Tartrate Gel Research Articles

Aqueous sol-gel synthesis, structural, thermoanalytical studies, and conductivity properties of lithium lanthanum titanate

Newly developed aqueous sol-gel preparation technique was applied for the synthesis of lithium lanthanum titanate with the initial composition of Li0.35La0.55TiO3. The influence of hydrochloric acid, which plays a crucial role in the formation of Li–La–Ti–O tartrate gel precursor, was also investigated. The dissolution mechanism of titanium in the concentrated hydrochloric acid and its relation with the corresponding lithium and lanthanum salts was proposed. Besides, the effect of the tartaric acid as a ligand to the formation of transparent sol and homogeneous gel precursor was discussed. X-ray diffraction revealed that below the temperature of 800 °C starts the crystallization of the final tetragonal crystal phase for Li0.3La0.567TiO3 ceramic. Rietveld refinement of the crystalline samples showed the tendency of crystallites growing with the increase of heat-treatment temperature. Besides, the single crystalline ceramic compounds heat-treated at 1000 °C and 1250 °C of temperatures were obtained only for the initial composition of Li0.35La0.55TiO3. The calculated values of the tolerance factor and structural distortion parameters in octahedral coordination of TiO6 octahedral network for tetragonal and orthorhombic crystal structures confirmed the phase transition tendency by the increase of heat treatment temperature. The scanning electron microscopy proved the formation of the dense structure of the sample for Li0.35La55TiO3 ceramic after the additional heat treatment at the temperature of 1,250 °C. In addition, the quality of synthesized ceramic was confirmed by the impedance spectroscopical measurements, which revealed that the conductivity value for bulk at the temperature of 27 °C (300 K) is equal to 0.123 S m–1.

Rosacea.

Rosacea is a common cutaneous condition affecting predominantly the face. It is historically characterised into four subtypes: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous and ocular rosacea. This article describes the pathophysiology, clinical features and current treatment options for rosacea, and discusses updated diagnostic criteria. General guidance is required on the need to avoid possible triggers including dietary and environmental triggers. The strongest evidence supports the use of 0.75% metronidazole, topical azelaic acid or topical ivermectin for inflammatory rosacea. Erythema should be treated with brimonidine tartrate gel, oral medication such as beta blockers or vascular laser and light-based therapy. Oral doxycycline 40 mg modified release can be used as monotherapy or in combination with other treatments for recalcitrant disease. Further understanding of the pathogenesis of rosacea could allow identification and targeted avoidance of triggers and the development of new treatment modalities.

Aqueous sol-gel synthesis, thermal analysis, characterization and electrical properties of V2O5 doped Bi2O3 system

The aqueous sol-gel synthesis technique was successfully applied for the preparation of Bi–V–O tartrate gel precursors in the sol-gel process using tartaric acid as a ligand. By combining different characterization techniques, the influence of the complexing agent amount to both the elemental composition and surface morphology of the final ceramic was estimated. According to the decomposition mechanism of Bi–V–O tartrate gel precursors, it is clear that the coordination ability of tartaric acid significantly affects by its concentration in the water solution during the gelation process. Additionally, it was also showed that thermal analysis is a powerful method that enables the observation of several important processes, which are closely related to the decomposition of volatile compounds, phase transitions and stability of intermediates. Besides, it was demonstrated that X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy strongly supplement the conclusions made from the results of thermal analysis. However, the content of elements in the gel precursor and ceramic powders measured by elemental analysis revealed that a molar ratio of bismuth and vanadium has a tendency to vary either by increasing the heat-treatment temperature or by decreasing the amount of tartaric acid. Finally, after the evaluation of obtained data the impedance analysis of 5Bi2O3·V2O5 ceramic was performed, which showed promising total conductivity values with 0.93 eV of activation energy in the range of investigated temperature.

Aqueous sol–gel synthesis, thermoanalytical study and luminescent properties of M0.05Eu0.05Ca0.9MoO4 (M=Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) nanocrystallites

Nano-sized M0.05Eu0.05Ca0.9MoO4 (M=Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) ceramics have been successfully synthesized by an aqueous sol–gel synthesis method using a tartaric acid as a ligand. In order to reveal the influence of the peculiarities of the nature of dopants effect into the crystallization of CaMoO4 double oxide, the thermal analysis of the as-prepared gels was performed. In addition, infrared spectroscopy was used in order to identify the functional groups from the characteristic stretching vibrations in the M–Eu–Ca–Mo–O tartrate gel precursors. Besides, to confirm the dynamics of growing crystallites in the final ceramics and to reveal the morphological changes on the surface, the x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were applied. Finally, photoluminescence measurements were used to estimate the optical properties of europium oxide as a dopant in the samples according to the nature of alkali metal. Therefore, according to the obtained results, it was estimated that luminescence intensity of Eu3+ ions is mainly affected by the chemical reaction, which takes place at about 973 K of temperature. This effect was partly confirmed from the results of the thermal decomposition of M–Eu–Ca–Mo–O tartrate gel precursors with an endothermic behaviour in the DSC curve, which indicates the crystallization mechanism of the CaMoO4 double oxide.

Synthesis, a structural and thermoanalytical study of Ca1-xSrxMoO4 ceramic

For the first time, nano- and micro-sized double-mixed Ca1-xSrxMoO4 (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 and 1.0) ceramics have been successfully synthesized by an aqueous sol-gel synthesis method in the sol-gel process using tartaric acid as a ligand. An additional novelty of this work was to show the pathways of chemical reactions that occurred under the heat-treatment of the as-prepared Ca–Sr–Mo–O tartrate gel precursors. The structural, morphological, textural and chemical properties of both the tartrate gel precursors and alkaline earth metal molybdates were obtained by thermal analysis (TG/DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and RAMAN spectroscopy (RS). The mechanism of thermal decomposition of both the tartaric acid and metal tartrates between all multicomponent Ca1-xSrxMoO4 samples was established and qualitatively compared. Moreover, in support of data from the TGA/DSC curves the quantitative distribution of intermediate products in the gel precursors during the heat-treatment was also estimated. In addition, theoretically determined data of the carbon residues were compared with the corresponding mass change from the TGA curve as a match by suggested reaction mechanism. By combining thermoanalytical investigation with the X-ray diffraction of samples heat-treated at a different temperature the relation of a final composition and its crystallite size with the thermal decomposition process of volatile components was estimated. Scanning electron microscopy was used for both the characterization of surface morphology and estimation of the particle size in the ceramic. FT-IR spectroscopy was applied in order to estimate the possible differences between multicomponent Ca1-xSrxMoO4 systems taking into account the size of crystallites and the nature of surface morphology. Finally, the Raman spectroscopic technique confirmed the initial composition of the elements in the synthesized ceramic and clearly showed that the distribution of both calcium and strontium atoms corresponds to the product, which is composed of a single-phase crystalline compound.

ЕRYTHEMATOTELANGIECTATIC ROSACEA: THE OPTIMIZATION OF DIAGNOSTICS AND THERAPY

Presents the modern classification, definition and differential diagnostic criteria of the clinical picture of rosacea. The social significance of dermatosis, the importance and the ability to eliminate the symptoms of the disease in the early stages, achieve a sustainable clinical effect to the ”Clear“ skin condition. The article presents the first domestic positive experience in the complex treatment of the erythematotelangiectatic rosacea, using broadband pulsed light radiation using a 0.5% brimonidine tartrate gel (Mirvazo Derm®). The effectiveness of the method is estimated using a multispectral analysis of the skin, which allows real-time to see the morphological structure of the pathological process, as well as create a map of the distribution of hemoglobin and measure its concentration in the lesions. During research there were 60 patients aged 26 to 55 years with an established diagnosis of erythematotelangiectatic rosacea. The duration of the disease ranged from 6 months to 12 years. We have demonstrated the high efficiency and tolerability of the combined method, the absence of side and undesirable effects in patients with rosacea with an erythematotelangiectatic subtype.

A novel impedance enhancer for amperometric biosensor based ultrasensitive detection of matrix metalloproteinase-2

The detection range and sensitivity is crucial to the determination of tumor markers. For amperometric biosensors, the detection range relies on the initial current signals (I0) and the sensitivity is tightly related to the current signals difference (ΔI) caused by per unit concentration target. Herein, an amperometric biosensor was fabricated using polyaniline gel as substrate and CS-AuNPs-Pb2+ as impedance enhancer. The sensing substrate exhibited strong current signal in [Fe(CN)6]3−/4- due to the excellent conductivity and large specific surface area of polyaniline gel. CS-AuNPs-Pb2+ with large hindrance effect can significantly increase interfacial resistance, resulting in the enhancement of ΔI. In addition, Pb2+ can react with sodium tartrate to produce non-conducting sodium tartrate gel on sensing interface, leading to further amplification of ΔI. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) was analysed to prove the feasibility of this strategy. The proposed amperometric biosensor reveal both wide linear detection range from 1 pg mL−1 to 1 μg mL−1 and high sensitivity of 28.4 μA·(LgCMMP-2)−1. Therefore, this strategy will be of great significance to design other ultrasensitive amperometric biosensors.

Aqueous sol–gel synthesis, thermoanalytical study and electrical properties of La2Mo2O9

Nano- and micro-sized La2Mo2O9 ceramics have been successfully synthesized by an aqueous sol–gel synthesis method using a tartaric acid as a ligand. Thermal analysis of both as-prepared La–Mo–O tartrate gel precursor and La2Mo2O9 double oxide heat-treated at different temperatures was performed. The high-temperature phase transition from α to β-phases was additionally investigated by broadband high-temperature impedance spectroscopy techniques. The α ↔ β phase transition was characterized by monitoring the conductivity and a transfer of heat with respect to temperature. The crystalline phase stability of monoclinic La2Mo2O9 compound was confirmed by x-ray diffraction measurements, while the dense nanoscale surface composed of the particles, ranging from 50 to 100 μm, was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy.

INNOVATIONS TO TOPICAL THERAPY OF ROSACEA

The main pathogenetic aspects of rosacea, various classifications of dermatosis and the modern clinical classification are presented. The symptoms that differentiate rosacea from other dermatoses are described. Contradictory of modern scientific concepts of different researchers, approaches to etiology, pathogenesis and treatment has been noted. The social significance of rosacea, the importance and possibility of eliminating the symptoms of the disease at early stages, the achievement and prolongation of remission are shown. The main triggers for the manifestation of rosacea, which should be taken into account to achieve the maximum effect in the treatment of the disease, are indicated. The domestic and foreign clinical recommendations on the treatment of the disease are considered in view of the appearance of new external drugs. The results of several studies in the USA and Canada on the efficacy of 1% ivermectin cream and 0.5% brimonidine tartrate gel compared to placebo are shown. The first domestic positive experience of self-study with 1% ivermectin cream (Solantra®) and 0.5% brimonidine tartrate gel (Mirvazo Derm®) is presented. The high efficacy and very good tolerability of this drugs, as well as the absence of any side effects in patients with moderate to severe rosacea are shown.

USAGE OF CHITOSAN IN DAIRY PRODUCTS PRODUCTION

Abstract: The use of chitosan can significantly reduce energy costs in the processing of milk protein and carbohydrate raw materials, and is very promising for use in the dairy industry. In solution of serum proteins, the chitosan binds β-lactoglobulin and other proteins, thus forming an insoluble complex. The formation of complexes of proteins with the chitosan can be accompanied by both a change in the balance of forces that determine the nature of intra- and intermolecular interactions of protein globules, and formation of coacervates differing in size, shape, charge, degree of hydration. Electrostatic forces make the main contribution to the formation of the insoluble chitosan protein complex. In the study of the chitosan complexes formation conditions with the milk serum protein, the pH interaction was studied, as well as concentration of chitosan, the molecular mass of the polysaccharide, ionic strength, and other factors. These patterns of interaction of the milk serum proteins with the chitosan have formed the basis for the development of sorbents based on this polysaccharide. We studied the sorption properties of various forms of chitosan: granulated, as cryogels, as well as part of calcium tartrate gel. Using the chitozan containing sorbents allows us to select proteins from the milk serum and obtain purified preparations of β-lactoglobulin and lactoferrin. Inclusion of the chitosan in the milk beverages and dairy desserts allows us to create a functional food, where the polysaccharide acts as a technological, bactericidal and fungistatic agent.

Update on the Management of Rosacea.

Refining diagnostic criteria has identified key characteristics differentiating rosacea, a chronic skin disorder, from other common cutaneous inflammatory conditions. The current classification system developed by the National Rosacea Society Expert Committee consists of erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular subtypes. Each subtype stands as a unique entity among a spectrum, with characteristic symptoms and physical findings, along with an intricate pathophysiology. The main treatment modalities for rosacea include topical, systemic, laser, and light therapies. Topical brimonidine tartrate gel and calcineurin inhibitors are at the forefront of topical therapies, alone or in combination with traditional therapies such as topical metronidazole or azelaic acid and oral tetracyclines or isotretinoin. Vascular laser and intense pulsed light therapies are beneficial for the erythema and telangiectasia, as well as the symptoms (itching, burning, pain, stinging, swelling) of rosacea. Injectable botulinum toxin, topical ivermectin, and microsecond long-pulsed neodymium-yttrium aluminum garnet laser are emerging therapies that may prove to be extremely beneficial in the future. Once a debilitating disorder, rosacea has become a well known and manageable entity in the setting of numerous emerging therapeutic options. Herein, we describe the treatments currently available and give our opinions regarding emerging and combination therapies.

The role of brimonidine tartrate gel in the treatment of rosacea.

Rosacea is a chronic cutaneous condition with a prevalence rate ranging from 9.6% to 22% in recent studies. Facial erythema (transient and permanent) is considered a common denominator that is frequently observed in all subtypes of rosacea and is estimated to affect more than 40 million people worldwide. Brimonidine tartrate is a selective α2-adrenergic receptor agonist and is the first topical treatment approved for facial erythema of rosacea. Clinical trials have demonstrated that brimonidine tartrate provided significantly greater efficacy, compared to vehicle, for the treatment of moderate to severe erythema of rosacea. In addition, brimonidine tartrate has demonstrated a rapid onset of effect, duration of action throughout the day, and good safety profile in studies of up to 1 year. This review critically discusses the role of brimonidine tartrate for the treatment of facial erythema of rosacea by examining both clinical study data and real-world dermatologist experiences across a wide spectrum of treated patients, and concludes that it is a significant therapeutic option in the management of an unmet need of this chronic condition.

The Role of Topical Brimonidine Tartrate Gel as a Novel Therapeutic Option for Persistent Facial Erythema Associated with Rosacea.

Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that commonly presents with persistent facial erythema with or without the coincident presence of flushing, telangiectasias, inflammatory papules or pustules, phymatous changes, or ocular involvement. Patients often present with a constellation of various signs and symptoms of the disease, and an individualized treatment plan should be tailored to a patient’s unique clinical presentation. Previously available medications for rosacea have all targeted the inflammatory erythematous papules and pustules frequently associated with the disease, leaving a therapeutic gap for the common manifestation of persistent facial erythema. Brimonidine tartrate 0.33% gel was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in August 2013 as the first medication available for the topical treatment of persistent facial erythema associated with rosacea. Brimonidine gel is a highly selective α2-adrenergic receptor agonist with potent vasoconstrictive effects, which leads to significant reduction of persistent facial erythema in the majority of patients when applied once daily. Based on large-scale clinical trials and post-marketing reports, brimonidine gel has maintained a good safety profile with a minority of patients experiencing adverse effects from its use, most of which are cutaneous in nature, mild-to-moderate in degree, occur early after initiation of treatment, often resolve spontaneously with continued use, and generally resolve after discontinuation of use. Among the reported adverse effects, two distinct manifestations of worsened erythema have been described. Brimonidine gel can be integrated into a treatment regimen along with concomitant therapies for facial papules and pustules with no increased risk of adverse events with combination therapy. Education about optimal application methods, setting reasonable expectations for treatment, and minimizing inflammation are important factors for the successful use of brimonidine gel as part of a patient’s overall rosacea treatment regimen.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13555-015-0078-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Update on the management of rosacea.

Refining diagnostic criteria has identified key characteristics differentiating rosacea, a chronic skin disorder, from other common cutaneous inflammatory conditions. The current classification system developed by the National Rosacea Society Expert Committee consists of erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular subtypes. Each subtype stands as a unique entity among a spectrum, with characteristic symptoms and physical findings, along with an intricate pathophysiology. The main treatment modalities for rosacea include topical, systemic, laser, and light therapies. Topical brimonidine tartrate gel and calcineurin inhibitors are at the forefront of topical therapies, alone or in combination with traditional therapies such as topical metronidazole or azelaic acid and oral tetracyclines or isotretinoin. Vascular laser and intense pulsed light therapies are beneficial for the erythema and telangiectasia, as well as the symptoms (itching, burning, pain, stinging, swelling) of rosacea. Injectable botulinum toxin, topical ivermectin, and microsecond long-pulsed neodymium-yttrium aluminum garnet laser are emerging therapies that may prove to be extremely beneficial in the future. Once a debilitating disorder, rosacea has become a well known and manageable entity in the setting of numerous emerging therapeutic options. Herein, we describe the treatments currently available and give our opinions regarding emerging and combination therapies.

Comparative pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of brimonidine following ocular and dermal administration of brimonidine tartrate ophthalmic solution and gel in patients with moderate-to-severe facial erythema associated with rosacea

Persistent facial erythema is the most common primary pathological feature of rosacea, the only treatment for which is brimonidine tartrate (BT) gel. To assess the relative bioavailability of topical BT gel in comparison with the ophthalmic BT solution. A pharmacokinetic study was conducted to compare intraindividual systemic exposures after dermal application of BT gel (0·07%, 0·18% and 0·5%) under maximal use conditions in patients with moderate-to-severe facial erythema associated with rosacea, and administration of BT ophthalmic solution 0·2%. Patients who received BT ophthalmic solution 0·2% three times a day for 1 day had a mean Cmax of 54 ± 28 pg mL(-1) and a mean 0-24-h area under the curve (AUC0-24 h ) of 568 ± 277 pg h mL(-1) . Topical application of BT gel for 29 days resulted in quantifiable systemic exposure in 22%, 48%, 71% and 79% of patients who received BT gel 0·07% twice daily, 0·18% once daily, 0·18% twice daily and 0·5% once daily, respectively. The mean Cmax values for the BT gels ranged between 13 and 25 pg mL(-1) , and mean AUC0-24 h values ranged between 42 and 290 pg h mL(-1) . Systemic exposure increased with applied dose, with no drug accumulation for the duration of treatment. The systemic exposure observed with the highest dose of BT gel (0·5% once daily) was significantly lower than the systemic levels observed for the ophthalmic solution. 0·2% apply for all the concentrations. The systemic safety profile of BT gel may be considered better than that of the ophthalmic solution.

Sol–gel synthesis, crystal structure, surface morphology, and optical properties of Eu2O3-doped La2Mo3O12 ceramic

In this paper, we report the synthesis of the La–Mo–O tartrate gel precursors with the initial composition for La2Mo3O12 ceramic prepared from different starting materials by an aqueous sol–gel synthesis route using tartaric acid as a complexing agent. Moreover, the La–Mo–O carbonate–tartrate and nitrate–tartrate gel precursors doped with x % of Eu2O3 (x = 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0) by aqueous sol–gel synthesis method were also prepared. The thermal decomposition of both the La–Mo–O carbonate–tartrate and nitrate–tartrate gels, which is the critical stage of this preparation technique, is investigated in detail. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy were used for the determination of crystal structure, surface morphology, and optical properties of the La–Mo–O:xEu2O3 samples annealed at 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, and 1,000 °C temperatures, respectively. The obtained results show that the thermal decomposition of the La–Mo–O tartrate gel precursors has occurred in a separate manner. The differences that came up during the thermal treatment of La–Mo–O tartrate gels have related only with the initial composition that determined the different crystallization ways of final compounds. Besides, the dopant concentration mainly influences the size of obtained particles and agglomeration of synthesized final materials. The initial composition of the La–Mo–O gel precursors has significant influence on the formation of final crystal phases at relatively lower temperatures than was expected according to the TG–DTA measurements. Finally, the optical properties of La–Mo–O tartrate gel precursors annealed at 500 °C depend on the nature of the initial compounds, which were used during the aqueous sol–gel process.

Current drug therapies for rosacea: a chronic vascular and inflammatory skin disease.

Rosacea is a chronic skin disorder that presents with abnormal vascular and inflammatory conditions. Clinical manifestations include flushing, facial erythema, inflammatory papules and pustules, telangiectasias, edema, and watery or irritated eyes. To discuss the evolving pathophysiology of rosacea, factors involved in promoting the chronic vascular and inflammatory abnormalities seen in rosacea, and the available drug therapies for the condition. Chronic inflammation and vascular changes are believed to be underlying factors in the pathophysiology of rosacea. Aberrant cathelicidin expression, elevated kallikrein 5 (KLK5) proteolytic activity, and altered toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) expression have been reported in rosacea skin leading to the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Until recently, drug therapies only targeted the inflammatory lesions (papules and pustules) and transient erythema associated with these inflammatory lesions of rosacea. Brimonidine tartrate gel 0.5% was recently approved for the treatment of persistent (nontransient) facial erythema of rosacea, acting primarily on the cutaneous vascular component of the disease. Rosacea is a chronic vascular and inflammatory skin disease. Understanding the role of factors that trigger the onset of rosacea symptoms and exacerbate the condition is crucial in treating this skin disease.

Getting the Red Out, Office Style

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved brimonidine tartrate gel 0.5% g (BT) for the treatment of the erythema associated with

Efficacy and safety of once-daily brimonidine tartrate gel 0.5% for moderate to severe facial erythema of rosacea: Two randomized, double-blind, and vehicle-controlled phase III studies

Efficacy and safety of once-daily brimonidine tartrate gel 0.5% for moderate to severe facial erythema of rosacea: Two randomized, double-blind, and vehicle-controlled phase III studies

A single application of brimonidine tartrate gel significantly reduces moderate to severe facial erythema associated with rosacea

A single application of brimonidine tartrate gel significantly reduces moderate to severe facial erythema associated with rosacea