Tannic Substances Research Articles

Consumer value of subtropical persimmon and prospects for production expansion

The article is of a review nature. The morphological characteristics and biochemical indicators of persimmon fruits, and the advantages of the plant concerning other fruits are investigated and presented. Studies show that persimmon has a high nutritional value, but the degree of demand and the scale of production are reduced by the high content of tannic substances (flavonoids). The high content of free flavonoids worsens the taste properties. It should be noted here that flavonoids have a high biological and medicinal value, and their content in persimmon is several times higher than in other fruits. A review analysis has shown that the removal of free flavonoids improves gustatory quality, but decreases medicinal/biological value. The technological processes should be focused not on the removal of flavonoids, but on covering them, taking into account various taste additives. It is recommended to use supplements of dairy products to cover the milk and increase its nutritional and biological value. By simplifying the technology of processing persimmon and improving the taste qualities, it will be possible to increase the degree of demand for persimmon, which in turn will lead to an increase in the scale of production. An efficient technology of persimmon processing and the production of intermediate semi-finished products (concentrates and powders) is recommended, which will increase the duration of the persimmon season.

Quality of Fruit and Vegetables as Products in Unprocessed Form

The quality of fruits and vegetables as products in their unprocessed form primarily refers to the influence of pesticides and artificial fertilizers on the change in the composition of water and dry matter in the fruit, and of the dry matter, the most important are carbohydrates, proteins, then lipids, pectins, vitamins, mineral substances, fruit and mineral acids, plant pigments, tannic substances, flavoring substances, enzymes, natural coatings, sorbitol, glucosides and other trace substances. Increased and uncontrolled application of pesticides and use of artificial fertilizers beyond doses and concentrations can lead to a change in the composition of the fruit and an increase in the proportion of residues in it. The research in this paper shows that good production practices directly affect the reduction of pesticide use in agricultural production, which will result in an increase in the quality and safety of fruit use. Accordingly, the market has increased the demand for fruit resulting from good agricultural practices and organic cultivation. From soil preparation, sowing, planting and maintenance of plantations in an environmentally acceptable way, you can get quality fruits and vegetables as products in unprocessed form. It was concluded that the biggest role in the entire chain is played by the agricultural producer/farmer, who should adhere to good agricultural practices, dosage and concentration when treating with protective agents against pests and when feeding only the plants.

Effect of LED lighting duration on biochemical composition of microgreens of white cabbag

In recent years, there has been a steady increase in public interest in healthy and balanced foods all over the world. In this respect, the microgreens of white cabbage is a source of a wide range of useful substances and is characterized by a higher content of those, compared with a similar commercial vegetable. At the same time, information about technological aspects of cultivation, which relate to the duration of lighting, about their correlation with biochemical composition of microgreens of industrial varieties and hybrids of this crop is insufficient and is limited to a very narrow set of their parameters. For this reason, it is of particular relevance to identify the optimal duration of LED lighting in the white cabbage microgreens crop, which ensures accumulation of the highest nutritional and vitamin value and determines the taste qualities of this product. The results of a comparative study of 14 quantitative parameters of biochemical composition of white cabbage microgreens (content of dry, tannic and pectin substances, free organic, ascorbic and hydroxycinnamic acids, soluble sugars, the main groups of bioflavonoids – i.e. anthocyanins, leucoanthocyanins, catechins, flavonols and the indicator of sugar acid index) with different duration of LED lighting are presented (8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 hours). The less significant effect of the studied factor on biochemical composition of microgreens was revealed at 10 hour exposure, while the maximum, exceeding it three times, was at 16 hour exposure. It has been shown that the highest integral level of nutritional and vitamin value of products according to the total analyzed indicators was provided at 16 hours of LED lighting, while the minimum – at 8 hours. For the first time in the Republic of Belarus, the optimal duration of LED lighting for the accumulation of physiologically valuable compounds by microgreens of white cabbage was revealed, which made it possible to recommend it to be used for industrial production.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ПРОДОЛЖИТЕЛЬНОСТИ СВЕТОДИОДНОГО ОСВЕЩЕНИЯ НА БИОХИМИЧЕСКИЙ СОСТАВ МИКРОЗЕЛЕНИ ГОРОХА ОВОЩНОГО

The results of a comparative study of the effect of the duration of LED lighting are presented (8, 10, 12, 14, 16 hour) on 13 characteristics of the biochemical composition of vegetable peas microgreens (Pavlusha variety) - the content of dry, tannic and pectin substances, free organic, ascorbic and hydroxycinnamic acids, soluble sugars, total protein and albumins, the main groups of bioflavonoids and the indicator of the sugar acid index. The dry matter content in the studied samples was 9.3-11.8 %, the content of free organic, ascorbic and hydroxycinnamic acids in the dry mass was 4.35-8.46 %, 359.8-487.8 mg/100 g and 1465.1-1956.0 mg/100 g, respectively. The content of soluble sugars was from 8.8 to 13.2 % with significant variant differences in the indicator of the sugar acid index, which varied in the range of 1.04-3.03. At the same time, the parameters of the accumulation of pectin substances were 3.884.54 %, the content of tannins - 1.23-1.92 %. The almost complete absence of anthocyanin pigments in the pea microgreens was found, the content of flavonols varied in the range of 1711.7-2189.2 mg/100 g, and catechins - 376.7-483.0 mg/100 g. At the same time, a high content of proteins and their valuable part - soluble proteins (albumins), which varied in mg/g of dry weight in the ranges of 412.3-443.4 and 8.38-18.0, was found in the microgreens. The considerable width of the ranges of variation of the biochemical characteristics of the micro-green peas testified to their significant dependence on the duration of LED lighting, which was ambiguous. The least significant changes in the biochemical composition of peas microgreens relative to the control (12 hours duration) were detected at 10 and 14 hours of illumination duration, while the greatest - at 8 and especially at 16 hours duration. At the same time, the highest integral level of nutritional and vitamin value of products according to the totality of biochemical characteristics is set at 14 hours of illumination, while the minimum is at 8 hours.

Colour evolution kinetics study of spirits in their ageing process in wood casks

The colour of alcoholic beverages increases as they are aged in wood casks, due to the oxidation of the extracted phenols and tannic substances. In this paper, sixteen ageing experiments were carried out involving four different types of wood (American oak, French oak, Spanish oak and Chestnut), two toasting intensities (intense and medium toasting) and three initial wine distillates (holanda, wine spirit from a rectification column distillation and wine spirit from double distillation). Our experiments measured the CIEDE2000 colour difference as a control parameter for eight weeks. Four kinetic models were applied to better comprehend the evolution of the colour: Lagergren's first-order model, Peleg's pseudo-second-order model, an intra-particle diffusion model and a parabolic diffusion model. Differences on the non-linear correlation coefficients obtained by the Lagergren's and the Peleg's models show that the extractions are better fitted by the Peleg's model, leading to deduce that the colour obtained in the ageing process of the spirit is a second-order kinetic procedure. Differences between both diffusion models show that colours obtained from holandas are more strongly affected by side-reactions than colours obtained from wine spirits, probably due to their higher content in non-alcoholic compounds. Peleg's parameters show that toasting pre-treatments of wood also affect the kinetics of the colour obtained: intense toasted woods produce intense colours at the beginning of the ageing process, although medium toasted woods seem to produce more colour when equilibrium is reached.

Identification and determination of ascorbic acid, free organic acids and tannic substances in the grass of Inula L. genus species

The level of studying of Inula L. genus species, growing on the territory of Ukraine, is insufficient today. The study of chemical composition, accumulation of biologically active substances, pharmacological action of investigated grass species’ extracts of Inula L. genus of Ukrainian flora are of current interest. The aim of the work is making qualitative and comparative analysis of ascorbic, organic acids and tannic substances content in the raw material of investigated species of Inula L. genus (Inula britannica L. and Inula helenium L.). Quantitative determination was carried out by volume titration method. The presence of ascorbic acid, organic acids and tannic substances in the raw material of Inula L. genus investigated species was established with the help of paper chromatography and thin-layer chromatography methods. The quantitative determination of total organic acids was carried out according to XI edition of State Pharmacopoeia methods in terms of malic acid. Water extracts were studied for the tannins presence in raw material of Inula L. genus investigated species. Compounds identification was carried out through chemical reactions in accordance with Ukrainian State Pharmacopeia. The results obtained showed the perspective of further study of the biological activity of Inula britannica L. and Inula helenium L.

Effects of associations of tannins from Anacardium occidentale and Anadenanthera colubrina with cephalosporin against bovine Staphylococcus aureus isolates

ABSTRACT: The association of natural compounds isolated from medicinal plants with conventional antibiotics, both with similar mechanisms of action, have become a viable alternative strategy to overcome the problem of drug resistance. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of tannic substances present in the bark of Anacardium occidentale and Anadenanthera colubrina against samples of Staphylococcus aureus when in combination with cephalexin. These combinations were evaluated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). For this purpose, tannins and cephalexin were serially dissolved in distilled water at concentrations ranging from 0.976 mg/mL to 500 mg/mL and 2 mg/mL to 512 mg/mL, respectively. When combined, the compounds inhibited S. aureus growth forming halos ranging from 0.9 to 46 mm with an MIC of 7.8 mg/mL (tannins) and 4 µg/mL (cephalexin). The resulting effect of the combination of natural and synthetic substances with similar mechanisms of action presented better results than when tested alone. Thus, the conclusion is that both the tannins and cephalexin had their antimicrobial action enhanced when used in combination, enabling the use of lower concentrations while maintaining their antibacterial effect against strains of S. aureus.

Measurement of Tannic Substances in Forest Species

ABSTRACT This study aimed to quantify the tannic content of the barks and fruit of angico-vermelho, jurema-preta and acacia-negra using skin powder as detanizador agent. Materials from these species were ground and classified, with 12.5g of air dried particles subjected to extraction using a steam jacket type extractor to obtain 1000 ml of solution, using a completely randomized analytic design. The solution was evaluated using four treatments: angico bark; jurema bark; acacia bark and angico fruit. Three replicates per treatment were realized and subrepetitions were analyzed in triplicate. The results were interpreted by comparison of means with Tukey test at 5% significance. Best results in terms of total solids content, were observed in acacia bark (67.2%), differing statistically for angico bark (63.5%). The soluble solids content, in turn, was superior to angico bark (60.3%), differing statistically from acacia bark (49.8%). No statistically significant differences for tannin content were observed between acacia and angico barks, which presented values of 28.4 and 26.8%, respectively.

Adsorptive performance of granular activated carbon in aquaculture and aquaria: A simplified method

ABSTRACTA principle concern for aquaculturists and aquarium hobbyists is the control and removal of dissolved organic matter. Granular activated carbon is a well-established medium for the adsorption of dissolved organic substances associated with these issues. The selection of activated carbon for aquaria and aquaculture is not well established due to innate heterogeneity of these waters. The means to completely characterize adsorption between carbon sources are generally not available to end users provided their level of expertise and/or resources at their disposal. This study introduces a relatively simple method for characterizing activated carbon quality and filter performance utilizing readily available and relatively safe indicator compounds to test adsorptive capabilities between different sources of granular activated carbon. Methylene blue and a commercial mix of humic and tannic substances were used to comparatively test adsorptive performance between two filter groups (i.e., sources of granular activated carbon) by tracking spectral absorbance with nonlinear regression statistics and validating removal trends against mature aquaculture water. Greater adsorptive capacities were consistently observed in one filter group throughout the indicator testing battery. Similar findings were observed between the two indicator tests, thereby confirming the method. This method can be adopted by commercial aquaculture operations or aquarists to assist in comparatively screening particular types, particle sizes, and sources of granular activated carbon for specific water quality and engineering requirements.

Cachaça stored in casks newly constructed of oak (Quercus sp.), amburana (Amburana cearensis), jatoba (Hymenaeae carbouril), balsam (Myroxylon peruiferum) and peroba (Paratecoma peroba): alcohol content, phenol composition, colour intensity and dry extrac

Aging is the last stage of the cachaca production process. The containers used for aging are wooden barrels and casks, which act as a semi-permeable membrane, allowing the passage of alcohol and water vapours. This passage is a function of the relative humidity and the temperature of the storage location. The wood traditionally used in Brazil is oak. However, various native woods of Brazilian origin have been used in the manufacture of barrels. The principal compounds extracted from wood by the distillates are volatile compounds, phenolic compounds, tannic substances, sugars, glycerol and non-volatile organic acids. The objectives of this study were to evaluate and compare the phenolic substances found in cachaca stored in recently constructed oak, amburana, Jatoba, balsam and peroba casks. We evaluated some physicochemical parameters that changed during the storage process. After 12 months of storage, we observed a decrease in alcohol content and an increase in dry extract. An increase in total phenolic compounds and colour intensity was observed, and there was a strong linear correlation between total phenolic compounds, solids and colour intensity. According to the results for the phenols analysed by HPLC, a progressive increase in all the compounds and a heterogeneity in all woods used for the storage of beverages were observed. Copyright © 2017 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling

Treatment of Textile Wastewater Using a Natural Flocculant

The physicochemical treatment of wastewater is of substantial interest, especially when conventional treatments by biological processes are not amenable. Among the current chemical processes used for industrial wastewater treatment, coagulation-flocculation has received a large attention for high pollutant removal efficiency. This paper summarizes the results of a textile wastewater treatment process aimed at the destruction of colour by coagulation-flocculation process and using an organic natural flocculant: tannic substances. Jar-test experiments were carried out in order to determine the optimum conditions for the removal of organic matter and color. Treatment with studied flocculent (Polysep3000) proved to be effective in a wide pH range (pH ≤ 10), very effective in removing the color (96 %) and a fraction of the COD (40-50 %) from the textile wastewater. Polysep3000 is compared to Al2(SO4)3 and FeCl3 for sludge production. Polysep3000 seems to be suitable for yielding a high removal of color (> 90 %) and corresponding low volume of settled sludge.

Mango (Mangifera indica) Kernel: Chromatographic Analysis of the Tannin, and Stability Study of the Associated Polyphenol Oxidase Activity

The composition of polyphenols (tannins) and the properties of an associated enzyme, polyphenol oxidase (PPO), in the Nigerian mango (M. indica) kernel were investigated. Tannins were qualitatively and quantitatively analysed. PPO activity of filtered extract of the fresh mango kernel suspension (40% w/v) was studied spectrophotometrically at 420 nm using catechol as substrate. Results showed that a 6.4% (w/v) gravimetric yield of tannin from dry mango kernel meal contained tannic acid, gallic acid, and epicatechin in the ratio 17:10:1, respectively. Acid hydrolysis of the condensed tannins indicated the presence of ellagic acid, gallocatechin, and an acylated cyanidin in the ratio 11:7:5. Moist heat at 90°C inactivated PPO by 50% of its maximum activity within 3 min. Furthermore, up to 90% inactivation could be achieved after 5 min of water blanching, thereby reducing significantly the rate of undesired browning leading to tannin formation. Water-blanching would advantageously leach soluble tannic substances into the soak-water.

Histological Studies on the Black Discoloration of Peach Fruit Skin Exposed to Iron

The skin of `Elegant Lady' peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] fruit turned black when exposed to 100 ppm ferrous sulfate solution. This color change appeared on the red and the yellow portions of the fruit. Microscopy of the skin showed blue-black pigment distribution in epidermal and hypodermal tissues. Some epidermal and hypodermal cells discolored immediately when exposed to ferrous solutions, but many cells turned black later. Some cells with anthocyanin pigments did not discolor. Chromic acid showed that tannic substances were distributed in the epidermal and hypodermal cells, and they likely are the main factor in black discoloration of peach fruit exposed to solutions containing Fe.

The ultrastructure of polymorphic pollen grains of Canna indica L.

Our investigations on Canna indica L. indicate that the pollen of this species is polymorphic: there are two types of pollen — a larger type and a comparatively smaller type. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the presence of small vacuoles containing tannic substances in the generative cell (GC) of the larger grains: the GC of the mature grain contained a higher quantity of tannins than the GC of the immature grain. Mitochondria, lipid bodies, rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and microtubular bundles were present in the cytoplasm of the GC. Numerous mitochondria, lipid bodies and plastids were also present in the vegetative cell (VC), with the mitochondria clustered around the vegetative nucleus. The plastids were observed to be associated with the RER cisterns. During the maturation process, the number of starch grains contained in the plastids decreased.

Two new flavonoids and other constituents in licorice root: their relative astringency and radical scavenging effects.

Four compounds, including two new flavonoids, were isolated from Si-pei licorice (licorice from the north-western region of China). The structures of the two new flavonoids, named glycyrrhisoflavanone and glycyrrhisoflavone, were (S)-7, 8'-dihydroxy-2', 2'-dimethyl-5-methoxy-[3, 6'-bi-2H-1-benzopyran]-4(3H)-one (6) and 3-[3, 4-dihydroxy-5-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)phenyl]-5, 7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (9). Glycyrrhisoflavone was found to be one of the tannic substances by the measurement of the binding activity to hemoglobin (relative astringency). Licochalcone B (1) was isolated from the fraction which showed the highest binding activity to hemoglobin among the fractions obtained by centrifugal partition chromatography of the extract of Sinkiang licorice (licorice from Sinkiang in China). Licochalcone B also showed the highest activity as a radical scavenger in the experiment using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, among ten tested compounds obtained from several licorices. The order of the radical scavenging effects was the same as the order of the inhibitory effects on the 5-lipoxygenase-dependent peroxidation in arachidonate metabolism [licochalcone B (1)>licochalcone A (3)>>isoliquiritigenin (14)>liquiritigenin (13)].

Biochemical studies on chestnut galls. II. Isolation and characteristics of new phenolic glycosides of chestnut galls.

Gallic acid, methyl gallate, dehydrodigallic acid, three tannic constituents named MP-2, MP-3, MP-4 and a related substance MP-10 were isolated from chestnut galls by solvent fractionation and column chromatography. Hydrolysis with tannase revealed the components of these tannic substances as follows, MP-2: D-glucose, gallic acid and compound I (3, 4, 5-trihydroxybenzyl alcohol); MP-3 and MP-4: D-glucose, compound I and compound II (dehydrodigallic acid); MP-10: D-glucose and compound I.

A New Genus Based on Fistulina brasiliensis

SUMMARYThe new genus Pseudofistulina is described with the type species Pseudofistulina brasiliensis (= Fistulina brasiliensis O. and K. Fid.). Anatomical and microchemical studies on the type species are described. The pileus is found to be composed of derma, context, and tubular layer and the stipe composed of derma, pseudoparenchyma, and medulla. Derma is formed by anticlinal elements, the acanthophyses, which have internal deposits of amyloid hemicellulose. Fatty substances were observed externally at the base of the acanthophyses.The context is composed of upper pseudoparenchyma, intermediate layer, and lower pseudoparenchyma. The pseudoparenchymatous layers, especially the upper one, give positive reactions for callose and tannic substances; in polarized light very small crystals were seen only in the upper pseudoparenchyma. The intermediate layer has, near the pseudo-parenchymas, globose to obovate sphaerocysts, with contents that react with iodine solutions giving a yellow to orange color. The species is monomitic, formed by simple-septate and nonamyloid generative hyphae and has globose to subglobose, hyaline, nonamyloid spores.

A New Genus Based on Fistulina Brasiliensis

SUMMARYThe new genus Pseudofistulina is described with the type species Pseudofistulina brasiliensis (= Fistulina brasiliensis O. and K. Fid.). Anatomical and microchemical studies on the type species are described. The pileus is found to be composed of derma, context, and tubular layer and the stipe composed of derma, pseudoparenchyma, and medulla. Derma is formed by anticlinal elements, the acanthophyses, which have internal deposits of amyloid hemicellulose. Fatty substances were observed externally at the base of the acanthophyses.The context is composed of upper pseudoparenchyma, intermediate layer, and lower pseudoparenchyma. The pseudoparenchymatous layers, especially the upper one, give positive reactions for callose and tannic substances; in polarized light very small crystals were seen only in the upper pseudoparenchyma. The intermediate layer has, near the pseudo-parenchymas, globose to obovate sphaerocysts, with contents that react with iodine solutions giving a yellow to orange color. The species is monomitic, formed by simple-septate and nonamyloid generative hyphae and has globose to subglobose, hyaline, nonamyloid spores.

“耐酸性ヂアスターゼ” に就て

Several kinds of diastase preparations now being offered in the market are ineffective at the acidity of gastric juice but diastase obained by bran-cultivation of Aspergillus niger has powerful acid-resistance and possesses sufficient acitivity at the gastric juice acidity so that it seems to be suitable for therapeutic use. This diastase is composed of special types of α- and β-amylase that have high acid-resistance. It receives no effects by the presence of tannic substances or proteinase such as pepsin, trypsin and papain.

The Determination of Tannic Substances in Commercial Cocoa Powders

The Determination of Tannic Substances in Commercial Cocoa Powders