Tartrate Groups Research Articles

Novel insights into famotidine as a GSK-3β inhibitor: An explorative study in aluminium chloride-induced Alzheimer’s disease rat model

Alzheimer's disease (AD), a chronic neurodegenerative disease, presents a substantial global health challenge. This study explored the potential therapeutic role of famotidine, a histamine (H2) receptor antagonist, as a glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) inhibitor in the context of AD induced by aluminium chloride (AlCl3) in a rat model. The intricate relationship between GSK-3β dysregulation and AD pathogenesis, particularly in amyloid-β (Aβ) production, formed the basis for investigating famotidine's efficacy. Molecular modelling revealed famotidine's efficient binding to GSK-3β, suggesting inhibitory potential. In behavioural assessments, famotidine-treated groups exhibited dose-dependent improvements in Morris Water Maze, Novel Object Recognition, and Y-Maze tests, comparable to the standard Rivastigmine tartrate group. Biochemical analyses showed that famotidine inhibits acetylcholinesterase, decreases lipid peroxidation, increases antioxidant activity, and mitigates oxidative stress. Moreover, famotidine significantly lowered the levels of GSK-3β, IL-6, and Aβ(1−42). The neuroprotective effects of famotidine were further supported by histopathological analysis. This comprehensive investigation underscores famotidine's potential as a GSK-3β inhibitor, providing insights into its therapeutic impact on AD induced by AlCl3. The study offers a promising avenue for repurposing famotidine due to its established safety profile and widespread availability, highlighting its potential in addressing the formidable challenge of AD.

Analysis of inhibitory properties of neodymium tartrate and comparison with neodymium chloride for mild steel in neutral sodium chloride solution

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the eco-friendly neodymium tartrate (NdTar) inhibitor for mild steel in sodium chloride (NaCl) solution.Design/methodology/approachThe mild steel 1010 coupon was considered for the current study. Weight loss and the electrochemical methods were used to evaluate the inhibitory effects of neodymium chloride (NdCl3) and NdTar on mild steel in NaCl solution. Scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy measurements were carried out to study the morphology and composition of the film, nature of deposits and corrosion products formed in test media on the corroded steel, with the objective of further analyzing the observed behavior of the two inhibitors.FindingsOf the two, NdTar performs better than NdCl3 because it shields mild steel surfaces for longer. According to the results, when NdCl3 is present in a corrosive solution, the protective film only comprises Nd/Fe oxide/hydroxide/carbonate. However, when neodymium is coupled with the tartrate group (an organic group) and then added to the NaCl solution, the inhibitor film comprises both bimetallic complexes (Fe-Tar-Nd) and metal oxide/hydroxide/carbonate, which results in a more compact film and has higher inhibition efficiency.Originality/valueThis study evaluated the combined effects of inorganic and organic inhibitors with those of an inorganic inhibitor used alone for mild steel in NaCl solution.

Effect of Cerium Tartrate on the Corrosion Resistance of Epoxy Coating on Aluminum Alloy and Its Mechanism

The inhibition effect and mechanism of cerium tartrate (CeTar) as a pigment in epoxy coating on AA2024-T3 aluminum alloy in 3.5% NaCl solution were studied. Two kinds of coatings were applied on the substrate, including a single-layer epoxy coating with CeTar distributed uniformly and a double-layer coating composed of an inner layer doped with CeTar and an outer layer with no CeTar. The protective performances of the coatings were assessed by a Machu test and an Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique. The corrosion inhibition mechanism of CeTar in the coating was analyzed with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR). The results show that the addition of CeTar can evidently improve the protective performance of the epoxy coating for a long time (>520 d). This might have relationship with the modification effect on the epoxy coating by cerium salts, and also may be due to the synergistic inhibitory effect by tartrate group and cerium ions on the alloy substrate after their continuous releasing to the coating/alloy interface and forming of a protective film. The double-layer coating provides similar protective properties to the single-layer coating. This suggested that creating a protective film on the aluminum alloy substrate could result in a greater contribution to improving the protection performance of the coating.

Improvement of Gel Quality of Squid (Dosidicus gigas) Meat by Using Sodium Gluconate, Sodium Citrate, and Sodium Tartrate

In order to improve the quality of squid surimi products, squid surimi gels were prepared using several types of organic salts under two heating conditions to study the effects of organic salts on squid gel properties. Compared with the NaCl group, organic salts reduced the solubilization capacity of myofibrillar protein, and significant (p < 0.05) decreases in the breaking force, breaking distance, texture, and water-holding capacity of the gel were observed in the sodium gluconate group, while significant (p < 0.05) increases in the breaking force, breaking distance, texture, and water-holding capacity of the gel were observed in the sodium citrate and sodium tartrate groups. Although the mixed addition of NaCl and organic salt improved surimi gel quality, the effective improvement was still lower than that of only organic salt. Rheological properties indicated that sodium citrate and sodium tartrate had high viscoelasticity. The squid surimi gel prepared by direct heating exhibited better properties than gels prepared by two-step heating. The chemical force of squid gel prepared with sodium citrate and sodium tartrate formed a stronger matrix than the gels prepared with other salts. For color, the addition of sodium citrate resulted in an undesirable color of squid surimi gels, while the addition of sodium tartrate improved the whiteness of the surimi gel. The results showed that the quality of surimi gel was dependent upon the choice of heating method and the types of salt used. Sodium citrate and sodium tartrate could significantly improve the gel properties of squid surimi. This study provides reliable guidance for improving the overall quality of squid surimi gels.

L-Carnitine Tartrate Supplementation for 5 Weeks Improves Exercise Recovery in Men and Women: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

L-carnitine tartrate has been shown to improve relatively short-term recovery among athletes. However, there is a lack of research on the longer-term effects in the general population. Objective: The primary objectives of this randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial were to evaluate the effects of daily L-carnitine tartrate supplementation for 5 weeks on recovery and fatigue. Method: In this study, eighty participants, 21- to 65-years-old, were recruited. Participants were split into two groups of forty participants each, a placebo, and a L-carnitine Tartrate group. Seventy-three participants completed a maintenance exercise training program that culminated in a high-volume exercise challenge. Results: Compared to placebo, L-carnitine tartrate supplementation was able to improve perceived recovery and soreness (p = 0.021), and lower serum creatine kinase (p = 0.016). In addition, L-carnitine tartrate supplementation was able to blunt declines in strength and power compared to placebo following an exercise challenge. Two sub-analyses indicated that these results were independent of gender and age. Interestingly, serum superoxide dismutase levels increased significantly among those supplementing with L-carnitine tartrate. Conclusions: These findings agree with previous observations among healthy adult subjects and demonstrate that L-carnitine tartrate supplementation beyond 35 days is beneficial for improving recovery and reducing fatigue following exercise across gender and age.

Hydrothermal synthesis and optical properties of hexagonal tungsten oxide nanocrystals assisted by ammonium tartrate

AbstractCrystals of hexagonal tungsten oxides (hex‐WO3) have been synthesized using hydrothermal method at 150 °C, assisted by the capping reagent of ammonium tartrate (AT). The XRD and EDX results reveal that the lattice distortion exists in all the samples, possibly due to the defects and the intercalation of the residual sodium ions. Different crystal shapes including plate‐like, urchin‐like, and particle structures were obtained by varying concentration of AT and pH values in the precursor solution. Beside the absorption action of the ${\rm NH}_{4}^{ + } $ and Na+ ions, the capping effect can be reinforced by the hydrogen bonding from the tartrate groups in the crystallization process. The bandgap energies were modulated by the size of the nanostructured hex‐WO3 crystals due to quantum confinement effect, which increases from 2.74 to 3.04 eV. Based on the analysis of the photoluminescence and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the enhancement of the blue emission of the nanocrystals is assigned as a result of a complex of the local intercalation of the residual sodium ions and the oxygen vacancies or defects.

Effect of Benazepril and metoroolol on neuroendocrine hormones in congestive heart failure

BackgroundPRA, AgII, ET, BNP are involved in nerve cell development and progression of chronic heart failure, CHF Objects: To observe the effects of angiotensin inhibitor benazepril hydrochloride and β-blocker metoprolol...

Comparison of carvedilol and metoprolol on serum lipid concentration in diabetic hypertensive patients

Vasoconstricting beta-blocker use is associated with a reduction in HDL cholesterol, higher triglyceride, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels, whereas carvedilol, a vasodilating beta-blocker, has not been associated with these effects. To compare in a randomized, double-blind study, the effects of the beta 1-blocker metoprolol tartrate with the combined alpha 1, beta-blocker carvedilol on serum lipid concentrations. A prospective randomized, double-blind, parallel-group trial compared the effects of carvedilol and metoprolol on total cholesterol, triglycerides, calculated LDL, HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels at baseline and after 5 months of therapy as a secondary objective in the Glycemic Effects in Diabetes Mellitus: Carvedilol-Metoprolol Comparison in Hypertensive (GEMINI) study. In this study, 1235 participants with type 2 diabetes and hypertension who were receiving renin-angiotensin system blockers were randomized either to carvedilol, receiving 6.25-25 mg twice daily, or to metoprolol tartrate, receiving 50-200 mg twice daily. If needed, hydrochlorothiazide and a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker were added to achieve blood pressure goals. In the metoprolol tartrate group, triglycerides and non-HDL cholesterol increased and both the LDL and the HDL cholesterol levels decreased. In the carvedilol group, total LDL and HDL cholesterol decreased, non-HDL cholesterol was unchanged and triglycerides increased. Comparing the carvedilol and metoprolol tartrate groups, there was no statistically significant difference in LDL and HDL cholesterol levels, but there was a significantly greater decreases with carvedilol in total cholesterol [-2.9%, 95% confidence interval (CI) -4.60 to -1.15, p < 0.001], triglycerides (-9.8%, 95% CI -13.7, -5.75%, p < 0.001) and non-HDL cholesterol (-4.03%, 95% CI -6.3 to -1.8, p < 0.0006). At the end of the study, significantly more participants in the metoprolol tartrate group had had initiation of statin therapy or the statin dose increased than those in the carvedilol group (11 vs. 32%, p = 0.04). In patients with type 2 diabetes currently receiving a renin-angiotensin blocker, compared with metoprolol tartrate, the addition of carvedilol for blood pressure control resulted in a significant decrease in triglyceride, total cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol levels. The use of metoprolol resulted in a significantly greater rate of initiation of statin therapy or an increase in the dose of existing statin therapy when compared with carvedilol utilization.

Hydrothermal synthesis and structural characterization of a family of lanthanide tartrates: [Ln 2(C 4H 4O 6) 3(H 2O) 3]·1.5H 2O (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm)

Coordination polymers containing lanthanides with tartaric acid [Ln 2(C 4H 4O 6) 3(H 2O) 3]·1.5H 2O (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm and C 4H 4O 6 = d(−) or l(+) tartrate anion) have been synthesized using hydrothermal techniques and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The compounds are all isotypic with a monoclinic crystal system in the P2 1/ n space group. The asymmetric units of coordination polymers contain two metal centers having different coordination environments. One metal is bonded to four tartrate groups having three d and one l isomers (or three l and one d isomers), whereas the other metal is bonded to five tartrate groups having two d and three l isomers (or two l and three d isomers). Each trivalent metal center is coordinated to nine oxygen atoms that originate from carboxylate and hydroxyl groups of the tartrate anions and water molecules. These new polymers have three-dimensional structures containing open channels that are occupied by non-coordinating water molecules. Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses and adsorption of nitrogen have also been studied for these compounds.

A microporous chiral metal coordination polymers: Solvothermal synthesis and structural characterization of KMn2[(L-C4H2O6)2B] · 3H2O

A microporous chiral complex KMn2[(L-C4H2O6)2B]·3H2O was synthesized solvothermally in the presence of l-tartaric acid. In this framework, Mn2+ ions exhibit distorted octahedral coordination and the tartrate group is bonded to the B atom as a bidentate ligand via oxygen atoms of neighbouring hydroxyl groups.

Carvedilol Improves Myocardial Contractility Compared With Metoprolol in Patients With Chronic Hibernating Myocardium After Revascularization

We tested the hypothesis of whether carvedilol delays morphologic degeneration and improves functional outcome compared with metoprolol tartrate in patients with hibernating myocardium undergoing surgical revascularization. We have previously shown that patients with chronic hibernating myocardium undergo progressive cellular degeneration and fibrosis. Twenty patients with multivessel coronary artery disease revascularization and hibernating myocardium as assessed by technetium-99m perfusion scintigraphy and fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography were randomized to receive either carvedilol or metoprolol tartrate for at least 2 months before surgery, and this was continued for 7 months postoperatively. Left ventricular ejection fraction and regional wall motion abnormalities were assessed by left ventriculography at baseline and 7 months postoperatively. Intraoperative transmural needle biopsy samples were obtained for microscopic analysis. Postoperatively, the ejection fraction increased from 31% +/- 5% to 44% +/- 4% (P < .005) in the carvedilol group (n = 10), and from 30% +/- 6% to 40% +/- 6% in the metoprolol tartrate group (P < .05 vs preoperatively and vs carvedilol). Wall motion abnormalities in the carvedilol group improved from -2.1 +/- 0.4 to -0.6 +/- 0.5 (P < .05) and from -2.3 +/- 0.5 to -1.6 +/- 0.6 in the metoprolol tartrate group (P < .05 vs preoperatively and vs carvedilol). Microscopic analysis after 72 +/- 18 days of either treatment showed mild cardiomyocyte degeneration and moderate-to-severe fibrosis (28% +/- 7%) in the carvedilol group compared with moderate cardiomyocyte degeneration and moderate-to-severe fibrosis (33% +/- 6%) in the metoprolol tartrate group. Apoptosis, as assessed by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick end labeling method, was observed in only 1 patient in each group. Carvedilol treatment of hibernating myocardium results in improved functional recovery after revascularization compared with metoprolol tartrate, and this might partially be related to reduced cardiomyocyte degeneration.

Lead tartrate from X-ray powder diffraction data.

The structure of lead tartrate, Pb(2+).C(4)H(4)O(6)(2-), has been solved from X-ray powder diffraction data. The cation exhibits ninefold coordination and the tartrate groups are linked through Pb.O contacts to form a three-dimensional network.

Twelve-month results of an ongoing randomized trial comparing brimonidine tartrate 0.2% and timolol 0.5% given twice daily in patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension

Objective To compare the long-term safety and ocular-hypotensive efficacy of brimonidine tartrate 0.2% with timolol maleate 0.5% administered twice daily in patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Design A double-masked, parallel-group, active-controlled, multicenter clinical trial of 12 months’ duration. Participants Four hundred eighty-three patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension were enrolled. Of these, 463 were evaluated according to the protocol criteria (280 in the brimonidine tartrate group and 183 in the timolol group). Interventions Brimonidine tartrate 0.2% or timolol maleate 0.5% was administered twice daily. Main outcome measures The primary efficacy variable was intraocular pressure (IOP). Results Brimonidine and timolol produced significant ( P < 0.001) and sustained mean reductions in IOP throughout the 1-year follow-up when measured at hour 0 (trough) and at hour 2 (peak). At weeks 1 and 2 and month 12, significantly greater mean decreases in IOP measured at peak ( P ≤ 0.007) were observed in patients treated with brimonidine as compared to timolol, whereas the mean decrease in IOP measured at trough was significantly greater in patients treated with timolol as compared to brimonidine ( P < 0.001) at all follow-up visits. Both drugs were well-tolerated. The incidence of adverse events was similar in both treatment groups, except for ocular allergy, oral dryness, and conjunctival follicles, which occurred more frequently in the brimonidine group, and burning-stinging, which occurred more frequently in the timolol group. Patients receiving timolol experienced significant decreases in heart rate at all follow-up visits. Conclusions Topically applied twice daily for 12 months, brimonidine tartrate 0.2% was safe and effective in lowering IOP in patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension.

A new coordination mode for the tartrato ligand. Synthesis of vanadium(V) oxo peroxo tartrato complexes and the X-ray crystal structure of K 2[{VO(O 2)(L-tartH 2)} 2( μ-H 2O]5H 2O

Vanadium(V) oxo peroxo tartrato complexes M 2[{VO(O 2)(L-tartH 2} 2( μ-H 2O)]. 5H 2O (M = K +, NH 4 +; tart 4− = C 4O 6H 2 4− have been prepared from aqueous-ethanolic medium and characterized by elemental analysis and IR spectroscopy. The X-ray crystal structure of K 2[{VO(O 2) (L-tartH 2)} 2( μ-H 2O)]. 5H 2O, as the first crystal structure of a vanadium(V) tartrato complex has been determined. The dinuclear anion exhibits two pentagonal bipyramidal polyhedra about vanadium atoms which are joined to each other by sharing two oxygen atoms of hydroxyl groups and oxygen atom from water molecule. The tartrate group is bonded to the vanadium atom in a bidentate way via oxygen atoms of neighbouring carboxylic and hydroxyl groups. The coordinated hydroxyl oxygen atom is bonded also to the second vanadium atom, but in a monodentate way. This type of bonding of tartrate group was not observed so far.

Transition metal complexes of dibenzoyl-L-tartaric acid (db-L-tarH 2) and L-tartaric acid (L-tarH 2) ;X-ray crystal structure of {[Cu(L-tar) (phen)] · 6H 2O} n (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline)

Dibenzoyl-L-tartaric acid (db-L-tarH 2) reacts with [Cu2(μ-O 2CCH 3) 4(H 2O) 2] to form the tartrate complex [Cu(L-tar)] ( 1) (L-tarH 2) = L-tartaric acid). 1 reacts with 2,2′-bipyridine (bipy) and 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) yielding [Cu(L-tar)(bipy)] · 6H 2O ( 2) and [Cu(L-tar)(phen)]· 4H 2O ( 3), respectively. A crystal of composition {[Cu(L-tar)(phen)] · 6H 2O} n ( 4) was taken directly from the original mother liquor of 3. The X-ray crystal structure of the polymeric complex 4 shows each copper(II) ion to be six-coordinate, being chelated by a phenanthroline ligand and also chelated by a carboxylate oxygen atom and a hydroxyl oxygen atom from one end of a tartrate group. Å carboxylate oxygen atom and a hydroxyl oxygen atom from one end of a symmetry-related tartrate ligand also chelates to the metal. Dibenzoyl-L-tartaric acid also reacts with [Mo 2(μ-O 2CCH 3) 4], [Mo 2(CH 3CN) 8][BF 4] 4, {[Ru 2(μ-O 2CCH 3) 4Cl]} n and Na 4[Rh 2(μ-CO 3) 4] · 2.5H 2O to give {[Mo 2(db-L-tar) 2] · 5H 2O} n ( 5), [Mo 2(db-L-tar)(CH 3CN) 4][BF 4] 2 · 7H 2O ( 6), {[Ru 2(db-L-tar) 2.5] · 2H 2O} n ( 7) and {[Rh 2(db-L-tar) 2(H 2O) 2] · H 2O} n ( 8), respectively.

A single crystal x-ray diffraction study of yttrium tartrate hydrate [Y(C4H4O6)(C6H5O6) ·2.5H2O

Yttrium tartrate hydrate [Y(C4H4O4)(C4H5O6) · 2.5H2O] (A) has been prepared by the reaction of YC13 with tartaric acid in alkaline solution. It is believed that the two tartrate anions, while crystallographically equivalent, have different charges, one being -1 and the other -2. In A the yttrium centre is coordinated to nine oxygen atoms. These nine oxygen atoms originate from four tartrate ligands which are crystallographically identical and from three water molecules, one of which has an occupancy factor of 50%. The metal takes part in two symmetry-related, five-membered chelate rings formed by carboxyl and α-hydroxyl groups from each of two tartrate ligands. The carboxyl groups also form bidentate bridges linking two metal centres. The tartrate groups thus interconnect to give a three-dimensional layered structure to the compound. The coordination at each yttrium centre is completed by three water molecules, one of which is unique. The Y—O distances in the five-membered rings are 2.324(14) (carboxyl oxygen) and 2.489(11)(hydroxyl oxygen). The results of studies utilizing elemental analysis, powder X-ray diffraction and IR spectroscopy support the single crystal diffraction findings. Copyright © 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd

Isomer stabilities of tartrate-bridged binuclear complexes

The seven possible isomers for a tetragonal coordination geometry and the twenty-four possible isomers for trigonal-bipyramidal and octahedral geometries are enumerated and described for binuclear tartrate-bridged complexes. Two geometrical parameters corresponding to the strain in the binuclear structure and to the ligand conformation energy have been evaluated as a function of the coordination geometry. Predictions of the relative energies of tartrate-bridged isomers made from these parameters agree with known stability differences when protonation of the tartrate ligand is also considered. An entropy factor of Rln2 contributes to the stabilities of the mixed-ligand isomers. This work indicates that tartrate-bridging may be used to induce known absolute configurations about metal ions for CD studies and for stereochemical correlations and to lock tartrate groups into known conformations for thermochemical determinations of conformational energies.