Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome Research Articles

Ultrasound-Guided Approach to the Distal Tarsal Tunnel: Implications for Healthcare Research on the Medial Plantar Nerve, Lateral Plantar Nerve and Inferior Calcaneal Nerve (Baxter's Nerve).

The tibial nerve, commonly misnamed the "posterior tibial nerve", branches into four key nerves: the medial plantar, lateral plantar, inferior calcaneal (Baxter's nerve), and medial calcaneal branches. These nerves are integral to both the sensory and motor functions of the foot. Approximately 15% of adults with foot issues experience heel pain, frequently stemming from neural origins, such as tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS). TTS diagnosis remains challenging due to a high false negative rate in neurophysiological studies. This study aims to improve the understanding and diagnosis of distal tarsal tunnel pathology to enable more effective treatments, including platelet-rich plasma, hydrodissections, radiofrequencies, and prolotherapy. Ultrasound-guided techniques were employed to examine the distal tarsal tunnel using the Heimkes triangle for optimal probe placement. The results indicate that the tunnel consists of two chambers separated by the interfascicular septum, housing the medial, lateral plantar, and inferior calcaneal nerves. Successful interventions depend on precise visualization and patient positioning. This study emphasizes the importance of avoiding the calcaneus periosteum to reduce discomfort. Standardizing nerve involvement classification in TTS is difficult without robust neurophysiological studies. The accurate targeting of nerve branches is essential for effective treatment.

Rare entrapment neuropathies of the lower extremity: A narrative review.

Lower limb entrapment neuropathies comprise a wide range of disorders, including less common conditions like tarsal tunnel syndrome, Morton neuroma, obturator nerve entrapment syndrome, superior gluteal nerve entrapment, and cluneal nerve entrapment syndrome. Despite being less prevalent, these syndromes are equally significant, presenting with symptoms such as pain, dysesthesia, muscular weakness, and distinct physical signs. Accurate diagnosis of these less common disorders is crucial for successful therapy and patient recovery, as they can sometimes be mistaken for lumbar plexopathies, radiculopathies, or musculotendinous diseases. This narrative review highlights the significance of identifying and diagnosing these particular neuropathies through a comprehensive assessment of the patient's medical history, detailed physical examination, and the use of electrodiagnostic and/or ultrasound investigations. When the diagnosis is uncertain, advanced imaging techniques like magnetic resonance neurography or magnetic resonance imaging are necessary to confirm the diagnosis. A positive diagnosis ensures prompt and targeted treatments, preventing further nerve impairments and muscle wasting. This article explores the epidemiology, anatomy, pathophysiology, etiology, clinical presentation, and electrodiagnostic interpretation of lower limb entrapment neuropathies, highlighting the importance of precise diagnosis in achieving favorable patient outcomes.

Zig-Zag Skin Incision for Treatment of Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome.

Tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS) is a common entrapment neuropathy of the posterior tibial nerve. Surgery can be performed less invasively under local anesthesia. We adopted zig-zag skin incision to prevent postoperative wound complications. Between July 2022 and June 2023, we operated on 19 legs of 14 consecutive TTS patients (5 males, 11 females; average age 73.3 years). We made a 2- to 3-cm zig-zag skin incision on the tarsal tunnel. After posterior tibial nerve decompression by posterior tibial artery (PTA) transposition, the subcutaneous layer was tightly sutured with 4-0 PDS and the skin was closed with Dermabond Advanced. We investigated adverse events that developed during the first 30 postoperative days and recorded surgical outcomes at the final visit. In all patients the nerves were successfully decompressed with PTA transposition. There were no intraoperative complications. During the 30 postoperative days there were no adverse events, including wound complications, and patients' symptoms improved significantly. Zig-zag skin incision was easy and convenient for surgical TTS treatment and may be useful for preventing postoperative wound complications.

Quality and content analysis of tarsal tunnel syndrome videos on YouTube

Aims: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the quality and reliability of the first 50 videos on YouTube, which is a reliable source for sharing medical information, about tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS), which is difficult to diagnose with low prevalence and which prompts patients to look for information. Methods: To evaluate the first 50 TTS videos on YouTube, the source, upload date, number of views, and like-dislike parameters were selected for analysis. The content was assessed following the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) criteria, the Global Quality Score (GQS), and the DISCERN scale. Results: In the parameters used in the quality and relevance analysis of the videos, the GQS mean score was 3.70, the JAMA mean score was 1.12, and the DISCERN mean score was 45.82. There was no significant relation between the number of views, the days since the video was uploaded to the internet until the review, the number of likes and dislikes, the like rates, the video power index, JAMA, DISCERN, and GQS. There was a positive correlation between GQS, JAMA, and DISCERN. Conclusion: This study revealed that the quality, content, and reliability of available videos in the tarsal tunnel are moderate. We have emphasized the importance of improving the content and quality of the videos so that patients can access more beneficial information.

Detection of Sub-Clinical Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients

Abstract Background Asymptomatic or subclinical entrapments are common and frequent specially in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Objectives Detection of sub clinical tarsal tunnel syndrome in rheumatoid arthritis patients and detect its correlation with disease activity and severity. Patient and Methods This case control was carried out on 16 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) diagnosed according to American College of Rheumatology (ACR) and European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) criteria of 2010 and 16 healthy controls matched for age and sex. Assessment of disease activity was done by Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28) and Rheumatoid Arthritis Severity Scale (RASS). Electrophysiological studies were conducted on a two channel EMG machine, for each patient on both legs. Results No significant differences were noted between study groups regarding basal demographic and clinical manifestations. In rheumatoid patient, mean ± SD for disease activity score (DAS) was 4.11±0.51 versus 2.51 ± 0.66 in control patient with p < 0.0001. Regarding RASS, in rheumatoid patient, mean ± SD for disease activity was 28.94 ± 5.78; mean ± SD for functional impairment was 28.44 ± 5.46 and mean ± SD for physical damage was 31.75 ± 5.58 versus 11.44 ± 4.91, 13.88 ± 5.88 and 12.69 ± 4.24 in control group with statistically significant difference between both groups (p < 0.0001). In rheumatoid cases, all patients (100%) were affected on medial plantar nerve “sensory latency and amplitude” of right and left sides, also, all patients (100%) were affected on lateral plantar nerve “sensory latency” of right and left sides, while for amplitude right and left; 31.25% of patients were affected. Medial plantar nerves (motor latency) in both sides weren‟t affected in any patients, while for amplitude and nerve conduction velocity the percentage of patients in right and left was 100%. Lateral plantar nerve (motor latency and amplitude) weren‟t affected in any patients in both sides, while for nerve conduction velocity the percentage of patients in right and left was 100%. Posterior tibial nerves (motor latency and nerve conduction velocity) weren‟t affected in any patients in both sides, while for amplitude the percentage of patients in right and left was 6.25%. No correlation was detected between DAS and RASS as regard clinical, laboratory data and electrophysiological study in rheumatoid cases. This was clearly demonstrated by sensitivity and specificity test that medial and lateral plantar nerved (sensory and motor) were of highly significant value and posterior tibial nerve (motor) was of insignificant value in detection of sub clinical tarsal tunnel syndrome in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Conclusion Subclinical entrapments and sub clinical tarsal tunnel syndrome were detected in all rheumatoid arthritis patients using electrophysiological study and they were positively correlated with disease activity and severity. Also, most of joint complaints of rheumatoid arthritis patients as oedema and pain were due undiagnosed subclinical entrapments and sub clinical tarsal tunnel syndrome.

Unravelling the Anatomy of the Anterior Tarsal Tunnel and Its Clinical Implications.

Anterior tarsal tunnel (ATT) syndrome is caused by the compression of the deep fibular nerve (DFN) within the ATT beneath the inferior extensor retinaculum, bounded by the tendons of the extensor hallucis longus (EHL) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL). Compression may result from direct trauma, repetitive mechanical irritation, and thrombosis of the dorsalis pedis artery. Injury to the contents of ATT could occur during ankle arthroscopy. Therefore,thisstudy was undertaken to provide a detailed description of the anatomy of the ATT and its clinical implications. Ten formalin-fixed cadavers were utilized for the study. The ATT was identified between the tendons of the EHL and EDL. The length at the medial and lateral boundaries and the width at the proximal end, middle, and distal end of the ATT were measured using a digital Vernier calliper. The mean length of the medial border of the tunnel was 31.42±8.44 mm, while the lateral border was 20.39±4.39 mm. The width of the ATT increased from the proximal to the distal end. DFN was related to the DPA laterally in 15 limbs and medially in five limbs within the tunnel. The present study not only describes the intricate anatomy of the ATT but also describes the patterns of DFN and DPA within the tunnel. Understanding the anatomy of ATT is crucial, as it paves the way for safe and efficient surgical interventions, thereby significantly reducing the risk of neurovascular damage during surgical procedures.

ANATOMY OF THE TIBIAL NERVE IN RELATION TO THE TARSAL TUNNEL: A CADAVERIC STUDY

IntroductionTibial nerve anatomy has not been studied profoundly in comparison to Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome (TTS). Assuming symptoms are caused by an anatomical variant or mechanical cause regarding the tibial nerve, it is essential to investigate the anatomy of this structure taking in consideration that surgical and conservative treatments have shown poor results.Methods40 lower-leg specimens were obtained. Dissection started 20 centimeters proximal to the Dellon-McKinnon (DM) line towards the medial aspect of the naviculo-cuneiform joint distally. Anteriorly, dissection began at the tibio-talar medial gutter until the medial aspect of the Achilles tendon posteriorly. The plantar aspect extended from medial to lateral within the parameters previously described, ending at the level of the second metatarsal.ResultsThe flexor retinaculum had a denser consistency in 22.5% of the cases and the average length was 51.9 mm. The flexor retinaculum as an independent structure was found absent and 77.2% of cases as undistinguished extension of the crural fascia. The lateral plantar nerver (LPN) and abductor digiti minimi (ADM) nerve shared same origin in 80% of cases, 34.5% bifurcated proximal to the DM line, 31.2% distally and 34.3% at the same level. The medial calcaneal nerve (MCN) emerged proximal to the DM line in 100% of specimens. The medial plantar nerve (MPN) has its origin proximal to the DM line in 95% of cases.ConclusionThe flexor retinaculum is an extension of the crural fascia and not an independent structure. The LPN and ADM have the same origin in most cases and this presents as an important finding that must be studied in detail for clinical correlations between the motor and sensatory affections of the ADM and LPN respectively. Finally, the branches of the MCN and MPN are the most constant in their distribution and proximal origin in relation to the Dellon-McKinnon line.

Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome: A Narrative Review

Tarsal tunnel syndrome is a compressive neuropathy of the posterior tibial nerve beneath the flexor retinaculum on the medial ankle. Several intrinsic or extrinsic factors may contribute to pain over the medial plantar aspect of the foot that is aggravated by activities. In the presence of suggestive clinical features, appropriate use of radiographic and electrodiagnostic tests can be helpful. Surgical management is considered in patients who do not respond to non-operative treatment or those who have a space-occupying lesion within the tarsal tunnel. Along with surgical decompression of the posterior tibial nerve, complete removal of the causative space-occupying lesion is needed to prevent recurrence.

Cut-off value for a normal posterior tibial nerve to diagnose tarsal tunnel syndrome amongst people of different race in Pretoria, South Africa.

Posterior tibial nerve (PTN) cross-sectional area (CSA) reference values for the diagnosis of tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS) using ultrasound imaging exist in several countries but not in South Africa (SA). Therefore, the objective was to measure the CSA reference values for PTN in SA. Ultrasound CSA measurements of PTN in both ankles on 112 participants were performed, the mean measurement was recorded, and the effect of race, age, gender, and body mass index (BMI) were recorded. In this study, the primary variables age and BMI affect the CSA measurement of the PTN. A positive correlation was found between PTN asymptomatic size and age (r = 0.196, P < 0.05), size and BMI (r = 0.200, P < 0.05). Age (categories) had a mean value of 3.17 for the age group 36-45 years (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.9-3.4). The mean BMI was 30.0 kg/m2 (CI 28.57-31.08). As for the asymptomatic PTN, a mean CSA reference value of 0.10 cm2 was obtained. With increase in age and BMI, a greater PTN measurement will occur. Race appears to be a contributing factor, but further research is needed in this regard. The reference CSA value for normal PTN should be set at 0.10 cm2 for all racial groups for a basic musculoskeletal ultrasound exam protocol in South Africa.

Postoperative Outcomes Between Positive and Negative Electrodiagnosis in Patients With Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome: A Retrospective Comparative Study.

The sensitivity of diagnosing tarsal tunnel syndrome with an electrodiagnostic study is just over 50%. Given this low reliability, many surgeons prefer to make a diagnosis solely from a physical examination, despite reported electrodiagnostic findings. Thus, to understand the clinical ramifications between these 2 methods of diagnosis, this investigation compared the postoperative outcomes following a tarsal tunnel release between patients with positive and negative preoperative electrodiagnosis (EDx). This study retrospectively reviewed 53 consecutive patients who underwent tarsal tunnel release by a single surgeon between 2015 and 2022. The primary outcome was pain level using visual analog scale (VAS) whereas the secondary outcomes were 36-Item Short Form Health Survey questionnaire, Foot and Ankle Ability Measure, recovery times (time to return to activities of daily living, work, and sports), and complications. Pre- and postoperative functional outcomes were compared within each EDx group using a paired sample t test. Postoperative outcomes between groups were compared using a generalized linear model adjusted for potential confounders. Both EDx groups (positive studies = 31 patients and negative studies = 22 patients) demonstrated significant improvement of all functional outcomes (P < .001). We found no significant difference in recovery time or postoperative outcomes between the 2 groups (P > .05). Multivariable analysis showed diabetes (risk ratio [RR] = 1.79, 95% CI 1.11-2.90) and longer duration of symptoms before surgery (RR = 1.02, 95% CI 1.00-1.04) as prognostic factors for residual pain following tarsal tunnel release. In our series, we found that preoperative electrodiagnostic results did not prognosticate postoperative functional outcomes or recovery times after tarsal tunnel release. Level III, retrospective cohort study.

Lateralizing calcaneal osteotomy performed with a percutaneous burr results in a significantly lower increase in tarsal tunnel pressure.

Tarsal tunnel syndrome is well documented following lateralizing calcaneal osteotomy to manage varus hindfoot deformity. Traditionally, calcaneal osteotomy is performed with an oscillating saw. No studies have investigated the effect of alternative surgical techniques on postoperative tarsal tunnel pressure. The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference in tarsal tunnel pressures following lateralizing calcaneal osteotomy performed using a high-torque, low-speed "minimally invasive surgery" (MIS) Shannon burr versus an oscillating saw. Lateralizing calcaneal osteotomy was performed on 10 below-knee cadaveric specimens. This was conducted on 5 specimens each using an oscillating saw (Saw group) or MIS burr (Burr group). The calcaneal tuberosity was translated 1cm laterally and transfixed using 2 Kirschner wires. Tarsal tunnel pressure was measured before and after osteotomy via ultrasound-guided percutaneous needle barometer. Mean pre/post-osteotomy pressures were compared between groups. Differences were analyzed using Student's t test. The mean pre-procedure tarsal tunnel pressure was 25.8 ± 5.1mm Hg in the Saw group and 26.4 ± 4.3mm Hg in the Burr group (p = 0.85). The mean post-procedure pressure was 63.4 ± 5.1 in the Saw group and 47.8 ± 4.3 in the Burr group (p = 0.01). Change in tarsal tunnel pressure was significantly lower in the Burr group (21.4 ± 4.5) compared to the Saw group (37.6 ± 12.5) (p = 0.03). The increase in tarsal tunnel pressure was 43% lower in the Burr group. In this cadaveric study, tarsal tunnel pressure increase after lateralizing calcaneal osteotomy was significantly lower when using a burr versus a saw. This is likely because the increased width ("kerf") of the 3mm MIS burr, compared to the submillimeter saw blade width, causes calcaneal shortening. Given the smaller increase in tarsal tunnel pressure, using the MIS burr for lateralizing calcaneal osteotomy may decrease the risk of postoperative tarsal tunnel syndrome. Future research in vivo should explore this.

Ganglia-Induced Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome.

Tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS) is a common entrapment neuropathy that is sometimes elicited by ganglia in the tarsal tunnel. Between August 2020 and July 2022, we operated on 117 sides with TTS. This retrospective study examined data from 8 consecutive patients (8 sides: 5 men, 3 women; average age 67.8 years) with an extraneural ganglion in the tarsal tunnel. We investigated the clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes for these patients. The mass was palpable through the skin in 1 patient, detected intraoperatively in 1 patient, and visualized on MRI scanning in the other 6 patients. Symptoms involved the medial plantar nerve area (n = 5), lateral plantar nerve area (n = 1), and medial and lateral plantar nerve areas (n = 2). The interval between symptom onset and surgery ranged from 4 to 168 months. Adhesion between large (≥20 mm) ganglia and surrounding tissue and nerves was observed intraoperatively in 4 patients. Of the 8 patients, 7 underwent total ganglion resection. There were no surgery-related complications. On their last postoperative visit, 3 patients with a duration of symptoms not exceeding 10 months reported favorable outcomes. Because ganglia eliciting TTS are often undetectable by skin palpation, imaging studies may be necessary. Early surgical intervention appears to yield favorable outcomes.

Rare nerve compression neuropathies

In regard to the complex anatomical relationship of peripheral nerves and muscles, tendons, fasciae as well as their long course within those anatomical structures and additional close contact to bony structures, they are prone to suffer from local compression syndromes. Hence creating a vast majority of entrapment syndromes - well described in literature for almost every single nerve. The purpose of this article is to give an overview of symptoms, signs, diagnostic studies and treatment options, addressing especially the less known syndromes. Compression syndromes of the upper arm and shoulder region include the suprascapular nerve syndrome the compression of the axillary nerve within the spatium quadrilaterale and the compression of the long thoracic nerve at the chest wall. The upper extremity offers a variety of infrequent entrapment syndromes, as the pronator teres syndrome and anterior interosseus syndrome, both resulting from pressure to the median nerve in the forearm. Compression neuropathy in the course of the radial nerve in the distal upper extremity is also known as supinator syndrome. Guyon's canal syndrome is the ulnar side equivalent to the well-known carpal tunnel syndrome. In the case of a Cheiralgia paresthetica, a compression of a sensory branch of the superficial radial nerve can be seen. In the lower extremities, a variety of nerves especially in the groin and thigh area can be compressed as they pass through the narrow spaces between the abdominal muscles or underneath the inguinal ligament. Compression of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve is the most common syndrome. Compression syndromes of the femoral and obturator nerves are most often iatrogenic. Pain around the knee, especially the lateral part and following orthopedic procedures of the knee, can arise from a compression or a lesion of a small infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve. Another probably underdiagnosed syndrome is piriformis syndrome, resulting from an entrapment of the sciatic nerve as it passes through certain muscular structures. In the distal lower extremity, the peroneal and tibial nerves can be compressed at multple sites, clinically known as peroneal nerve paralysis resulting from nerve compression around the fibular head, the anterior and posterior tarsal tunnel syndrome, and Morton's metatarsalgia.

A Study to Compare the Effectiveness of Strengthening Exercises and Nerve Mobilization Techniques for Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome among Pregnant Women

Background: The tarsal tunnel syndrome is an entrapment neuropathy of the medial ankle. Most commonsymptoms are pain, burning, tingling sensation in the sole of the foot. The purpose of this study is to find theeffectiveness of strengthening and nerve mobilization on tarsal tunnel syndrome among pregnant women.Purpose: The Purpose of the study is to determine the effectiveness of strengthening exercises and nervemobilization techniques for tarsal tunnel syndrome among pregnant womenMaterial And Method: The study was performed on 274 women age upto (21-30) year and collected fromrevival physio care centre on the basic requirements like age, height, education and weight for women and theirquestionnaires are used to test tarsal tunnel syndrome. The study period was June 2022 to Jan 2023Results: Pre test and post test values were analysed. Results suggest that strengthening with ultrasound group hassignificant improvement in compared with nerve mobilization group with P value &lt; 0.0001.Conclusion: Study concluded that Strengthening exercise is more effective than nerve mobilization in terms ofpain level and tenderness.

Extracorporeal Shock Wave Treatment and Multimodal Pain Management for Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome

Introduction: Plantar fasciitis (PF) is an important cause of musculoskeletal pain and radial pressure waves (RPWs) can be used for patients not improving after 3 months of other non-operative measures. However, in refractory cases of PT, it is imperative to investigate possible differential diagnoses and one of its important differential diagnoses is tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS). TTS is a rare but important condition which is regularly under diagnosed leading to a range of symptoms affecting the plantar aspect of the foot typically associated with a neuropathic pain pattern. Case Report: We report a case of PF with TTS and associated neuropathic components. At first, nortriptyline 50 mg and 5% lidocaine patch were used, which improved the neuropathic pattern. After that, three RPW sessions were conducted at weekly intervals, with energy between 2 and 3 bars, frequency between 5 and 7 hertz. In addition to the area of greatest pain in the plantar fascia, treatment was also applied to the myofascial trigger points of the triceps surae and posterior tibial muscles. Three months after the last RPW session, the patient reported a 90% improvement in pain intensity, without limitations in daily activities. Conclusion: This case highlights the importance of differential diagnoses of PF, especially before the indication of RPW in refractory cases. In addition to the neuropathic pattern associated with TTS, neuropathic pain associated with tendinopathies of the lower limbs is common (1/4 of cases) and needs to be identified and treated in conjunction with tendinopathy for a more effective result. Keywords: Chronic pain, Plantar fasciitis, Tarsal tunnel syndrome, Mixed pain, Neuropathic pain, Shockwaves

Weight-bearing Ultrasound to Diagnose Talar Dislocation Causing Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome.

The neuropathic compression of the tibial nerve and/or its branches on the medial side of the ankle is called tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS). Patients with TTS presents pain, paresthesia, hypoesthesia, hyperesthesia, muscle cramps or numbness which affects the sole of the foot, the heel, or both. The clinical diagnosis is challenging because of the fairly non-specific and several symptomatology. We demonstrate a case of TTS caused by medial dislocation of the talar bone on the calcaneus bone impacting the tibial nerve diagnosed only by ultrasound with the patient in the standing position.

Early detection of carpal and tarsal tunnel syndromes in fibromyalgia patients by using electrophysiological and ultrasonographic values

Early detection of carpal and tarsal tunnel syndromes in fibromyalgia patients by using electrophysiological and ultrasonographic values

A Variant Dorsalis Pedis Artery and Its Relationship with the Deep Fibular Nerve

During a cadaveric dissection session, a distinctive neurovascular pattern was identified in the left leg of a 66-year-old female cadaver. The Anterior Tibial Artery (ATA), while maintaining a normal origin and luminal diameter, exhibited a shortened course, terminating in the upper third of the leg. In the lower third of the leg, the Fibular Artery (FA), known as the peroneal artery, traversed through the interosseous membrane to the anterior compartment, persisting as the Dorsalis Pedis Artery (DPA). The Deep Fibular Nerve (DFN), displaying a usual course in the upper two-thirds of the leg, crossed the variant DPA posteriorly and divided into two terminal branches on its posterolateral side. The medial terminal branch proceeded to cross the artery anteriorly within the anterior tarsal tunnel. This distinctive relationship between the DFN and the variant DPA renders the nerve susceptible to compression and may result in “anterior tarsal tunnel syndrome”.

Formaldehit Fikse Kadavralarda Tarsal Tüneli Kaplayan Retinaculum Flexorum'un Anatomik Olarak İncelenmesi

Aim: The flexor retinaculum lies between the medial malleolus of the tibia and the medial process of the calcaneus. It converts grooves on the tibia and calcaneus into the tarsal tunnel. The aim of this study was to analyze the morphometry, the course, and the shape of the flexor retinaculum covering the tarsal tunnel in formaldehyde-fixed cadavers.&#x0D; Material and Methods: Six lower extremities of four formaldehyde-fixed cadavers (four right sides, and 2 left sides) were examined to evaluate the morphometry of the flexor retinaculum. The cadavers were two females and two males with an age range of 60-89 years. A digital caliper (150 mm) and a light microscope were used for measuring parameters. The central length, proximal, midpoint, and distal width, thickness, course, and shape of the flexor retinaculum were examined in this study.&#x0D; Results: The mean central length of the flexor retinaculum was found 42.26±5.18 mm. The mean proximal, midpoint, and distal width of the flexor retinaculum were 29.29±7.29 mm, 29.92±3.66 mm, and 29.76±8.13 mm, respectively. The mean of the thickness was measured at 234.94 µm. The flexor retinaculum coursed vertically in four extremities and coursed obliquely in two extremities. The shape of the retinaculum was triangular in five extremities and quadrangular in only one extremity.&#x0D; Conclusion: The morphometric data obtained from this study can help surgeons during the operations of the tarsal tunnel syndrome. To our knowledge, the width and course of the flexor retinaculum were examined for the first time in this study.

Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome due to Varicose Veins Misdiagnosed as Ganglion Cyst: A Case Report

Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome due to Varicose Veins Misdiagnosed as Ganglion Cyst: A Case Report