Tarnished Plant Bug In Cotton Research Articles

Effectiveness and residual activity of four common insecticides used in the Mississippi Delta to control tarnished plant bugs in cotton.

The tarnished plant bug, (TPB) Lygus lineolaris Palisot de Beauvois (Hemiptera: Miridae) is a key pest of cotton in the midsouth region and some areas of the eastern United States. Its control methods have been solely based on chemical insecticides which has contributed to insecticidal resistance and shortened residual periods for control of this insect pest. This study was conducted over a two-year period and examined the efficacy and residual effect of four commercial insecticides including lambda-cyhalothrin (pyrethroid), acephate (organophosphate), imidacloprid (neonicotinoid), and sulfoxaflor (sulfoxamine). The effectiveness and residual effects of these insecticides were determined by application on cotton field plots on four different dates during each season using three different concentrations (high: highest labeled commercial dose (CD), medium: 1/10 of the CD, low: 1/100 of the CD) on field cotton plots. Four groups of cotton leaves were randomly pulled from each treated plot and control 0-, 2-, 4-, 7-, and 9-days post treatment (DPT) and exposed to a lab colony of TPB adults. One extra leaf sample/ plot/ spray /DPT interval (0-2-4-7-9-11) during 2016 was randomly collected from the high concentration plots and sent to Mississippi State Chemical Laboratory for residual analysis. Mortality of TPB adults was greatest for those placed on leaves sprayed with the organophosphate insecticide with mortalities (%) of 81.7±23.4 and 63.3±28.8 (SE) 1-day after exposure (DAE) on leaves 0-DPT with the high concentration for 2016 and 2017, respectively, reaching 94.5±9.5 and 95.4±7.6 6-DAE each year. Mortality to all insecticides continued until 9 and 4-DPT for high and medium concentrations, respectively. However, organophosphate (39.4±28.6) and pyrethroid (24.4±9.9) exhibited higher mortality than sulfoxamine (10.6±6.6) and the neonicotinoid (4.0±1.5) 7-DAE on 9-DPT leaves with the high concentration. Based on our results using the current assay procedure, TPB adults were significantly more susceptible to contact than systemic insecticides and due to its residual effect, organophosphate could kill over 80% of the TPB population 7-DPT.

Efficacy of selected insecticides on tarnished plant bug in cotton, 2023

Efficacy of selected insecticides on tarnished plant bug in cotton, 2023

Efficacy of common insecticides to control tarnished plant bugs in cotton, 2021

Efficacy of common insecticides to control tarnished plant bugs in cotton, 2021

Efficacy of common insecticides to control tarnished plant bugs in cotton, 2021

Efficacy of common insecticides to control tarnished plant bugs in cotton, 2021

Termination of Insecticide Applications for Tarnished Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) Management in Cotton

Tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), is the most important insect pest of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., in the states of Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee, and Missouri. Foliar insecticide sprays are an important tactic within an integrated pest management (IPM) program for this pest which occurs from early flower bud development to cut out, a stage where the plant has reached the capacity for supporting fruiting positions and equivalent to when there are five nodes above the uppermost first position white flower (NAWF 5). Currently, NAWF and heat unit accumulation monitoring is limited, resulting in a need for a more simplified insecticide termination method that has the potential for wider adoption. Experiments were conducted in 2015 and 2016 in the previously mentioned states to determine when to terminate insecticide sprays for tarnished plant bug based on week of flowering. Treatments included terminating sprays after the second through sixth weeks of flowering, a season-long control, and an untreated control. In general, insecticides reduced densities of tarnished plant bugs in the sprayed treatments. When analyzed by location, treatments that resulted in cotton yields similar to the season-long control ranged from weeks two through five of flowering. These data suggest that treatments can be terminated after the fifth week of flowering. Data from this study indicate applications terminated after the fifth week of flowering would be similar to the current recommended termination timing of NAWF 5 plus 350 heat units. Results from this experiment will be used to better define a simplified IPM strategy for tarnished plant bug in cotton.

Efficacy of Insecticide Tank Mixes With Bifenthrin Against Tarnished Plant Bug in Cotton, 2018

Efficacy of Insecticide Tank Mixes With Bifenthrin Against Tarnished Plant Bug in Cotton, 2018

Susceptibility of Flowering Cotton to Damage and Yield Loss from Tarnished Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae)

The tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), is a major pest of cotton in the midsouthern United States, including the states of Arkansas, Mississippi, Louisiana, western Tennessee, and southeastern Missouri. Insecticides provide the primary form of control for this pest, and numerous applications are required annually to control the tarnished plant bug. Little information exists regarding when to terminate insecticide applications targeting tarnished plant bugs in cotton. Numerous sprays are made late in the season to protect a small percentage of the overall yield. Experiments were conducted at the Mississippi State University Delta Research and Extension Center to determine the impact of tarnished plant bug infestation timings on cotton yield. Two separate planting dates were utilized to determine the weeks of flowering that tarnished plant bugs can cause significant yield losses. There was a significant planting date by treatment interaction. Overall, yields were greater in the first planting date than the second planting date. In both planting dates, the first 4 wk of flowering were the most critical for tarnished plant bug control, and this is when the greatest yield losses occurred. Also, when no insecticide applications were made after the fourth week of flowering, no significant yield loss was observed. These data demonstrate the importance of scouting and adhering to treatment thresholds during the early flowering period. These data also suggest that thresholds may be able to be modified or eliminated after the fourth week of flowering, but more research is needed to confirm this.

Temporal and Spatial Genetic Variability Among Tarnished Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) Populations in a Small Geographic Area

ABSTRACT The tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), is an important pest of cotton that also feeds on other crops and many wild hosts. In the mid-South, where tarnished plant bugs in cotton are controlled exclusively with synthetic insecticides, infestations resulted in >29% of all yield loss attributed to insect damage and the control costs exceeded US$10 per acre in 2013. They have developed resistance to the most commonly used insecticides. Estimations of gene flow and migration are important to understand the spread of resistance in tarnished plant bug populations. Here, we analyzed tarnished plant bugs collected from July to September, 2006, to estimate population genetic parameters using 13 microsatellite markers. Our data indicated that tarnished plant bug populations in the study area had undergone a population bottleneck and all loci deviated from Hardy—Weinberg equilibrium in one or more collections. Bayesian simulations and factorial correspondence analysis indicated the p...

Spatial and temporal distribution of heliothines and tarnished plant bugs across the landscape of an Arkansas farm

Abstract Farm records were used to study the temporal and spatial distribution of bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), (collectively heliothines) and tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), on cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., across a 4000 ha farm in southeastern Arkansas. The influence of the percentage of corn, Z. mays L., cotton, rice, Oryza sativa L., soybean, Glycine max L., and non-crop land within a 0.4 km buffer surrounding a cotton field and populations of heliothine eggs and tarnished plant bugs in cotton were examined over a three-year period. There was a positive relationship between the area in corn, Zea mays L., within 0.4 km of cotton fields and numbers of heliothine eggs in cotton in June 2004 and 2005. Positive relationships were observed between numbers of tarnished plant bugs in cotton and the surrounding area planted to corn, while negative relationships were observed for the area planted to cotton. Cotton fields with earlier dates of first flower had greater overall populations of tarnished plant bugs. Distributions of all three pests in cotton were at least partially explained by the time of year and the type of crop within the local environment. This indicates that more detailed spatial information and historical records may have value for managing cotton insects across large farms or communities.

Acephate Resistance in Populations of the Tarnished Plant Bug (Heteroptera: Miridae) From the Mississippi River Delta

A monitoring program that used a glass-vial bioassay to detect acephate resistance in populations of the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) (Heteroptera: Miridae), was carried out with weed-collected populations from 20 sites in the delta of Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi. Additional results from field tests using recommended rates of formulated acephate in cotton showed that plant bug populations with resistance ratio (RR50) values > 3.0 for acephate (from the glass-vial bioassay) would be difficult to control in the field. Over a 4-yr-period from 2001 through 2004, only one population tested with the glass-vial bioassay was found with an RR50 value > 3.0 for acephate, but six populations having RR50 values > 3.0 were found in the delta in 2005. In fall 2005, an additional 10 populations from the hill region (the cotton growing areas outside the delta) were tested and four of these populations had RR50 values > 3.0. The number of populations with RR50 values > 3.0 increased to five of 10 and 18 of 20 in the hills and delta, respectively, in fall 2006. Laboratory tests using resistant populations found that resistance to acephate was not sex-linked and the alleles controlling the resistance were semidominant in nature. Because of the large increase in resistant populations and the nature of the resistance found in this study, along with control problems experienced by growers in 2006, entomologists in the mid-South strongly recommended that alternation of insecticide classes in field treatments for plant bug control be used by growers in 2007. This control strategy probably helped control plant bugs in the hills of MS where plant bug pressure was low in 2007, and only one population was found in the fall with an RR50 value > 3.0. Plant bug pressure was very high in many parts of the delta in 2007, and 15 of the 20 populations tested in the fall had RR50 values > 3.0. In one field test in cotton, a population with multiple resistance was tested and not effectively controlled in treatments using recommended rates of carbamate, organophosphate, and pyrethroid insecticides. Alternation of insecticide classes may not work very well when populations are present that are resistant to three of the four main classes of cotton insecticides. New insecticides in different classes are badly needed for control of tarnished plant bugs in cotton in the mid-South.

Methods of analysis for georeferenced sample counts of tarnished plant bugs in cotton

The problem of analyzing georeferenced cotton pest insect samples when a large percentage of the counts are zero is examined. The use of appropriate statistical methods for their analysis is required. To demonstrate this, georeferenced samples (n = 63) of tarnished plant bugs (TPBs; Lygus lineolaris [Palisot de Beauvois] (Heteroptera: Miridae)) were analyzed by three statistical methods and the results were compared. Correlation analysis of the sample counts with 25 classes of cotton growth derived from an unsupervized classification of multispectral imagery was followed by a complete enumeration analysis comprising three scenarios. The first scenario assumed the insect samples were unstratified. A distribution of sample averages was created by complete enumeration of all combinations of samples taken four at a time. The second scenario used imagery of the cotton fields to allocate the samples among three cotton growth categories (marginal, good or best) derived by a supervized classification of the 25 unsupervized classes. The insect samples associated with these categorical habitats were completely enumerated using allocations of 4, 6, 8 or 10 samples at a time from various sample sizes to determine how different allocations affected the results. The mean was not affected, but the standard deviation decreased with increased allocation sizes in all habitats. The third scenario used the two observers and three habitat categories to create six additional complete enumeration distributions by allocating four samples at a time from groups of varying sample sizes. These enumeration distributions are non-parametric estimators of the sampling distribution of: (1) the sample averages of a given sample size when samples are taken from the entire field, (2) the sample averages of a given size when samples are taken from each cotton habitat or (3) the sample averages of a given sample size from samples taken from each habitat by each observer. To support the enumeration analyses, these insect samples were analyzed further by Poisson regression models. These models showed significant differences between TPB counts by the two observers and among the habitats, whereas the observer by habitat interaction was not significant. For every combination of observer and cotton growth category, a Poisson regression model estimated the mean rate of TPB numbers. These means were similar to the corresponding modes of the complete enumeration distributions. The two non-standard methods showed that TPB numbers differed by habitat categories even though there were samples with a zero count, whereas a correlation analysis failed to identify a relationship between TPB sample counts and unsupervized habitat classes.

Comparison of Direct and Indirect Sampling Methods for Tarnished Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) in Flowering Cotton

A complex of hemipterans, especially the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) (Hemiptera: Miridae), has become a major target of insecticides in flowering cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., in the mid-southern United States. Sampling protocols for this complex during this period of cotton development are poorly established, resulting in uncertainty about when infestations warrant treatment. Nine direct and indirect sampling methods were evaluated for bias, precision, and efficiency in cotton throughout the Mid-South during 2005 and 2006. The tarnished plant bug represented 94% of the bug complex in both years. Sweep-net and black drop-cloth methods were more efficient than other direct sampling methods, but they were biased toward adults and nymphs, respectively. Sampling dirty blooms was the most efficient indirect sampling method. The sweep-net, whole-plant, and dirty-bloom methods were more accurate than the other sampling methods evaluated based on correlations with other sampling methods. Variability attributed to the person collecting the sample was significant for all sampling methods, but least significant for the dirty-square method. Further research is needed to establish thresholds based on sweep-net, drop-cloth, dirty-square, and dirty-bloom sampling methods as these methods provide the best combinations of accuracy and efficiency for sampling tarnished plant bugs in cotton.

Comparison of Direct and Indirect Sampling Methods for Tarnished Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) in Flowering Cotton

A complex of hemipterans, especially the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) (Hemiptera: Miridae), has become a major target of insecticides in flowering cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., in the mid-southern United States. Sampling protocols for this complex during this period of cotton development are poorly established, resulting in uncertainty about when infestations warrant treatment. Nine direct and indirect sampling methods were evaluated for bias, precision, and efficiency in cotton throughout the Mid-South during 2005 and 2006. The tarnished plant bug represented 94% of the bug complex in both years. Sweep-net and black drop-cloth methods were more efficient than other direct sampling methods, but they were biased toward adults and nymphs, respectively. Sampling dirty blooms was the most efficient indirect sampling method. The sweep-net, whole-plant, and dirty-bloom methods were more accurate than the other sampling methods evaluated based on correlations with other sampling methods. Variability attributed to the person collecting the sample was significant for all sampling methods, but least significant for the dirty-square method. Further research is needed to establish thresholds based on sweep-net, drop-cloth, dirty-square, and dirty-bloom sampling methods as these methods provide the best combinations of accuracy and efficiency for sampling tarnished plant bugs in cotton.

Efficacy of Chlorpyrifos-Methvl to Control Tarnished Plant Bug in Cotton, 1996

Abstract Cotton was planted 9 May on the Cotton Branch Experiment Station in Marianna, AR in 8 row (38 inch centers) wide plots 70 ft long with 10 ft alleys and separated by a 6.5 ft buffer planted in mustard. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 3 replications. Insecticides were applied 10 Jul using a 8-row CO2 charged hi-boy sprayer calibrated to deliver 10.5 gpa at 30 psi with TJ-60 8002 nozzles on 19 inch spacing. Prior to application, TPB were collected using sweep nets in blooming mustard. The collected TPB were placed in 15 ml plastic vials (5 insects per vial) on ice. Three organdy sleeve cages, 6 inches diam by 18 inches long, were secured to randomly selected individual plants in the center 2 rows by tying the lower end of each cage around the plant ca 1 ft from the terminal with twist ties. The cages were rolled down to the tie and covered with aluminum foil leaving plant terminals exposed. Following treatments, the foil was removed, the cage pulled up, and 5 TPB nymphs (3 to 5th instar) were placed into each cage. Cage tops were secured with twist ties. After 72 h plants were cut below the cage and taken to the laboratory where TPB mortality was determined. Mortality data were analyzed with AOV, and means separated with LSD.

Persistence of Mycotrol Wp9504 (Beauver1A Bassiana) and Provado (Imidacloprid) to Control Tarnished Plant Bug in Cotton, 1996

Abstract The persistence of Mycotrol and Provado alone and in combination to kill TBP caged on cotton plants was studied. Cotton was planted 20 May on the UA Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Fayetteville, AR. Adult TPB were collected 16 Jul from flowering mustard planted in cotton at the UA Cotton Branch Experiment Station, Marianna, AR and transported to Fayetteville, AR. Nylon tulle (1 mm2 mesh) sleeve cages 3 ft long by 1 ft diameter were placed over the first 6 terminal nodes of flowering cotton plants in plots 30 ft long by 1 row in width. Cages were separated across rows by 3 rows and within rows by 10 ft. A RCB design was used with 4 blocks and 3 cages per treatment within a block with 5 TPB per cage. Treatments were applied 17 Jul at 15 gpa with 0.04% Kinetic solution as carrier using a CO2 powered backpack sprayer at 35 psi with Twin Jet 8002 VS nozzles. The check was 0.04% Kinetic solution. Additional replicates were placed in the field 12, 24, and 48 h after spray. 72 h from first exposure, TBP were collected. Live TPB were placed in individual 30 ml plastic cups with a 2.5 cm piece of fresh green been and monitored for mortality 3, 5, and 7 DAT. Dead TBP were placed in sporulation chambers (9 cm Petri dishes with moist filter paper), sealed with Parafilm and examined after 1 week to assess mycoses. ANOVA and mean separation by LSD (P = 0.05) were performed using the arcsine/square root of the proportion dead from each cage.

Control of Tarnished Plant Bugs in Cotton with Selected Insecticides, 1995

Abstract Six insecticide treatments were evaluated against tarnished plant bugs in cotton at the Macon Ridge Location of the Northeast Research Station. Cottonseed was planted 1 May in 4 rows (40 inch centers) X 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied on 7 Jul with a high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 6 gpa through TeeJet TX-8 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 46 psi. Treatments were evaluated 3, 5, and 7 DAT by sampling the plots with a standard 15 inch diam sweep net. Also, to estimate actual mortality values for the treatments, field-collected tarnished plant bug adults were caged on 5 plants within each plot at 4 DAT. Five adults were introduced into a small nylon mesh cage which was placed over the plant terminal. Mortality of caged tarnished plant bugs was recorded 2 d after infestation (6 DAT). No rainfall was recorded during the test. Data were analyzed with ANOVA, and means were separated according to DMRT.

Efficacy of Chlorpyrifos-Methyl to Control Tarnished Plant Bug in Cotton, 1995

Abstract Two trials to evaluate the efficacy of chlorpyrifos-mefhyl to control TPB were conducted in cotton planted 17 May on the UA Cotton Branch Experiment Station in Marianna, AR. The 8 row (38 inch centers) X 50 ft plots were separated by 2 rows of buffer zone. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 3 replications. In Trial I insecticides were applied 21 Jul using a 2-row, CO2-charged back pack sprayer calibrated to deliver 10 gpa at 20 psi with 1, TX6 nozzle per row. In Trial II insecticides were applied 4 Aug using a 4-row CO2-charged back pack sprayer calibrated to deliver 13 gpa at 20 psi with 1, TJ-60 8002vs nozzle per row. For each study, 3 organdy sleeve cages, 9 inches diam by 22 inches long, had been secured to individual plants in each plot by tying the lower end of each cage around the plant ca 1 ft from the terminal with twist ties. The cages were rolled down to the tie and covered with aluminum foil. Following application the foil was removed, the cage pulled up, and 5 TPB were placed into each cage. Cage tops were secured with twist ties. Insects had been collected by sweep net on blooming mustard immediately prior to testing and held in 15 ml plastic vials (5/vial) on ice. After 72 hr, plants were cut below the cage and taken to the laboratory where TPB mortality was determined.

Efficacy of Fipronil and Provado Against Tarnished Plant Bugs in Cotton, 1994

Abstract A test was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Fipronil, Provado and Vydate (standard) against a heavy infestation of TPB during Aug at the USDA Southern Insect Management Laboratory, Stoneville, MS. Cotton was planted on 25 May. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications of 16 rows X 80 ft plots. Natural infestations were allowed to infest plots. Treatments were applied on 11 and 17 Aug with a John Deere high clearance sprayer with a CO2 charged delivery system calibrated to deliver 6 gpa at 40 psi through 2, TX-6 nozzles equally spaced per row. Treatments were sampled on 15 Aug and 19 Aug with a standard 15 inch diam sweep net by counting the combined populations of adults and nymphs in a 25-sweep sample/plot.

Control of Boll Weevil and Tarnished Plant Bug in Cotton with Selected Insecticides, 1995

Abstract The efficacy of 3 methyl parathion formulations were evaluated against BW and TPB in non-irrigated cotton planted 10 May. Plots consisted of 4 rows (40 inch centers) X 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied on 3, 7, 10, 12, 17, and 20 Jul. Applications were made with a high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 6 gpa through Teejet TX-8 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 46 psi. Treatment efficacy against BW was evaluated by examining 50 cotton squares (flower buds) per plot 2-4 DAT for evidence of damage. Treatments were evaluated for TPB efficacy by sampling the two center rows with a standard 15 inch diam sweep net and recording the number of adults and nymphs in a 40 sweep sample/ plot on 10 Jul. The test area received 1.1, 5.4, 0.04, 0.15, 0.29, 2.16 and 0.57 inches rainfall on 5, 6, 10, 14, 15, 19 and 21 Jul, respectively. Data were analyzed with ANOVA, and means were separated according to DMRT.

Efficacy of Selected Insecticides Against Tarnished Plant Bugs, 1995

Abstract Ten insecticide treatments were evaluated for efficacy against tarnished plant bugs in cotton at the Macon Ridge Location of the Northeast Research Station near Winnsboro, LA. Cottonseed was planted 1 May in 4 row plots (40 inch centers) X 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied on 24 Jul with a high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 6 gpa through TeeJet TX-8 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 46 psi. Treatments were evaluated 3 and 7 DAT with a standard 15 inch diam sweep net by counting both tarnished plant bug adults and nymphs in a 10 sweep sample/plot. No rainfall was recorded during the test. Data were analyzed with ANOVA, and means were separated according to DMRT.