Tarantula Cubensis Extract Research Articles

The Role of Tarantula cubensis Extract in Homeopathic Treatment

Homeopathy is a method that offers natural, side-effect-free, complementary, and long-lasting treatment. The primary objective of homeopathy is to enhance the body's self-healing abilities by providing it with the necessary energy. Homeopathic remedies are derived from natural substances and administered through natural methods. These natural ingredients include animal tissues, plants, minerals, natural secretions, and disease secretions. Tarantula cubensis (T. cubensis) is a commonly used source of animal-derived materials. T. cubensis extract promotes blood circulation and absorption in veterinary medicine for conditions like foot bruises, ulcers, abscesses, and various inflammatory and necrotic cases, leading to rapid recovery with a single dose. This review discusses information about homeopathy, its principles, and the role of T. cubensis extract in veterinary medicine.

Investigation of the in vitro and in vivo therapeutic activity of Tarantula cubensis extract (Theranekron®) on Leishmania major.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a vector-borne parasitic disease caused by several species of the protozoan parasite Leishmania. The need for new anti-leishmanial drugs for the treatment of CL is highlighted by factors such as high cost, toxicity, potential for resistance and limited long-term use of existing anti-leishmanial drugs. The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of Tarantula cubensis alcoholic extract (TCE), which has been shown to have wound-healing, anti-inflammatory, regenerative, resolving and epithelialising effects, on L. major promastigotes in vitro and in vivo in an experimental mouse model of CL. The effect of TCE on L. major promastigotes in vitro was investigated after determination of non-cytotoxic concentrations of TCE using the XTT method. To establish a CL model, L. major amastigotes were injected into the paws of BALB/c mice. Lesion size and histopathological evaluation were used to assess the effect of treatment. TCE was found to be effective against L. major promastigotes at 24 h and 48 h at concentrations of 250 μg/mL, 125 μg/mL and 62.5 μg/mL (P<0.05). TCE was found to be more effective than meglumine antimonate in treating CL in the experimentally induced CL model in BALB/c mice. The results suggest that TCE holds promising potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of CL. However, further extensive investigations are required to substantiate and expand understanding in this area.

Evaluating the Efficiency of Various Treatment Methods in Cattle Cutaneous Papillomatosis.

In this study, we compared the effectiveness of various methods used in the treatment of cattle with cutaneous papillomatosis. Ivermectin, Tarantula cubensis extract, levamisole, autovaccine, and a combination of T. cubensis extract + levamisole were administered to the animals. The animals were divided into six equal groups. Animals in the control group (n = 10) did not receive any treatment. The animals in the experimental group were administered Ivermectin [three times a week, n = 10, subcutaneous, (SC)], Tarantula cubensis extract (twice a week, n = 10, SC), autologous vaccine (three times at 10-day intervals, n = 10, SC), levamisole [twice at one-week intervals, n = 10, intramuscular (IM)], and levamisole + Tarantula cubensis extract (concurrently). All animals used in the study were monitored for three months at an interval of 15 days. No regression was detected in the papillomas of the control group animals, but recovery was recorded in animals treated with ivermectin at a rate of 70% (7/10), while it was 60% (6/10) in those treated with T. cubensis extract, 100% (10/10) in those treated with autovaccine, 50% (5/10) in those treated with levamisole, and 90% (9/10) in those treated with the combination of T. cubensis extract + levamisole. Significant differences were found between the control group and all treatment groups. Recovery mostly occurred within 45-60 days (P < 0.05). The five treatment modalities applied for the treatment of bovine cutaneous papillomatosis were statistically evaluated and all methods of treatment were effective at different rates. The most precise and effective treatment method was the autovaccine one.

The Investigation Protective Effect of Tarantula Cubensis Extract in Rats Induced Experimental Gentamicin Nephrotoxicity

Gentamicin (GM), which is used in the treatment of infections caused by gram-negative bacteria, has limited clinical use due to its serious nephrotoxic side effects. Tarantula cubensis extract (TCE) is a homeopathic product that is widely used and proven to be effective in veterinary medicine to benefit from its regeneration, demarcation, antiphlogistic and resorptive effects. The aim of the study was to investigate the possible protective effects of TCE against these negative effects of Gentamicin, which is one of the drugs that trigger the formation of free radicals in the body, in terms of oxidative stress, apoptosis and antioxidant parameters. In this study, rats were divided into four equal groups. Groups; Control, GM, TCE, GM+TCE. Blood and kidney tissue samples were taken 24 hours after the last injection. Urea and creatinine analysis were performed in serum, MDA, SOD and TAS analysis were performed in kidney and serum samples. Bcl-2 and Bax analyzes and histopathological evaluations were performed in the kidney tissue. An increase in MDA, creatinine and urea levels, and a decrease in TAS and SOD levels were observed in the GM group compared to the control group. On the other hand, in the GM+TCE group, a decrease was observed in increasing parameters compared to the GM group, and an increase in TAS and SOD levels was observed. In the histopathological and immunohistochemical examination of kidney tissue, it was determined that pathological disorders and increased apoptosis (decrease in Bcl-2, increase in Bax) in the GM group decreased with TCE application. In conclusion, in the light of the data in this study, we believe that high-dose gentamicin causes side effects in the kidneys, while TCE may have antioxidant, antiapoptotic, protective and curative effects. However, additional studies are needed to confirm this assumption.

Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Effects of Tarantula cubensis Extract on Mucosal Healing in Rats.

Oral mucosal lesions are a common pathology that impact the quality of life due to pain, inappetence, weight loss, and low productivity. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of Tarantula cubensis extract on wound healing in rats with buccal mucosal lesions. A total of 40 male Wistar albino rats weighing 250-300 g were used in the study. The rats were divided into four equal groups. A 3 mm diameter mucosal defect was created in the buccal mucosa of each rat. Groups one and three (controls) assessed spontaneous healing at 3 and 6 days post trauma, respectively. Groups two and four (treatment) received 0.2 ml T. cubensis extract subcutaneously. Group two was treated for 2 days and assessed at 3 days and group four was treated for 5 days and assessed at 6 days. All rats were euthanatized prior to tissue sample collection. Tissue samples were compared between control and treatment groups using histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Tissue samples taken from the defect areas were immunohistochemically evaluated for cytokeratin and collagen expressions. In both the 3 and 6 day treatment groups, the improvements were statistically different compared to the control groups. T. cubensis extract was found to increase cytokeratin and collagen in both epithelial and connective tissue and to have a significant healing effect on mucosa on both gross and microscopic findings.

The effects of tarantula cubensis extract on renal ischemia reperfusion injury in rats.

Renal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) related acute kidney injury (AKI) is an important health problem and has not yet been fully treated. Tarantula cubensis extract (TCE) is a homeopathic drug that has antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects. This study aimed to investigate the effects of TCE on renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. This study was carried out on 48 Spraque-Dawley male rats, which were divided into six groups. The first, second, and third groups were control, sham, and IR groups, respectively. Group four received IR and 0.2 mL of 96% ethanol. Group five and six received ischemia and reperfusion and TCE 0.01 and 0.1 mg per rat (which correspond to approximately 0.04 mg/kg, and 0.4 mg/kg), respectively. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), total antioxidant status (TAS), and total oxidant status (TOS) levels in renal tissue were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Oxidative stress index (OSI) was obtained by proportioning TAS and TOS. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined by manual spectrophotometric methods. The histopathological changes were evaluated via hematoxylineosin and immunohistochemical staining. In IR group, renal tissue TNF-α and IL-1β levels were significantly higher than control group (p < 0.0001 for both), and low(p < 0.0001 for both) and high dose (p < 0.0001 for both) TCE administration decreased these markers. Low and high doses of TCE decreased OSI values compared with IR group (p = 0.04 and p = 0.001 respectively). Although TCE decreased MDA levels, it was not statistically significant. MPO levels significantly decreased. In addition, TCE has been found to prevent hemorrhage, cast formation, and dilatation caused by IR in renal tissues stained with hematoxylin-eosin. And also, the most intense nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) and caspase-3 immunopositivity found in IR group was decreased in both of the TCE groups. Although TCE showed a protective effect by inhibiting inflammation against IR damage in renal tissues, there was no clear effect on oxidative stress. Larger and more detailed studies are needed to clarify the issue.

Investigation of the protective effect of Tarantula cubensis extract on the liver and brain of rats exposed to gentamicin

This study aimed to investigate the possible protective effects ofTarantula cubensisextract (TCE) on the liver and brain of rats exposed to gentamicin (GM). A total of 40 male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into four equal groups: control, TCE, GM, and GM+TCE. Some biochemical indices, apoptotic markers (B-cell lymphoma 2 [Bcl-2] and Bcl-2 associated X protein [Bax]) and histopathological changes were evaluated. In the GM group, serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), total bilirubin, brain and liver tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations increased; albumin, total protein, brain and liver tissue superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentrations and the total antioxidant status (TAS) decreased. Apoptosis induced down-regulation of Bcl-2 and up-regulation of Bax in liver and brain tissues in the GM group. GM-treated animals demonstrated several histopathological changes. TCE administration restored some histopathological changes. Lipid peroxidation and apoptosis decreased, antioxidant defense increased, concentrations of some serum biochemical indices (AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, and total bilirubin) decreased, and albumin and total protein levels increased in the TCE+GM group compared to the GM group. In conclusion, high doses of GM induce adverse effects on liver and brain tissue of rats. It was concluded that TCE administration can improve these adverse effects by reducing lipid peroxidation and apoptosis, improving the antioxidant defense system. TCE can be used to protect against the toxic effect of GM and other chemical agents in the liver and brain in veterinary medicine. However, additional studies are needed to confirm this assumption.

Effect of intravesical tarantula cubensis extract (Theranekron) on inflammation in an interstitial cystitis rat model

To reveal the histopathological and immunological outcomes of intravesical treatment with tarantula cubensis extract (TCE) in a rat model of interstitial cystitis. A total of 30 female Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups: group 1 (control group), group 2 (disease group), and group 3 (treatment group). The rat model of interstitial cystitis was created by biweekly intraperitoneal administration of cyclophosphamide (CYP). In group 3, TCE (a venom extracted from a brown spider known as tarantula cubensis) was administered intravesically after the model had been created. Urothelial degeneration, necrosis, ulcer, bleeding, edema, inflammation and mast cell count, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and hydroxyproline parameters were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance, chi-square tests, and Kruskal-Wallis tests. All parameters were found to be lower in the rats in group 1 than in the other groups, and IL-6 and MPO values were found to be higher in group 2 (p < .001). The mean TNF-alpha value was highest in group 2 (p=.078). No difference was found between all groups regarding ulcer (p=.087). Urothelial degeneration, necrosis, edema, inflammation, hemorrhage and fibroblast proliferations, and hydroxyproline values were higher in group 3 (p < .001). Intravesical TCE instillation produces an anti-inflammatory effect by reducing the levels of inflammatory parameters such as IL-6, TNF-alpha, and MPO in bladder tissue. It also accelerates tissue healing by increasing hydroxyproline and fibroblast proliferation.

Tarantula cubensis Extract Induces Cell Death in Prostate Cancer by Promoting Autophagic Flux/ER Stress Responses and Decreased Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition

Tarantula cubensis Extract Induces Cell Death in Prostate Cancer by Promoting Autophagic Flux/ER Stress Responses and Decreased Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition

Protective Effects of Tarantula Cubensis Extract (Theranecron) and N-acetylcysteine on the Liver in an Experimental Model of Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in Rats

Protective Effects of Tarantula Cubensis Extract (Theranecron) and N-acetylcysteine on the Liver in an Experimental Model of Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in Rats

P05 - The effect of intravesical tarantula cubensis extract on inflamation in interstitial cystitis rat model

P05 - The effect of intravesical tarantula cubensis extract on inflamation in interstitial cystitis rat model

Chemodectoma located in the left atrium in 11 month survival dog with the use of palliative therapy

The aim of this study was to present a clinical case of chemodectoma located in the left atrium in a dog. Chemodectoma is a heart base tumor, neoplasms that occur in the proximity of major blood vessels. A presumptive diagnosis is made based on location and appearance of the tumor in echocardiography examination. In advanced diagnostics computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imagining (MRI) are used. Final diagnosis is made mainly during autopsy based on histopatological examination or less commonly in veterinary medicine on a histopathological examination of the tissue taken during a biopsy or of the entire removed tumor. In literature few methods of treatment are presented, including surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In an 8-year-old male French bulldog a tumor in the left atrium was detected. The tumor filled almost the entire left atrium, additionally pericardial effusion and ascites were observed. For treatment, tarantula cubensis extract (Theranecron) was used. After the introduction of Theranecron the patient felt significantly better. Theranecron may be one of the possibilities of palliative therapy in the case of diagnosing inoperable chemodectoma.

The Effect of Tarantula cubensis Extract on Gentamicin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Ovariectomized Rats

The Effect of Tarantula cubensis Extract on Gentamicin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Ovariectomized Rats

Therapeutic effect of Tarantula cubensis extract on indomethacin induced gastric ulcers in rats

Therapeutic effect of Tarantula cubensis extract on indomethacin induced gastric ulcers in rats

Gastroprotective effect of tarantula cubensis extract in the indomethacin-induced peptic ulcer model in rats

Aim: Gastric ulcers are the most common gastrointestinal disease, due to several factors in the industrialized world. They may also occur after many pharmacological agents, combined with gastroprotective agents such as proton pump inhibitors (PPI) or anti-acids, are used as a preferred approach to maintaining gastrointestinal health. Unexpected adverse effects in these combinations make natural products an important alternative option. Methods: Therefore, the main aim of this study is to investigate one natural compound, the Tarantula cubensis extract (TCE), in the experimental peptic ulcer model which was created by a single administration of indomethacin (40 mg/kg, body weight) to fed state Wistar-albino rats. The animals were pre-treated with two-doses of the TCE (0.2 ml/kg) before the indomethacin administration. After six hours, they were euthanized and the stomach tissue was isolated for biochemical and immunohistochemical analysis. Total antioxidant status/total oxidant status (TAS/TOS), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) levels were determined with ELISA in tissue homogenates. Caspase-3, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), were visualized with immunohistochemistry in intact tissues. Results: Pre-treatment with TCE increased PGE2 levels and decreased total oxidative status (TAS/TOS). Additionally, TCE alleviated the increase of (NF-κB) levels due to the indomethacin administration. Histopathological and immunostaining results showed that TCE mitigated elevated immunoreactivity of the caspase-3, COX-2, iNOS, and TNF-α which were the results of the indomethacin administration. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that pre-TCE treatment ameliorated indomethacin-induced peptic ulcers via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions.

Efficacy of ivermectin and Tarantula cubensis extract in the treatment of bovine teat papillomatosis

Efficacy of ivermectin and Tarantula cubensis extract in the treatment of bovine teat papillomatosis

Effect of Tarantula Cubensis Extract (Theranekron) on Peripheral Nerve Healing in an Experimental Sciatic Nerve Injury Model in Rats.

To investigate the effects of systemic application of Theranekron on peripheral nerve healing after compression type peripheral nerve injury. Twenty-one female Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=7): Control (C), injury (I), and Theranekron (T). The right sciatic nerves of rats in the I and T groups were compressed via an aneurysm clip for 5 minutes and 0.3 ml Theranekron D6 was applied via subcutaneous administration once a week in the T group for a total period of four weeks. Nerve conduction velocity and proximal and distal latency of the rats were measured at the end of day 30. The right sciatic nerves of the rats were then removed and myelin damage grading, axon counting, fibrosis assessment, caspase-3, and NF-kB immunochemical staining were performed. The data were analysed statistically and a p value of less than 0.05 was considered to be significant. Axonal degeneration, vacuolization and myelin destruction were found to be markedly greater in group T. Fibrosis and caspase-3 immunoreactivity were less intense in group T. There was a statistically significant difference in the electrophysiological results of groups I and T. However, there were no statistically significant differences in axon number and NF-kB immunochemical evaluation of groups I and T. The findings of this study show that Theranekron decreases axonal and myelin damage after sciatic nerve injury and that this neuroprotective effect of Theranekron can be attributed to its anti-inflammatory effect on pro-inflammatory cytokine levels.

The effects of Tarantula cubensis venom on open wound healing in rats.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and histopathological effects of two different dosages of alcohol extract of Tarantula cubensis (Theranekron) on open wounds. A total of 24 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into Tarantula cubensis extract (TCE1, n=8) 1/10 diluted, TCE (TCE2, n=8), and (3) vehicle-control (0.2 ml of 96 % ethanol, n=8) groups. Experimental full-thickness 1 x 1cm wounds were created on dorsum skin. TCE or vehicle were given systemically by subcutaneous injections on postoperative days 1 and 4. Wound planimetry and procurement of biopsies was performed on days 4, 8, 12 and 16. The mean non-epithelialised wound area in the vehicle-control group was significantly larger than in the TCE1 group on days 4, 8, 12 and 16, and in the TCE2 group on days 8, 12 and 16 (p<0.05). The mean percentage of wound contraction was significantly higher in the TCE1 and TCE2 groups than in the vehicle control group on days 8, 12 and 16 (p<0.05). Histopathologically, wound healing was characterised by a significant decrease in the neutrophil counts and a significant increase in neovascularisation; neither were effected by TCE. Our results suggest that alcohol extract of Tarantula cubensis accelerates epithelialisation and, thus, has beneficial effects on open wound healing in rats.

Retraction note: Anti-inflammatory and protective investigations on the effects of Theranekron® "an alcoholic extract of the Tarantula cubensis" on wound healing of peritoneal in the rat: an in vivo comparative study.

The present study sought to investigate the effects of Tarantula cubensis extract (TC; Theranekron®) on the histopathological scores of peritoneal wound healing after laparotomy in the rats. This study was designed to investigate the effects of Theranekron on the peritoneal wound healing after wound creation, on days9, 14, 19, 24 and 29 post-injury in rats. Twenty-four mature Wister-albino male rats were randomly divided into two groups. In the experimental group, TC was repeatedly injected subcutaneously (SC) over the lesion 9, 14,19 and 24 days after laparotomy, whereas the control group received only normal saline by subcutaneous injection and then the animal groups were euthanized9, 14, 19, 24, and 29 days after wounding respectively by intravenous injections of pentobarbital (50 mg/kg). Finally, assessment of the peritoneal wound healing between the groups was carried out by histopathologic data and statistical tests as Mann-Whitney U, Wilcoxon W and Z Histopathological examination indicated significant improvement in angiogenesis, re-epithelialization and less inflammatory response in comparison to control and also, revealed matured, compact and parallel deposition of collagen fibrils on day 29. So, at long term, treatment reduced the inflammation and increased the quality and rate of wound re- epithelialization compared to controls(P < 0.05). Furthermore, excluding the control group, rats exhibited the most pronounced effect on wound closure, with the statistically significant improvement in wound healing being seen at post-operative day 29. Moreover, collagen content on days 24 and 29 in the test group was found to be higher than in the healthy group. To warp up, treated groups had a significant increase in peritoneal wound healing area compared to the control group on all days (P < 0.05). Our results suggested that Theranekron have delivered a novel therapeutic route for wound treatment in clinical practice. The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/2958770714954315 .

Investigation of the Effect of Tarantula cubensis Extract on Acute Phase Response

Background: Tarantula cubensis alcoholic extract is used to accelerate wound healing and to relieve edema in many animal species. In addition, it may be useful for many infectious diseases. Considering to these effects, it is believe that these effects may be on immune system. Cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, interleukin-10 and interferon gamma) secreted by immune cells and acute phase proteins (haptoglobin, alpha 1 acid glycoprotein, serum amyloid A) secreted by liver play role in acute phase response. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of Tarantula cubensis alcoholic extract on cytokine and acute phase protein levels in sheep.Materials, Methods &amp; Results: Tarantula cubensis alcoholic extract (6 mL/sheep, subcutaneously, single dose) was administered to 6 healthy sheep. Blood samples were obtained before (0 h) and after treatments at 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h. Then, blood samples were centrifuged to obtain serum samples. Acute phase cytokines such as serum tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, interferon gamma and acute phase proteins such as haptoglobin, alpha 1 acid glycoprotein and serum amyloid-A concentrations were determined with commercially available kits on ELISA reader. Administration of Tarantula cubensis alcoholic extract caused fluctuations in tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, interferon gamma levels in sheep. In addition, levels of haptoglobin, alpha 1 acid glycoprotein, serum amyloid A showed fluctuations. But, these fluctuations in acute phase cytokines and acute phase proteins were not statistically significant (P &gt; 0.05).Discussion: Tarantula cubensis alcoholic extract, homeopathic medicine, is used trauma, retentio secundinarium, tendinitis, bluetongue, foot and mouth, metritis and arthritis in many animal species including sheep. Cytokines, secreted against various stimulus including infectious diseases, play role in wound healing and in the regulation of the immune system. In current study, administration of Tarantula cubensis alcoholic extract lead to fluctuations in tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, interleukin-10 and interferon gamma levels, but these changes were not statistically significant (P &gt; 0.05). Non-statistical fluctuations in cytokines result from inadequate immunological response of sheep against to Tarantula cubensis alcoholic extract. Also, use of molecular analysis techniques may be changed these results. Acute phase proteins are significantly secreted from the liver during the acute phase response. In current study, administration of Tarantula cubensis alcoholic extract in sheep caused non-statistifical fluctuations on haptoglobin, alpha 1 acid glycoprotein and serum amyloid A levels (P &gt; 0.05). Tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1 beta stimulate synthesis of interleukin-6. Interleukin-6 provides synthesis of acute phase proteins in liver. Non-statistical fluctuations in acute phase proteins result from inadequate stimulus of IL-6. In conclusion, it may be stated that administration of Tarantula cubensis alcoholic extract has no distinctive effect on the acute phase response. However, when Tarantula cubensis alcoholic extract is administered repeated times or other acute phase parameters are evaluated, different results may be observed.