Tape Running Research Articles

A study on usefulness of neural network equalizer to reduce impact of amplitude fluctuations in magnetic tape

As digital data grows explosively year after year, magnetic tape devices, with their high reliability and long-term storage capacity, are widely used for backup and archiving. Magnetic tape devices with larger capacity are required, and it is necessary to improve track density. We have previously constructed a simulator that considers inter-track interference due to narrower tracks in barium ferrite (BaFe) magnetic tape drives and evaluated its performance. In this study, we develop a simulator which more accurately models the experimental data, considering amplitude fluctuations caused by the problem of poor tape running, and discuss the usefulness of a neural network equalizer to reduce the effects of amplitude fluctuations. As a result, we show that applying the neural network equalizer is useful in reducing the impact of amplitude fluctuations caused by the problem of poor tape running.

Management of Urethral Lesions and Urethrovaginal Fistula Formation Following Placement of a Tension-Free Suburethral Sling: Evaluation From a University Continence and Pelvic Floor Centre.

Introduction The complication of tape erosion in the urethra following placement of a retropubic (TVT) or transobturator (TOT) tension-free suburethral vaginal sling or an accidental iatrogenic transurethral tape position can result in the formation of a urethrovaginal or vesicovaginal fistula. The objective of the investigation is the evaluation of the management of such rare complications. Patients and Methods Retrospective analysis of 14 patients who were treated for a urethral lesion or urethrovaginal fistula formation status post TVT/TOT placement between June 2011 and February 2018 in the Tübingen University Department of Gynaecology. Results As surgical therapy, 57.1% (n = 8) cases underwent vaginal fistula closure using a Martius flap of the labium majus and in 21.4% (n = 3) using a vaginal rotation skin flap. In 21.4% (n = 3), exclusively vaginal suture reconstruction of the urethra following excision of the tape running transurethrally or tape erosion was performed. 50% (n = 7) of the patients had lasting continence postoperatively without any further need for therapy. In 28.6% (n = 4), there was ongoing stress urinary incontinence, in 21.4% (n = 3) mixed urinary incontinence. Six of the 7 patients with persistent incontinence underwent new placement of a tension-free suburethral retropubic sling (TVT) an average of 8.8 months (5 – 13 months) postoperatively which was uncomplicated in all patients and achieved satisfactory continence. The 3 patients with mixed urinary incontinence and persistent urgency components additionally received anticholinergic medication. During the time period investigated, there were no long-term complications, in particular no recurrent fistulas. Conclusion The rare but relevant complications of a urethral erosion, transurethral tape position or urethrovaginal fistula formation status post TVT/TOT placement can be successfully managed via vaginal surgery. Persistent postoperative urinary incontinence with the need for a two-phase repeat TVT placement following sufficient wound healing must be preoperatively clarified.

Crystal structure of (-)-(R,E)-3-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-[(4S,5R)-5-hy-droxy-methyl-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]-N,N-di-methyl-pent-4-enamide.

In the title compound, C20H27NO6, the amide moiety is essentially planar, with a maximum deviation of 0.073 (3) Å, and one of the N-methyl groups shows rotational disorder. The five-membered 1,3-dioxolane ring adopts an envelope form, with the C atom bonded to the olefin side chain as the flap, which deviates from the mean plane through the other four atoms by 0.564 (7) Å. The 1,3-dioxole ring fused to the benzene ring adopts a flattened envelope form, with the C atom between the two O atoms as the flap, which deviates from the mean plane through the other four atoms by 0.215 (7) Å. The C-C=C-C olefin moiety is essentially planar and makes a dihedral angle of 87.1 (3)° with the benzene ring. An intra-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bond supports the mol-ecular conformation, enclosing an S(11) graph-set motif. In the crystal, inter-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonding links the mol-ecules into a tape running along the b axis. Furthermore, other weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and a C-H⋯π inter-action connect the tapes into a sheet structure parallel to (100).

Lateral Friction Behavior of a Thin, Tensioned Tape Wrapped Over a Grooved Roller: Experiments and Theory

Effects of friction forces on the lateral dynamics of a magnetic recording tape, wrapped around a grooved roller are investigated experimentally and theoretically. Tape is modeled as a viscoelastic, tensioned beam subjected to belt-wrap pressure and friction forces. Including the effects of stick and slip and velocity dependence of the friction force render the tape's equation of motion nonlinear. In the experiments, tape was wrapped under tension around a grooved roller in a customized tape path. The tape running speed along the axial direction was set to zero, thus only the lateral effects were studied. The grooved roller was attached to an actuator, which moved the roller across the tape. Tests were performed in slow and fast actuation modes. The slow mode was used to identify an effective static, or breakaway, friction coefficient. In the fast mode, the roller was actuated with a 50 Hz sinusoid. The same effective friction coefficient was deduced from the fast actuation mode tests. This test mode also revealed a periodic stick–slip phenomenon. The stick-to-slip and slip-to-stick transitions occurred when the tape vibration speed matched the roller actuation speed. Both experiments and theory show that upon slip, tape vibrates primarily at its natural frequency, and vibrations are attenuated relatively fast due to frictional and internal damping. This work also shows that an effective friction coefficient can be described that captures the complex interactions in lateral tape motion (LTM) over a grooved roller.

Crystal structure of 2-amino-3-cyano-4-(4-meth-oxy-phen-yl)-4H-1-benzo-thieno[3,2-b]pyran.

The three fused five- and six-membered rings in the title compound, C19H14N2O2S, are virtually coplanar, with the maximum deviation from the mean plane being 0.060 (1) Å. This benzothieno[3,2-b]pyran ring system is nearly perpendic­ular to the plane of the 4-meth­oxy­phenyl ring, forming a dihedral angle of 83.65 (5)°. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by pairs of N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds into inversion dimers. The dimeric units are further connected by an N—H⋯O hydrogen bond into a tape running along the b axis. The tapes are linked together by C—H⋯N and π–π inter­actions [centroid–centroid distance = 3.7743 (8) Å], forming a three-dimensional network.

1-{3-(4-Chloro-phen-yl)-5-[4-(propan-2-yl)phen-yl]-4,5-di-hydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl}propan-1-one.

In the title compound, C21H23ClN2O, the dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 83.2 (6)°, while the mean plane of the pyrazole ring [r.m.s. deviation = 0.043 (1) Å] makes dihedral angles of 3.4 (3) and 86.2 (1)° with the benzene rings. In the crystal, a pair of weak C—H⋯O inter­actions between the benzene ring and the propan-1-one group link the mol­ecules into an inversion dimer with an R 2 2(16) graph-set motif. In addition, a weak π–π stacking inter­action [centroid–centroid distance = 3.959 (4) Å] connects the dimers into a tape running along [201].

A third polymorph of 1,4-bis-(1H-benzimid-azol-2-yl)benzene.

The title compound, C20H14N4, is a new polymorph of the previously reported structures, which were ortho­rhom­bic, space group Pbca [Bei et al. (2000). Acta Cryst. C56, 718–719] and monoclinic, space group P21/c [Dudd et al. (2003). Green Chem. 5, 187–192]. The asymmetric unit consists of two independent mol­ecules in which the dihedral angels between the central benzene ring and the outer benzimidazole ring systems are 16.81 (10) and 14.23 (10)° in one molecule and 26.09 (10) and 37.29 (10)° in the other. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by N—H⋯N and C—H⋯N hydrogen bonds into a tape running along the c-axis direction.

6-[(4′-Ethoxycarbonyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)oxy]hexanoic acid

In the title compound, C21H24O5, the dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 19.57 (15)°. In the crystal, the mol­ecular arrangement makes up head-to-head centrosymmetric dimers assembled by pairs of O—H⋯O bonds; this arrangement builds a graph-set ring motif of R 2 2(8). The dimers are linked into a tape running along the b-axis direction through C—H⋯O inter­actions. The packing is further consolidated by C—H⋯π inter­actions, forming layers parallel to (10-2).

Bis(4-methoxy-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-1-ium) chloranilate

In the title compound [systematic name: bis­(4-meth­oxy-3,4-di­hydro­quinazolin-1-ium) 2,5-di­chloro-3,6-dioxo­cyclo­hexa-1,4-diene-1,4-diolate], 2C9H11N2O+·C6Cl2O4 2−, the chloranil­ate anion lies about an inversion center. The 4-meth­oxy-3,4-di­hydro­quinazolin-1-ium cations are linked on both sides of the anion via bifurcated N—H⋯(O,O) and weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, giving a centrosymmetric 2:1 aggregate. The 2:1 aggregates are linked by another N—H⋯O hydrogen bond into a tape running along [1-10]. The tapes are further linked by a C—H⋯O hydrogen bond into a layer parallel to the ab plane.

1-Benzoyl-4-thiobiuret

In the title compound (systematic name: {[(phenyl­formamido)­carbon­yl]amino}­methane­thio­amide), C9H9N3O2S, both benzoyl and terminal thio­urea fragments adopt transoid conformations with respect to the central carbonyl O atom. The benzoyl and thio­biuret groups are almost coplanar, making a dihedral angle of 4.40 (8)°. The mol­ecular structure is stabilized by two intra­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. In the crystal, N—H⋯O and N—H⋯S hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into a tape running along [101].

4-Methoxy-N-(4-methoxy-2-nitrophenyl)benzamide

In the title compound, C15H14N2O5, the central amide C—C(=O)—N—C unit forms dihedral angles of 28.17 (13) and 26.47 (13)° with the two benzene rings, whereas the two benzene rings are almost coplanar, making a dihedral angle of 4.52 (13)°. The two meth­oxy and the nitro substituents are almost coplanar with their attached benzene rings, with C—O—C—C torsion angles of −1.3 (4) and −4.6 (4)°, and an O—N—C—C torsion angle of 17.1 (3)°. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked via C—H⋯O and N—H⋯O inter­actions, forming a tape running along the b axis.

Poly[(μ3-benzene-1,3-dicarboxylato-κ4 O 1:O 1′:O 3,O 3′)bis(pyridine-κN)cobalt(II)

In the asymmetric unit of the title polymeric compound, [Co(C8H4O4)(C5H5N)2]n, there are two crystallographically independent CoII atoms, each of which is six-coordinated in a distorted octa­hedral geometry by four O atoms from benzene­dicarboxyl­ate anions and two N atoms from pyridine ligands. The benzene­dicarboxyl­ate dianions bridge the CoII atoms into a tape running along the b axis. C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds are observed in the tape and between the tapes.

Audio signal recording and reproducing apparatus

There is provided an audio signal magnetic recording and reproducing apparatus in which a frequency modulated luminance signal and a frequency modulated audio signal are sequentially recorded and reproduced onto/from the same magnetic tape as recording loci each having predetermined angle of inclination for the tape running direction by a plurality of rotary heads having different azimuth angles, wherein the apparatus increases a recording level of the frequency modulated audio signal for the vertical sync signal period of the luminance signal.

映像機器のメカニクス 超音波振動ドラムによる摩擦軽減と記録再生実験

To record as much information as possible on a very small area, it is necessary to reduce the thickness of magnetic tape and smooth its surface. However, the smoothed tape surface can increase the friction between the tape and the fixed drum, and cause instability in running the tape. We have devised an ultrasonic vibration drum (USV drum) designed to reduce the contact area between the tape and the drum by generating infinitesimal ultrasonic vibration on the drum's surface. We performed recording/reproduction tests using the USV drum in the actual transport of a VHS video tape recorder. As a result of the experiment, we decreased the friction coefficient to less than one third, and we achieved stable tape running and excellent recording/reproduction characteristics.

Neural networks designed on approximate reasoning architecture and their applications

The NARA (neural networks based on approximate reasoning architecture) model is proposed and its composition procedure and evaluation are described. NARA is a neural network (NN) based on the structure of fuzzy inference rules. The distinctive feature of NARA is that its internal state can be analyzed according to the rule structure, and the problematic portion can be easily located and improved. The ease with which performance can be improved is shown by applying the NARA model to pattern classification problems. The NARA model is shown to be more efficient than ordinary NN models. In NARA, characteristics of the application task can be built into the NN model in advance by employing the logic structure, in the form of fuzzy inference rules. Therefore, it is easier to improve the performance of NARA, in which the internal state can be observed because of its structure, than that of an ordinary NN model, which is like a black box. Examples are introduced by applying the NARA model to the problems of auto adjustment of VTR tape running mechanisms and alphanumeric character recognition.

Advanced tape cartridge handling techniques for automated MSSs

Advanced tape cartridge handling techniques are developed for an automated mass storage system (MSS) based on VHS videocassettes. This system provides a data transfer rate of 2.5 Mb/s and an average cartridge handling time of 10 s. The wearless cartridge mounting technique using a precision mechanical hand solves the problem of cartridge-case wear. The earthquake protection control technique, using a microprocessor, completely protects cartridges from even strong earthquakes. These cartridge-handling techniques improve the lifetime of the cartridge and reduce system costs. The high-reliability tape recording technique, which is based on VHS tape analysis and uses an enhanced tape/head cleaning method, solves the problem of tape wear due to repeated tape running. The tape storage durability evaluation technique based on VHS tape analysis shows that low-temperature and low-humidity storage conditions (5 degrees C, 20% RH) are best. Most of these tape cartridge handling techniques should be applicable to future MSSs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Finite element analysis of the interface phenomena between VCR tape and head

The authors have developed a computational method for simulating the behaviour of a tape running along a rotating cylinder with a video head fixed to it. The flexible tape is modeled as a thin anisotropic shell and the air-film is treated by the modified Reynolds equation. The two sets of equations are coupled in the finite element method. The calculated results were in good agreement with experimental ones, within an error of 7%. It is concluded that this simulation method will provide good information for optimizing head geometry and tape components. >

Study on the interchangeability of the VCR

New methods for ensuring tape running stability and track straightness that enable highly precise real-time monitoring of tape motion on the helix guides of the drums were developed. Since these mechanical conditions have the greatest effect on the interchangeability, the interchangeability improved significantly after these conditions were optimized. The steps taken to optimize tape running stability and track straightness are described in detail. >

Tape running control apparatus for audio tape recorder

First Page

Multichannel magnetic head

A multichannel magnetic recording/reproducing head for which the amount of waving of the tape is significantly reduced and contamination of the recording/reproducing gaps of the head by dust or the like is substantially eliminated. A plurality of parallel grooves are formed on a tape-contact surface of the head, inclined with respect to a running direction of the magnetic tape and provided at least at a tape-entrance side of the surface. The inclination of the grooves is within an angular range of 1 to 30 degrees with respect to the tape running direction, and the depth of the grooves is within a range of 0.1 to 20 microns.