviours. We found that cue-evoked firing did not distinguish between trials on which animals initiated an approach versus ones on which they did not. Firing associated with consumption was greater than firing associated with motorically similar uncued head entry, indicating that previously reported decreases in NAc core firing during consumption relative to approach or baseline may reflect differences in motor behaviour. Secondly, we assessed changes in firing over the course of training. We found that NAc core neurons acquired a response to the tone cue within three sessions but did not change further across 10 total sessions. Thirdly, we correlated individual neuron firing during a given event with its firing during the same event on subsequent sessions. We found substantial variation in processing of cue and approach but not consumption, indicating that a given neuron may process certain events differently from session to session, while maintaining more stable processing of appetitive reward.

Physical activity predicts task-related behaviour, affect and tiredness in the primary school classroom: A within-person experiment.

We investigated the dose-response relationship between acute physical activity (PA) intensity during physical education (PE) lessons (dose), and task behaviour and learning experiences in the classroom after PE (response), and mediation effects of acute PA on-task behaviour via learning experiences. A total of 78 children (Mage =9.30 years; 43 females) took part. Participants reported learning experiences (tiredness, positive and negative affect) during one afternoon per week for 6 weeks. Their task behaviour was observed (on-task, active off-task and passive off-task) during two classroom lessons. Between the classroom lessons, they took part in a PE lesson, with experimentally induced PA intensity (low, medium and high). Accelerometers were worn for 24 h leading up to and during every intervention afternoon. Participants completed self-reports three times per classroom lesson, both before and after PE. Intra- and interindividual differences in PA, task behaviour and learning experiences were analysed with multilevel structural equation models. Moderate PA directly increased on-task behaviour and reduced passive off-task behaviour, whereas light PA increased active off-task behaviour and reduced on-task behaviour. We found no direct effects of vigorous PA or mediated effects of any PA intensity on-task-related behaviour. However, a greater positive affect during PE indirectly led to more on-task and less passive off-task behaviour. Regularly active children reported less tiredness in the classroom. PE lessons can increase on-task behaviour and reduce both passive and active off-task behaviours. Positive affect and tiredness are indirectly involved in the impact of PA on task-related behaviour. The greatest benefits were found for moderate PA and for PE lessons, which left children feeling positive. Moreover, regular participation in moderate-to-vigorous PA leads children to feel less tired during school lessons.

Unbalanced fatty acid diets impair discrimination ability of honey bee workers to damaged and healthy brood odors.

Nutrition supports social insect colonies by regulating both individual performance and colony growth. In honey bee colonies, task-related behaviors such as nursing and foraging are partially mediated by nutrition. Young workers (nurses) consume almost all of the pollen in the hive, while foragers consume mostly nectar. Pollen provides vital proteins and lipids, consumed by nurse bees for approximately 1week post-eclosion. The role that lipids play in the physiology and behavior of adult bees is gaining significant attention. Recent research suggests that diets with balanced ratios of fatty acids increase olfactory learning in honey bees. Olfaction is crucial for young worker bees to perform brood care and cell cleaning behaviors, which is important for hive health and disease control. Thus, we targeted the early adult, pollen-feeding stage to examine how fatty acids affect cognition to hive-relevant odors. We fed young workers (days 0-9) diets balanced or unbalanced in their ratio of essential fatty acids (ω-6:3) sourced from pollen or cooking oils. We then measured their ability to learn healthy and damaged brood odors, as well as their ability to discriminate between the two. Workers fed balanced diets could learn and discriminate between brood odors better than workers fed unbalanced diets. Consumption of both diet types decreased with age, but their cognitive effects remained. These results suggest that diet affects young worker cognitive development, which may affect task-related behaviors and colony hygiene.

Crisis Leadership during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review to Inform Policymaking

Context: The COVID-19 pandemic has placed unprecedented stress on health care systems worldwide. The global scale of the outbreak and its unpredictable nature has put a significant leadership burden on health care leaders and decision-makers. Predefined emergency preparedness plans are no longer working. Evidence-based guidelines and crisis communication plans are insufficient. There is an increased amount of pandemic fatigue among the general population. Businesses are suffering. A financial crisis is looming. Health systems leaders need new leadership behaviors and mindsets to help them lead during the next phases of this dynamic crisis as well as in future pandemics. Despite a proliferation of perspectives on the topic, given the novelty of the situation there is no aggregated resource distilling the evidence about how to lead under crisis conditions. Objective: The aim of this paper is to systematically examine evidence from research on public health crisis leadership to determine what competencies are explicitly needed to better respond to pandemics like COVID-19. Specifically, we sought to map and assess published studies on pandemics (a) to characterize core competencies required to lead in the health sector during a pandemic, and (b) to identify contextual enablers and barriers to leading during a crisis. Methods: We conducted a rapid review using the methodological framework of Arksey and O’Malley (2005), the World Health Organization Rapid Review Guide, and the Joanna Briggs Institute 2020 guide to scoping reviews (Peters et al., 2020; Tricco et al., 2017). The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-SR) guided our reporting of study findings. Data Sources: We performed a systematic and comprehensive search of MEDLINE (via Ovid), EMBASE, PsycINFO, Business Source Premier, and Canadian Business & Current Affairs for studies published between 2003 (since SARS) and July 28, 2020. Study Selection, Extraction, and Synthesis: We selected all empirical articles (quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods) that discussed crisis leadership during a pandemic. Data Synthesis: The literature search identified 8,044 citations. A review of abstracts led to the retrieval of 749 full-text articles for assessment, of which 30 were selected for review. Conclusions: Our findings show that crisis leadership competencies commonly fall under three categories of leadership capacity: task, people, and adaptive. In pandemic-related leadership literature, task-related behaviors such as preparing and planning, establishing collaborations, and crisis communication often receive more attention. Our analysis revealed that during a crisis, people-oriented capacities and adaptive capacities are equally important for leaders to successfully lead in a dynamic situation shaped by structural, political, and cultural contextual factors.

Spaced training enhances memory and prefrontal ensemble stability in mice

It is commonly acknowledged that memory is substantially improved when learning is distributed over time, an effect called the "spacing effect". So far it has not been studied how spaced learning affects the neuronal ensembles presumably underlying memory. In the present study, we investigate whether trial spacing increases the stability or size of neuronal ensembles. Mice were trained in the "everyday memory" task, an appetitive, naturalistic, delayed matching-to-place task. Spacing trials by 60min produced more robust memories than training with shorter or longer intervals. c-Fos labeling and chemogenetic inactivation established the involvement of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) in successful memory storage. Invivo calcium imaging of excitatory dmPFC neurons revealed that longer trial spacing increased the similarity of the population activity pattern on subsequent encoding trials and upon retrieval. Conversely, trial spacing did not affect the size of the total neuronal ensemble or the size of subpopulations dedicated to specific task-related behaviors and events. Thus, spaced learning promotes reactivation of prefrontal neuronal ensembles processing episodic-like memories.

Simultaneous Monitoring of Wireless Electrophysiology and Memory Behavioral Test as a Tool to Study Hippocampal Neurogenesis.

Brainwaves amplitude obtained from electroencephalography (EEG) has been well-recognized as a basis for cognitive capacity, memory, and learning on animals and humans. Adult neurogenesis mechanism is also linked to memory and learning improvement. Traditionally, researchers used to assess learning and memory parameters in rodent models by behavioral tasks. Therefore, the simultaneous monitoring of behavioral changes and EEG is particularly interesting in correlating data between brain activity and task-related behaviors. However, most of the equipment required to perform both studies are either complex, expensive, or uses a wired setup network that hinders the natural animals' movement. In this study, EEG was recorded with a wireless electrophysiology device along with the execution of a novel object recognition task (NORT). The animal's behavior was monitored simultaneously by a video tracking system. Both recordings were analyzed offline by their timestamps which were synched to link EEG signals with the animal's actions. Subjects consist of adult Wistar rats after medium-term environmental enrichment treatment. Six skull screw electrodes were fixed in pairs on both hemispheres over frontal, central, and parietal regions and were referenced to an electrode located posterior of the nasal bone. NORT protocol consists of exposing the animal to two identical objects for 10 min. After 2 h and 24 h, one of the objects was replaced with a novel one. Exploration time for each object was monitored by a behavioral tracking software (BTS) and EEG data recording. The analysis of the EEG synced with behavioral data consists of estimations of alpha and beta relative band power and comparisons between novel object recognition versus familiar object exploration, between three experimental stages. In this manuscript, we have discussed electrodes manufacturing process, epidural electrodes implantation surgery, environmental enrichment protocol, NORT protocol, BTS setup, EEG - BTS coupling for simultaneous monitoring in real-time, and EEG data analysis based on automatic events detection.

Destructive leadership in crisis management

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to contribute to increased knowledge of destructive leadership in crisis management. The specific research questions are: (1) What types of destructive leadership behaviours can be identified in leaders in crisis management? and (2) Why are these behaviours considered destructive in this context?Design/methodology/approachAbout 21 informants involved in crisis management at regional, local and operational levels in Sweden were interviewed. They were selected since they had recently been involved in severe accidents and/or crises (e.g. terror attacks, forest fires). A grounded theory analysis of interview data yielded two core variables: destructive leadership behaviours, and appraisal: interpretation of leader behaviour.FindingsThe study identified seven different destructive leadership behaviours: four task-related and three relationship-related. Task-related behaviours primarily led to negative consequences for the task/crisis. Relationship-related behaviours have negative consequences for subordinates' job satisfaction, well-being and/or sense of meaningfulness. The paper relates the identified behaviours to existing leadership ideals within crisis management and discusses behaviours that appear to be unique for the crisis management context.Practical implicationsThe paper highlights the fact that great crisis managers are not always good at managing relationships, which may have negative implications for crisis management in the long term.Originality/valueDestructive leadership is a research field that is rapidly expanding. However, there is a lack of knowledge concerning the nature of destructive leadership behaviours and what makes an individual appraise a leader as destructive in crisis management.

Horses' (Equus Caballus) Laterality, Stress Hormones, and Task Related Behavior in Innovative Problem-Solving.

Simple SummaryIn order to ensure species-appropriate horse keeping and management, knowledge about horses’ cognitive abilities is essential. One parameter used to measure the cognitive abilities of a species is their capacity for innovative behavior. In this study 16 horses where confronted with a novel problem, i.e., an unknown feeder. When a horse emptied the feeder completely it was considered to be innovative. We found 25% of the horses to be innovative. Horses’ propensity to innovate was mediated by individual behavioral differences and former life experiences. We conclude that horses’ keeping conditions and welfare may be improved by environmental enrichment which promotes the development of innovative behavior.Domesticated horses are constantly confronted with novel tasks. A recent study on anecdotal data indicates that some are innovative in dealing with such tasks. However, innovative behavior in horses has not previously been investigated under experimental conditions. In this study, we investigated whether 16 horses found an innovative solution when confronted with a novel feeder. Moreover, we investigated whether innovative behavior in horses may be affected by individual aspects such as: age, sex, size, motor and sensory laterality, fecal stress hormone concentrations (GCMs), and task-related behavior. Our study revealed evidence for 25% of the horses being capable of innovative problem solving for operating a novel feeder. Innovative horses of the present study were active, tenacious, and may be considered to have a higher inhibitory control, which was revealed by their task related behavior. Furthermore, they appeared to be emotional, reflected by high baseline GCM concentrations and a left sensory and motor laterality. These findings may contribute to the understanding of horses’ cognitive capacities to deal with their environment and calls for enriched environments in sports and leisure horse management.

Work-to-non-work spillover: the impact of public service motivation and meaningfulness on outcomes in work and personal life domains

ABSTRACTThis study examines why, and when, public service motivation (PSM) has spillover effects from employees’ work lives into their personal lives. Drawing on a dual conceptualization of meaningfulness, we propose and examine the relationship of PSM with meaningfulness of work through processes of realization and justification. Analyses of 253 matched dyads of policing employees and spouses support the proposed mediation effect of meaningfulness of work from PSM to job satisfaction, individual initiative (i.e. task-related behaviours after work), and psychological detachment from work in non-work time. Job autonomy is found to compensate for PSM in predicting meaningfulness and these outcomes.

Are mnemonic failures and benefits two sides of the same coin?: Investigating the real-world consequences of individual differences in memory integration.

Theories of reconstructive memory have long been influenced by investigations of false recognition errors, in which old/new judgements are compromised by spontaneous activation of associated but nonpresented concepts. Recent evidence similarly suggests that reconstructive memory processes (so-called memory integration) also support positive learning behaviors, such as inferential reasoning. Despite prevailing hypotheses, the question of whether a common integration process underlies these seemingly disparate mnemonic outcomes is not well understood. To address this question, young adults, recruited from two institutions, completed the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (Deese, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 17-22, 1959; Roediger & McDermott, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21(4), 803-814, 1995) and Bransford and Franks (Cognitive Psychology, 2, 331-350, 1971) false recognition paradigms, as well as an inferential paradigm (Varga & Bauer, Memory & Cognition, 45, 1014-1027, 2017b), all of which depend on integration of related information in memory. Across two experiments, the well-established tasks were adapted such that successful memory integration resulted in the same negative outcome (i.e., false recognition; Experiment 1) or positive outcome (i.e., inferential reasoning; Experiment 2). By capturing variability in item-to-item responding within and among tasks for each person, a common memory integration process was found to elicit positive and negative consequences in paradigms that required the combination of individual units to construct a composite understanding, but only when memory for directly learned and novel, integrated items were modeled together. Furthermore, linking task-related behavior to academic performance revealed that a greater propensity to integrate factual information (but not arbitrary materials) was related to higher SAT scores. Together, these results provide evidence for domain-general and domain-specific reconstructive mechanisms and their role in supporting educational success beyond the laboratory.

Task-related pro-environmental behaviours of architectural designers: LEED-based evidence from Turkey

ABSTRACTArchitecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry significantly contributes to environmental degradation through material and energy flows and a huge amount of waste generation as a result of the demolition and refurbishment of buildings. Evidence from environmental psychology literature suggests that being informed about environmental problems does not automatically translate to pro-environmental behaviour (PEB). Clarifying the profiles and perspectives of designers who tend to display low- and high-PEB can provide insights for developing environmental intervention strategies. A questionnaire was designed and delivered to the members of Istanbul Chamber of Architects (CAT). Hierarchical cluster analysis was conducted to classify respondents as relatively low-PEB and relatively high-PEB designers, where PEB was operationalized by the self-reported adoption and implementation of LEED criteria in projects within the past 10 years. Following the classification of design professionals according to PEB scores, quantitative data from 274 respondents and qualitative data from 95 respondents were analysed respectively. Keeping other factors constant, findings suggest that the predictive power of awareness about pro-environmental practices in the business domain appears stronger when compared with that of general awareness of people about environmental problems. Apart from contributing to a theoretical understanding of PEB at the workplace, findings provide insights into developing target-group-specific intervention strategies, as they indicate that being technically informed may more easily translate to PEB in the business setting if appropriate motivational incentives are used and continuing professional development programs are designed, especially for the low-PEB designers.