Cr Target Research Articles

Design of a multi-carrier X-ray source for communication with energy modulation information.

X-ray communication is a kind of space communication technology which uses X-ray as information carrier. In order to improve the information transmission capacity, communication rate and anti-interference ability of X-ray communication, we proposes to design a novel multi-target X-ray source. The source is composed of a fast switching module of light channels based on FPGA technology and four photoelectric X-ray tubes with different target materials: Cr, Fe, Ni, and Cu. Using Geant4 software, we determined the optimal target thickness for each material, which enabled us to fully leverage the characteristic X-rays for multi-channel signal modulation transmission. Moreover, using CST software for particle trajectory simulation and optimization of the electron beam revealed that at a tube voltage of 20 kV, the focus area measures approximately 1.2 mm×1.2 mm. The simulations show that four kinds of spectra with high distinctiveness can be generated from the Cr, Fe, Ni, and Cu targets. Within a single modulation period, these spectra can be combined in various ways to create 16 different X-ray spectra signals, thereby increasing the number of communication elements and enhancing the information transmission rate.

Effects of pulse time offset between Cr and Zr dual cathodes in closed-magnetic-field unipolar high-power impulse magnetron sputtering

Two cathode (target) materials, Cr and Zr, were paired in a closed-field magnetron dual-cathode configuration and used in unipolar high-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS). Two pulse widths (pulse-on durations) and various pulse-time offsets between the negative-voltage pulses of the Cr and Zr targets were investigated by setting the synchronization delay between the HiPIMS power supplies of the two targets at two different Ar pressures. Several trends were observed by analyzing the waveforms of the target discharge current, target discharge voltage, and substrate current. The closed-magnetic-field dual-cathode configuration significantly enhanced the HiPIMS discharge efficiency of the Zr target at all pressures; however, the enhancement for the Cr target was considerably lower. The ion fluxes toward the substrate were influenced by two competing mechanisms. The charged species generated from the previous pulse on one target could be attracted by the subsequent pulse of the adjacent target as a preionized medium to enhance the HiPIMS discharge. However, the fraction of the previously emitted ion flux toward the substrate could be reduced. When a shorter pulse width of 70 μs was applied, the ion flux that reached the substrate was mainly affected by the pulse power of the Zr target, and delaying the pulses of the Cr target with a relatively lower ion yield can achieve a higher ion flux toward the substrate. Increasing the pulse width significantly increased ion fluxes emitted from both the Cr and Zr targets, increasing the total ion flux toward the substrate. The study indicates that for the Cr and Zr dual cathode pair, a pulse time offset of one pulse width plus more than approximately 200 μs would be the most efficient way to obtain the highest ion fluxes toward the substrate and achieve a better film quality.

Simultaneously realizing reversal of piezoelectric coefficient and enhancement of piezoresponse by chromium-doping in aluminum nitride films

Polarity inversion is an interesting phenomenon in non-centrosymmetric wurtzite-structured aluminum nitride (AlN), which offers an important platform to establish acoustic devices with heteropolar junctions. However, previous studies showed that switching polarity generally resulted in only reversing the piezoelectric coefficient (d33) in AlN films. Here, we discovered that appropriate Cr-doping would not only allow to reverse d33 but also improve piezoelectric response in the c-axis oriented AlN films by co-sputtering dual targets of Cr and Al. Specifically, the d33 was reversed from +2.6 pC/N for the undoped AlN to −2.6 pC/N for the 6.2 at. % Cr-doped CrxAl(1−x)N films. As the Cr-doping ratio increased to 9.3 at. %, d33 was −7.0 pC/N, which was 1.7 times higher than that of the undoped AlN films. Independent PFM phase image measurement offered further evidence of the polarity inversion by comparing the undoped and 9.3 at. % Cr-doped CrxAl(1−x)N films. This work offers a simple doping strategy that allows for simultaneous reversal of piezoelectric coefficient and enhancement of piezoresponse. As a result, it establishes a promising foundation for the design and development of acoustic wave devices featuring heteropolar junctions.

Effect of silicon content on the corrosion behaviors of CrAlSiN thin films deposited by magnetron co-sputtering

One CrAlN and four CrAlSiN thin films containing 0.8–7.3 at. % Si were grown by a magnetron co-sputtering process using pure Cr, Al, and Si targets. The microstructure of the CrAlSiN coating changed from a coarse columnar structure to a dense and compact morphology as Si content increased from 0.8 to 7.3 at. % due to the formation of more amounts of amorphous silicon nitride phase to block the growth of columnar grains. Pitting corrosion was the main corrosion failure mechanism for each coating. According to the potentiodynamic polarization test, the lowest corrosion current density, the highest pitting potential, and the widest passivation range were obtained on the 7.3 at. % Si contained CrAlSiN coating. After the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study of CrAlN and CrAlSiN thin films in 3.5 wt. % NaCl aqueous solution for 100 h immersion, the corrosion resistance of CrAlSiN thin films was 14 times higher than the CrAlN film due to its fine nanocolumnar microstructure to effectively retard the attack of corrosive electrolyte through the defects of coating.

Characterization of reactively sputter deposited CuCrO2 thin films using Cu and Cr targets

XRD diffractograms of films deposited at varying copper powers and annealed at 800 °C.

Effect of Cr addition on oxidation and tribological properties of MoB2-z films by magnetron sputtering

Molybdenum diboride films are anticipated to be used in cutting applications as a potential replacement for nitride coatings due to their high hardness and good high-temperature stability. However, the films undergo severe oxidation at 600 °C, which does not guarantee good wear resistance. The addition of Cr element is chosen to improve the film's oxidation resistance, which in turn improves the film's friction and wear performance at higher temperatures. The Mo-Cr-B films were prepared by magnetron sputtering by changing Cr target current. The oxidation properties of the films at 600 °C and the tribological performance and the wear mechanism at 25 °C, 400 °C and 600 °C were investigated. The results reveal that the MoB2-z film and Cr-alloyed MoB2-z films have higher hardness (>30 Gpa). And the Mo0.67Cr0.33B2-z film and Mo0.51Cr0.49B2-z film exhibit much greater oxidation resistance at 600 °C than do MoB2-z film and Mo0.79Cr0.21B2-z film. The Mo0.67Cr0.33B2-z film demonstrates good wear resistance at 25 °C, 400 °C and 600 °C. Especially at 600 °C, the Mo0.67Cr0.33B2-z film clearly outperforms the MoB2-z film in terms of wear resistance.

Investigation of the corrosion behavior of AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy in 0.5 M sulfuric acid solution using hard and soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Recently, high-entropy alloys (HEAs) have demonstrated excellent properties, such as high yield strength, better ductility, and great corrosion resistance, which breaks the conventional alloy design strategy. We investigate the corrosion behavior of AlCoCrFeNi HEAs in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution under ambient conditions using soft and hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for surface/bulk (∼5 nm and > 10 nm) analysis. The composition information of the surface and bulk can be achieved and compared via a switchable target system, where the Al (Kα, 1486.6 eV) and Cr (Kα, 5414.8 eV) targets produced X-rays for regular XPS and hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) as the detection source, respectively. The HAXPES provides a precise composition study in the bulk region without the interference of Auger electron signals caused by neighboring transition metals. The dissolution of metallic ions in H2SO4 solution were collected by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS) and compared with the XPS-HAXPES analysis. The Al and Cr compounds redeposited to the HEA surface, while Fe, Co, and Ni kept dissolving into the acidic solution. It is speculated that the dissolution of Fe, Ni, and especially Co could slow the rate of dissolution of Cr. The passivation layer formed by Cr hydroxide/oxide could thus protect the HEA from further corrosion. Al easily leached before the formation of the Cr passivation layer, however, Al compounds still became the main species on the surface of the HEA. Moreover, our findings examined by the novel analysis technique may provide a new paradigm for the quantification study of HEAs.

Target Design in SEM-Based Nano-CT and Its Influence on X-ray Imaging.

Nano-computed tomography (nano-CT) based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is utilized for multimodal material characterization in one instrument. Since SEM-based CT uses geometrical magnification, X-ray targets can be adapted without any further changes to the system. This allows for designing targets with varying geometry and chemical composition to influence the X-ray focal spot, intensity and energy distribution with the aim to enhance the image quality. In this paper, three different target geometries with a varying volume are presented: bulk, foil and needle target. Based on the analyzed electron beam properties and X-ray beam path, the influence of the different target designs on X-ray imaging is investigated. With the obtained information, three targets for different applications are recommended. A platinum (Pt) bulk target tilted by 25° as an optimal combination of high photon flux and spatial resolution is used for fast CT scans and the investigation of high-absorbing or large sample volumes. To image low-absorbing materials, e.g., polymers or organic materials, a target material with a characteristic line energy right above the detector energy threshold is recommended. In the case of the observed system, we used a 30° tilted chromium (Cr) target, leading to a higher image contrast. To reach a maximum spatial resolution of about 100 nm, we recommend a tungsten (W) needle target with a tip diameter of about 100 nm.

The influence of pulse duration and duty cycle on the energy flux to the substrate in high power impulse magnetron sputtering

The paper focuses on measurements of the total energy flux and normalized energy flux onto the substrate during high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) in a wide range of the pulse duration and discharge current. Al, Cr and Ti targets with a diameter 76 mm are used for sputtering. HiPIMS parameters include 1 kW discharge power, 15 to 150 А discharge current, 0.4–10 kHz pulse frequency, and 5–100 μs pulse duration. It is shown that the use of short pulses leads to ∼40 and 70% growth in the total energy flux onto floating and biased (−100 V) substrates, respectively. The energy per unit volume of the deposited coating increases by several times, if the pulse duration and the duty cycle are reduced. The paper examines reasons for the increased total and normalized energy fluxes onto the substrate observed after the pulse parameter modulation in the sputtering process.

Effect of annealing treatment in the mechanical proprty of chromium carbides films

Applications of thin film technology have grown quickly, including thermal insulation, cuttingtools, solar cells, protection against oxidation and corrosion, and microelectronics. The use ofthermoelectric thin films, which have several advantages over bulky sensors (such as sensors of: heat flow,radiation, pressure, electric power, and thermocouples), is widespread. Chromium carbides are widelyattracted for industrial applications by their good hardness, high chemical stability, and toughness. Thepresence of carbon in the composition of chromium metal improves the hardness and the wear resistanceby lubricating effect. In this work, the chromium carbides films deposited from pure Cr target by the PVDmethod on steel substrates are developed and characterized. In this study, the samples are annealed undervacuum in a temperature range between 800 and 1000 °C. The improvement of the mechanical property ofthin Cr films is due in particular to the fact that the hardness and wear obtained in this temperature rangeare very important. The increase in hardness is attributed to the formation of hard binary Chromiumcarbides. However, its decrease was related with the diffusion of iron and the transformation of binarychromium carbides to ternary carbides at higher annealing temperatures.

A comprehensive performance study of NiCrCN coated 316L stainless steel as bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cell

NiCrCN coatings are deposited on the surfaces of 316 L stainless steel (SS316L) substrates via closed field unbalanced magnetron sputtering ion plating (CFUMSIP) to improve the corrosion resistance and electrical conductivity of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) bipolar plates. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results show that CrN, Cr2N, Ni, and Cr7C3 phases exist in NiCrCN coatings. As the Cr target current grows from 2 A to 6 A, the Cr7C3 content in the carbon compounds increases from 3.39% to 11.46%, and the interfacial contact resistance (ICR) value is reduced from 18.0 mΩ cm2 to 11.2 mΩ cm2. When the Cr target current reaches 4 A, the NiCrCN coating shows the most intensive cross-sectional growth pattern by cold-field scanning electron microscopy (CFSEM) results, and the current density after prolonged polarization (0.11 μA cm−2) is much lower than that of SS316L (1.86 μA cm−2).

Effects of Ag-doped Content on Antimicrobial Activity and Substrate Color of Chromium Thin Films Deposited by DC Magnetron Sputtering

Silver ions (Ag+) show promise as excellent antimicrobial agents to inhibit microbial growth on high-touch surfaces. In this study, Ag-doped Cr films were deposited using a DC magnetron sputtering system from a mosaic target. The Cr-Ag mosaic target was a 0.125-inch-thick Cr base (99.95% pure) with different diameters of Ag circle sheets mounted on the Cr target. The sputtering condition was kept at a DC power of 100W, working pressure of 8.3x10-3 mbar with Ar as the sputtering gas, and sputtering times of 15 and 30 min. The antimicrobial activity and efficiency were determined by standard testing (JIS Z 2801: 2000). The antibacterial performance was calculated from the antibacterial inhibition of the Ag-doped Cr films in bacterial solution (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) after 24 h. The results showed that the Ag content was between 0.27 at% and 6.11 at% depending on the diameter of Ag and the deposition time. The minimum Ag content of 4.05 at% had an inhibition efficiency of 99.98% (E. coli) and 96.33% (S. aureus). The contact angle testing of Ag-doped Cr films showed hydrophobic behavior with the angle greater than 90 degrees. The optical color of the Ag-doped films was characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy (CIE testing). The film colors were significantly changed by the addition of Ag into the Cr films. The total color difference (DE) increased by 3-10 units compared to the reference chromium film and the Ag doping mainly affected +L* (Lightness). Keywords: sputtering PVD; antibacterial agent; silver; mosaic target; ROS; gram-negative; gram-positive; CIE-L*ab *Corresponding author: Tel.: (+66)934598942 E-mail: 62609006@kmitl.ac.th

High-Temperature Oxidation Behaviour of CrSi Coatings on 316 Austenitic Stainless Steel.

In this study, a closed-field unbalanced magnetron sputtering system, which is environmentally friendly and has high deposition efficiency, was used to deposit CrSi coatings on 316 austenitic stainless steel. This system utilised separate Cr and Si targets, and the appropriate content of Cr and Si of the coatings was adjusted by changing the currents applied to the targets. A series of CrSi coatings with different Si/Cr ratios were produced, and their oxidation behaviour at elevated temperatures was investigated. By analysing the weight gain, surface morphology and microstructure, composition and phase constituents, the oxidation behaviour at 600 °C, 700 °C and 800 °C was investigated and the optimized coating to protect the stainless steel has been identified. The outcome of the research indicated that a small amount of Si (between 4-7 at.%) in Cr coatings is effective in protecting the austenitic stainless steel against oxidation at high temperatures, while a high Si content (around 10 at.% or more) makes the coating more brittle and prone to cracking or delamination during oxidation at 800 °C.

Mitochondrial ATP synthase as a direct molecular target of chromium(III) to ameliorate hyperglycaemia stress

Chromium(III) is extensively used as a supplement for muscle development and the treatment of diabetes mellitus. However, its mode of action, essentiality, and physiological/pharmacological effects have been a subject of scientific debate for over half a century owing to the failure in identifying the molecular targets of Cr(III). Herein, by integrating fluorescence imaging with a proteomic approach, we visualized the Cr(III) proteome being mainly localized in the mitochondria, and subsequently identified and validated eight Cr(III)-binding proteins, which are predominately associated with ATP synthesis. We show that Cr(III) binds to ATP synthase at its beta subunit via the catalytic residues of Thr213/Glu242 and the nucleotide in the active site. Such a binding suppresses ATP synthase activity, leading to the activation of AMPK, improving glucose metabolism, and rescuing mitochondria from hyperglycaemia-induced fragmentation. The mode of action of Cr(III) in cells also holds true in type II diabetic male mice. Through this study, we resolve the long-standing question of how Cr(III) ameliorates hyperglycaemia stress at the molecular level, opening a new horizon for further exploration of the pharmacological effects of Cr(III).

Improvement in Corrosion Resistance and Interfacial Contact Resistance Properties of 316L Stainless Steel by Coating with Cr, Ti Co-Doped Amorphous Carbon Films in the Environment of the PEMFCs.

In order to obtain films with high corrosion resistance and excellent interfacial contact resistance (ICR) on 316L stainless steel used for bipolar plates in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), Cr, Ti co-doped amorphous carbon films were prepared on 316L stainless steel. The preparation method for the coating was magnetron sputtering. The doping amount of the Ti element was controlled by a Cr target and a Ti target current. The change in the structure and properties of the coating after the change from Cr single-element doping to Cr and Ti co-doping was studied. The change rule of the structure and properties of the coating from Cr single-element doping to Cr and Ti co-doping was studied. An increase in the Ti content led to a decreased grain boundary, a flatter surface, and a higher sp2-hybridized carbon content. TiC and CrC nanocrystals were formed in the amorphous carbon structure together. The amorphous carbon films doped with Cr and Ti simultaneously achieved a low ICR and high corrosion resistance compared with single-Cr-doped amorphous carbon. The enhanced corrosion resistance was attributed to the decreasing grain boundary, the formation of the TiC crystal structure, and the smaller grain size. The best performance was obtained at a Ti target current of 2A. Compared with bare 316L stainless steel, the corrosion resistance of Cr, Ti co-doped amorphous carbon (Icorr = 5.7 × 10-8 A/cm2, Ti-2 sample) was greatly improved. Because Ti doping increased the content of sp2-hybridized carbon in the coating, the contact resistance of the coating decreased. Moreover, the interfacial contact resistance was 3.1 mΩ·cm2 in the Ti-2 sample, much lower than that of bare 316L stainless steel. After the potentiostatic polarization test, the coating still had excellent conductivity.

Mechanical properties, electrochemical performance and interfacial contact resistance of as-deposited and annealed NbxAlyC and CrxAlyC coatings on stainless steel 316L substrates

NbxAlyC and CrxAlyC coatings (where x is the Nb or Cr target current and y is the Al target current) were deposited on stainless steel 316L substrates using a radio frequency unbalanced magnetron sputtering system. The sputtered NbxAlyC and CrxAlyC coatings were vacuum annealed at 800°C and 750°C for 1 h, respectively. The cross-sectional and surface morphologies of the as-deposited coatings showed a columnar structure and a loose surface, respectively. The X-ray diffraction results showed that the annealed NbxAlyC and CrxAlyC coatings contained Nb2AlC and Cr2AlC MAX crystalline phases, respectively, The MAX crystalline phase improved the hardness, corrosion resistance, and electrical conductivity of the coatings. The annealed coatings also formed an Al2O3 layer with a small cluster size and a dense surface, which significantly improved the corrosion resistance compared to that of the as-deposited coatings. The electrochemical test results showed that the corrosion current density (Icorr) and interfacial contact resistance (ICR) values of all the annealed coatings were lower than those of the as-deposited coatings and were consistent with the standard for the bipolar plates in commercial proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Among all the coatings, the annealed Nb2.5Al0.5C-H coating showed the lowest Icorr and ICR values.

Natural and enriched Cr target development for production of Manganese-52

52Mn is a promising PET radiometal with a half-life of 5.6 days and an average positron energy of 242 keV. Typically, chromium of natural isotope abundance is used as a target material to produce this isotope through the nat/52Cr(p,n)52Mn reaction. While natural Cr is a suitable target material, higher purity 52Mn could be produced by transitioning to enriched 52Cr targets to prevent the co-production of long-lived 54Mn (t1/2 = 312 day). Unfortunately, 52Cr targets are not cost-effective without recycling processes in place, therefore, this work aims to explore routes to prepare Cr targets that could be recycled. Natural Cr foils, metal powder pellets, enriched chromium-52 oxide and Cr(III) electroplated targets were investigated in this work. Each of these cyclotron targets were irradiated, and the produced 52Mn was purified, when possible, using a semi-automated system. An improved purification by solid-phase anion exchange from ethanol-HCl mixtures resulted in recoveries of 94.5 ± 2.2% of 52Mn. The most promising target configuration to produce a recyclable target was electroplated Cr(III). This work presents several pathways to optimize enriched Cr targets for the production of high purity 52Mn.

Mechanism of crocin I on ANIT-induced intrahepatic cholestasis by combined metabolomics and transcriptomics.

Background: Intrahepatic cholestasis (IC) is a disorder of bile production, secretion, and excretion with various causes. Crocin I (CR) is effective in the treatment of IC, but its underlying mechanisms need to be further explored. We aimed to reveal the therapeutic mechanism of crocin I for IC by combining an integrated strategy of metabolomics and transcriptomics. Methods: The hepatoprotective effect of CR against cholestasis liver injury induced by α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) was evaluated in rats. The serum biochemical indices, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bile acid (TBA), total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin 1β (IL-1β), as well as the liver oxidative stress indexes and the pathological characteristics of the liver were analyzed. In addition, we also performed a serum metabolomics study using UPLC-Q Exactive HF-X technology to investigate the effect of CR on the serum of rats with ANIT-induced IC and screened potential biomarkers. The enrichment analysis of differential expressed genes (DEGs) was performed by transcriptomics. Finally, the regulatory targets of CR on potential biomarkers were obtained by combined analysis, and the relevant key targets were verified by western blotting. Results: CR improved serum and liver homogenate indexes and alleviated liver histological injury. Compared with ANIT group, the CR group had 76 differential metabolites, and 10 metabolic pathways were enriched. There were 473 DEGs significantly changed after CR treatment, most of which were enriched in the retinol metabolism, calcium signaling pathway, PPAR signaling pathway, circadian rhythm, chemokine signaling pathway, arachidonic acid metabolism, bile secretion, primary bile acid biosynthesis, and other pathways. By constructing the "compound-reaction-enzyme-gene" interaction network, three potential key-target regulation biomarkers were obtained, including 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR), ATP-binding cassette transporter G5 (ABCG5), and sulfotransferase2A1(SULT2A1), which were further verified by western blotting. Compared with the ANIT group, the CR group significantly increased the expression of ABCG5 and SULT2A1, and the expression of HMGCR significantly decreased. Conclusion: Combined metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses show that CR has a therapeutic effect on IC through regulation of the biosynthesis of bile acids and bilirubin in the bile secretion pathway and regulation of the expression of HMGCR, ABCG5, and SULT2A1.

Mechanisms of chromate carcinogenesis by chromatin alterations.

In a dynamic environment, organisms must constantly mount an adaptive response to new environmental conditions in order to survive. Novel patterns of gene expression, driven by attendant changes in chromatin architecture, aid in adaptation and survival. Critical mechanisms in the control of gene transcription govern new spatiotemporal chromatin-chromatin interactions that make regulatory DNA elements accessible to the transcription factors that control the response. Consequently, agents that disrupt chromatin structure are likely to have a direct impact on the transcriptional programs of cells and organisms and to drive alterations in fundamental physiological processes. In this regard, hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is of special interest because it interacts directly with cellular proteins, DNA, and other macromolecules, and is likely to upset cell functions that may cause generalized damage to the organism. Here, we will highlight chromium-mediated mechanisms that disrupt chromatin architecture and discuss how these mechanisms are integral to its carcinogenic properties. Emerging evidence indicates that Cr(VI) targets euchromatin, particularly in genomic locations flanking the binding sites of the essential transcription factors CTCF and AP1, and, in so doing, they disrupt nucleosomal architecture. Ultimately, the ensuing changes, if occurring in critical regulatory domains, may establish a new chromatin state, either toxic or adaptive, that will be governed by the corresponding gene transcription changes in key biological processes associated with that state.

Heavy Chromium metal determination concentration in cheese

The concentration of the heavy element Chromium in cheese samples was investigated using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. 72 random samples from six country groups (Iran, Iraq, Egypt, Turkey, Hungary, and Saudi Arabia) available in Iraqi markets were collected. Cr concentration rates in cheese samples were discovered. The non- carcinogenic risk parameters for health from the accumulation of Cr, such as daily Cr metal intake ( ), the Cr target hazard quotient ( ), and the Cr carcinogenic risk ( ) were revealed. The highest average Cr metal level in the samples was found in Saudi Arabia cheese, while the lowest was in Iraqi once. The descending Cr order of the countries was Saudi Arabia> Hungary> Egypt> Iran> Turkey> Iraq, according to the T-test confirmation. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk parameters values were less than the permissible and risk values. Eventually, the health risk parameters revealed that there are no pose risks from those cheeses to Iraqi consumers.