Tannic Acid Equivalents Research Articles

Profil kadar metabolit sekunder: Steroid, alkaloid, dan tanin ekstrak daun bintangur (Calophyllum soulattri)

Bintangur leaf is one of the potential plants to be developed into a standardized herbal medicine which has many benefits such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial. The aim of this study is to determine the steroid, tannin, and alkaloids of bintangur leaf extract. Preparation of bintangur leaves was conducted by soxhletation extraction technique with 96% ethanol as solvent. Determination of tannin tannic acid equivalent, and alkaloid quinine equivalent was analyzed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry method. While the analysis of steroid content β-sitosterol equivalent using a TLC Scanner. The results of the analysis showed that steroid content was 11061,49 µgBSE/g, alkaloid was 307,16 µgQE/g, and tannin was 6,586 %w/w TAE.

ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES OF BRASSICA JUNCEA EXTRACTS AND SILVER NANOPARTICLES: A SYNERGISTIC APPROACH AGAINST ESCHERICHIA COLI

Brassica juncea, a plant known for its anticancer and antioxidant characteristics, is rich in glucosinolates, flavonoids, carotenoids, and phenolic acids. AEBJ exhibited a high concentration of total flavonoids, measuring 201.09 ± 0.232 mg/g in terms of quercetin equivalents. However, it had a relatively lower total phenolic content, measuring 49.43 ± 1.114 mg/g in terms of tannic acid equivalents. The structural characterisation of silver nanoparticles was performed using UV-Visible spectroscopy, followed by the study of these nanoparticles utilising surface plasmon resonance (SPR) measurements. The interaction between silver ions and extracts of Brassica juncea was seen, and the presence of AgNPs was verified through the detection of a visible peak at 425 nm. The Silver Nanoparticle (BJ 1) effectively suppressed the generation of DPPH radicals within the concentration range of 10-100 µg/ml. The linear regression coefficients for this inhibition were calculated to be 0.9869 and 0.9488, respectively. The IC50 values for Silver Nanoparticle (BJ 1) and BHT were 45.413 and 50.173, respectively. Silver Nanoparticle (BJ 1) exhibited a decrease in the conversion of ferricyanide to ferrocyanide as the concentration increased from 50-250 µg/ml. This was accompanied by an increase in the absorption of green light at a wavelength of 700 nm. The investigation into the antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles (BJ 1) and Brassica juncea extracts against Escherichia coli has demonstrated substantial potential as antimicrobial agents. The findings indicate that both drugs demonstrate inhibitory effects on the growth of E. coli, with the concentration levels playing a substantial influence. This implies a mutually beneficial interaction between the two drugs, which could potentially amplify their efficacy in fighting bacterial infections. Greater doses of Brassica juncea extract exhibited bigger areas of inhibition, so validating its bioactive activities against pathogenic microorganisms. Furthermore, the Silver nanoparticle (BJ 1) had a potent antibacterial impact as a result of their capability to disturb bacterial cell membranes and impede metabolic activities. The combination of these two medicines has the potential to enhance therapy efficacy in clinical settings. Subsequent investigations should delve into the mechanisms underlying their antibacterial properties and evaluate their safety profiles for future medicinal uses. KEYWORDS: Brassica juncea; Silver Nanoparticles; Antioxidant Activity; DPPH; Reducing Power Assay; Antimicrobial Activity; Escherichia coli

Phytochemical, In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Research on the Extract of Ajuga chamaepitys (L.) Schreb.

The present study focuses on the chemical characterization of a dry extract obtained from the species Ajuga chamaepitys (L.) Schreb, evaluating its antioxidant properties, toxicity, and in silico profile. Quantitative analysis of the dry extract revealed a notable amount of phytochemical compounds: 59.932 ± 21.167 mg rutin equivalents (mg REs)/g dry weight, 45.864 ± 4.434 mg chlorogenic acid equivalents (mg ChAEs)/g dry weight and, respectively, 83.307 ± 3.989 mg tannic acid equivalents (TAEs)/g dry weight. By UHPLC-HRMS/MS, the following were quantified as major compounds: caffeic acid (3253.8 μg/g extract) and kaempherol (3041.5 μg/g extract); more than 11 types of polyphenolic compounds were quantified (genistin 730.2 μg/g extract, naringenin 395 μg/g extract, apigenin 325.7 μg/g extract, galangin 283.3 μg/g extract, ferulic acid 254.3 μg/g extract, p-coumaric acid 198.2 μg/g extract, rutin 110.6 μg/g extract, chrysin 90.22 μg/g extract, syringic acid 84.2 μg/g extract, pinocembrin 32.7 μg/g extract, ellagic acid 18.2 μg/g extract). The antioxidant activity was in accordance with the amount of phytochemical compounds: IC50DPPH = 483.6 ± 41.4 µg/mL, IC50ABTS•+ = 127.4 ± 20.2 µg/mL, and EC50FRAP = 491.6 ± 2 µg/mL. On the larvae of Artemia sp., it was found that the extract has a low cytotoxic action. In silico studies have highlighted the possibility of inhibiting the activity of protein kinases CDK5 and GSK-3b for apigenin, galangin, and kaempferol, with possible utility for treating neurodegenerative pathologies and neuropathic pain. Further studies are warranted to confirm the predicted molecular mechanisms of action and to further investigate the therapeutic potential in animal models of neurological disorders.

Cytogenetic Toxicity and Infertile Properties of the Aqueous Extract of Cucumis melo Seeds (Cucurbitaceae) in Male Zonocerus variegatus Cell Model (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae)

Background: The Muskmelon, a variety of Cucumis melo L, is popular in Cameroon for its high nutritional and medicinal values. However, the cytogenotoxic and infertile properties of this species is yet to be evaluated. During this study, phytochemical analysis by colorimetric dosage of dry extracts of C. melo was carried out and the cytogenetic toxicity properties evaluated.
 Results: Qualitative analysis revealed the seeds of the species to contain alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, triterpenoids, tannins, saponins, anthocyanins and sterols while quantitative analysis on the other hand indicated 46 ± 0.71 Gallic Acid Equivalent, 29.44 ± 0.87 Tannic Acid Equivalent and 5.87 ± 0.67 Quercetin Equivalent respectively for total phenols, for total tannins and for total flavonoid. The treatment of male individuals of Zonocerus variegatus with various concentration of the aqueous extracts of the seeds of C. melo revealed that increasing concentrations (0, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 µg/ml) of the aqueous extract resulted in significant and proportional regression of the meiotic index and chiasma frequency. Chromosomal abnormalities were also induced in Anaphase-1.
 Conclusions: These results indicate that the aqueous extract of C. melo seeds can be used to selectively eliminate orthopteran pests. It could be used in the fight against gonadal cancer, as the extract has been shown to be more effective in reducing the pool of dividing gonadal cells. Consumers of C. melo seeds are advised to use this plant with caution, as it can alter spermatogenesis and other processes.

Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of plants consumed by western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in Gabon.

Zoopharmacognosy is the study of the self-medication behaviors of non-human animals that use plant, animal or soil items as remedies. Recent studies have shown that some of the plants employed by animals may also be used for the same therapeutic purposes in humans. The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Ceiba pentandra, Myrianthus arboreus, Ficus subspecies (ssp.) and Milicia excelsa bark crude extracts (BCE), plants consumed by western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in Moukalaba-Doudou National Park (MDNP) and used in traditional medicine, and then to characterize their phytochemical compounds. DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl), phosphomolybdenum complex and β-carotene bleaching methods were used to assess antioxidant activity. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the diffusion method, while minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were assessed using the microdilution method. The highest level of total phenolics was found in Myrianthus arboreus aqueous extract [385.83 ± 3.99 mg [gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g]. Total flavonoid (134.46 ± 3.39) mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/100 g of extract] were highest in Milicia excelsa, tannin [(272.44 ± 3.39) mg tannic acid equivalent (TAE)/100 g of extract] in Myrianthus arboreus and proanthocyanidin [(404.33 ± 3.39) mg apple procyanidins equivalent (APE)/100 g of extract] in Ceiba pentandra. Ficus ssp. (IC50 1.34 ±3.36 μg/mL; AAI 18.57 ± 0.203) ethanolic BCE and Milicia excelsa (IC50 2.07 ± 3.37 μg/mL; AAI 12.03 ± 0.711) showed the strongest antioxidant activity. Myrianthus arboreus ethanolic BCE (73.25 ± 5.29) and Milicia excelsa aqueous BCE (38.67 ± 0.27) showed the strongest percentage of total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Ceiba pentandra ethanolic BCE (152.06 ± 19.11 mg AAE/g) and Ficus ssp aqueous BCE (124.33 ± 39.05 mg AAE/g) showed strongest relative antioxidant activity (RAA). The plant BCE showed antimicrobial activity against multidrug resistant (MDR) E. coli (DECs) isolates, with MICs varying from 1.56 to 50 mg/mL and inhibition diameters ranging from 7.34 ± 0.57 to 13.67 ± 0.57mm. Several families of compounds were found, including total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins and proanthocyanidins were found in the plant BCEs. The plant BCEs showed antioxidant activities with free radical scavenging and antimicrobial activities against 10 MDR E. coli (DECs) isolates, and could be a promising novel source for new drug discovery.

Phytochemical profiling and anticancer potential of gardenia latifolia extracts against arsenic trioxide induced liver fibrosis in rat model.

Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) is an environmental contaminant that may cause hepatic injuries. As2O3-induced liver injuries are detected as an underlying cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) around the globe. The present study aimed to investigate the potential of Gardenia latifolia (GL) extracts against oxidative stress and apoptotic activity in HCC-induced rats and to explore in silico molecular docking analysis of phytocompounds of G. latifolia. The present study was designed to investigate the hepato-protective effect of ethanol and n-hexane extract of G. latifolia. Phytochemical analysis was performed using gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the identified metabolites were used for computational docking analysis. The binding potential and inhibitory effect of the identified metabolites against inflammatory markers were assessed. Fifty male albino rats were selected for the in vivo study and were randomly divided into five groups, with 10 rats in each group. Group I is the control group. Hepatotoxicity was induced in groups II, III, IV, and V with 350mg/kg/day of As2O3. Group II was taken as positive control, Group III and IV were treated with ethanol and n-hexane extract of G. latifolia, respectively, and Group V was treated with cisplatin 3.0mg/kg/day. At the end of treatment, different stress and liver biomarkers were also analyzed. The quantitative phytochemical profiling revealed a high content of total flavonoid and tannins found at 5.731 ± 0.1856mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g and 86.31 ± 14.20mg tannic acid equivalent (TAE)/g in G. latifolia n-hexane extract, while a significant concentration of TFC was 276.821 ± 2.19mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g, in ethanolic extract. GC-MS analysis resulted in the identification of 26 metabolites in ethanol extract while 32 metabolites in n-hexane extract, respectively. Both the extracts restored the abnormal levels of stress markers (p < 0.05) in Groups III and IV, and were comparable to the comparative control group V, which was given cisplatin as the standard drug. The histopathological examination revealed the regeneration of hepatocytes, dilated sinusoidal cells, necrosis, and distorted hepatic architecture observed in arsenic trioxide hepatotoxic liver. Among the top most identified metabolites from GC-MS analysis, stigmasterol exhibited -8.3 and -7.1kcal/mol in silico binding affinities against cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and interleukin (IL-6), respectively, while Dasycarpidan-1-methanol exhibited the best binding affinities of -6.8 and -7.2kcal/mole against matrixmetalloprotinease (MMP)-3 and heat shock protein-90 (HSP-90), respectively. 6-AH-cAMP showed the best docking score of -7.5kcal/mol for the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) macromolecule. Metabolite Dasycarpidan-1-methanol, acetate represented drug like properties so it was further analyzed by MD simulation and stable dynamic nature of protein ligand complex was evaluated. In conclusion, the effective therapeutic potential of G. latifolia extracts targeted oxidative stress, increasing antioxidant activities and inhibiting inflammation and liver complications at early stages. Further research on the molecular level may further explore the anticancer potential of this plant against various types of cancers.

Pharmacognostic standardization and HPTLC fingerprinting analysis of Sahacharadi Kashayam: a classical ayurvedic polyherbal formulation

Multiherbal compositions are widely practiced in ayurvedic medical system, and ka??yam (decoction) is one such dose. Sahacharadi Kashayam is a traditional ayurvedic polyherbal medicine recommended by ayurvedic doctors for chronic and acute back pains, lower limb disorders, and conditions that mainly affect the nutrient level in the blood and the bone. The aim of this study was to develop pharmacognostic parameters for the standardization and quality evaluation of the Sahacharadi Kashayam. In-house polyherbal formulation was prepared as per the previously prescribed method, and physicochemical parameters were evaluated as per standard protocol and showed loss on drying at 99.31%, total ash content at 4.911 ± 0.120%, water-soluble ash at 3.022, and acid-insoluble ash at 0.489. Total phenolic content was estimated with FC reagent and expressed as gallic acid equivalent (9.95 + 0.004 mg/g). High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprint profiling was obtained, and the quantity of total tannins was estimated as tannic acid equivalent using HPLC (0.47%). The results obtained from the study could be utilized as a reference for the quality control and quality assurance of Sahacharadi Kashayam.

Enhancing physicochemical, rheological properties, and in vitro rumen fermentation of starch with Melastoma candidum D. Don fruit extract.

The utilization of polyphenol-modified starch in ruminants has not undergone extensive exploration. This study aimed to investigate the impact of the complex formed between starch and Melastoma candidum D. Don fruit extract on physicochemical properties, phenol release kinetics in various buffers simulating the gastrointestinal tract, methane production, and post-rumen digestibility. The interaction between starch and M. candidum D. Don fruit extract significantly (p < 0.001) increased resistant starch and particle size diameter. The maximum phenolic release from complex between starch and M. candidum D. Don fruit extract, due to gastrointestinal tract-simulated buffers, ranged from 22.96 to 34.60 mg/100 mg tannic acid equivalent. However, rumen and abomasum-simulated buffers released more phenolic content, whereas the intestine-simulated buffer showed higher antioxidant activity (ferric ion-reducing antioxidant power). Furthermore, complex between starch and M. candidum D. Don fruit extract significantly decreased dry matter rumen digestibility (p < 0.001) and maximum methane gas production (p < 0.001).

Antimicrobial, Antioxidant Activities, Phytochemical Evaluation and GC-MS Profiling of Madhuca longifolia Bark Extracts

Madhuca longifolia, locally known as Mahua is a large to medium sized tree grows in Tarai region of Nepal. It is a medicinal plant of high economic value. Almost all parts of the plant are used by the indigenous people to cure various diseases. The bark is used to treat diabetes, cuts, wounds, itching and bleeding gums. The scientific reports about the phytochemical analysis on the bark of M. longifolia is very limited. Here we report about the extraction based on solvent polarities, chemical screening of extracts, estimation of phenolics, flavonoids, gallotannins, condensed tannins and sugars in different extracts, their antioxidant and antibacterial activities as well as GC-MS profiling of hexane extract. In our findings, ethyl acetate, methanol and 50% aqueous methanol extracts showed the presence of most of the phytochemicals like terpenoids, phenolics, flavonoids, tannins and glycosides. The greater amounts of phenolics (196±15.28 mg gallic acid equivalent, GAE/g extract), flavonoids (975±13.31 mg catechin equivalent, CE/g extract), condensed tannins (980±10.75 CE/g extract) and sugars (126±8.83 mg glucose equivalent, GE/g extract) were detected in the methanol extract, greater amounts of gallotannins were detected in the ethyl acetate extract (126±8.83 mg tannic acid equivalent, TAE/g extract). In DPPH radical scavenging assay, methanol extract showed strong radical scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 18.86 ± 1.07µg/mL. In antibacterial assay, ethyl acetate, methanol and 50% aqueous methanol extracts showed activity against S. aureus and E. coli with the inhibition zone ranged from 15-22 mm. GC-MS analysis of hexane extract showed the presence of more than nine compounds and squalene, β-amyron, β-amyrin acetate, lupeol, lupeol acetate and cis-3,14-Clerodadien-13-ol were tentatively identified by comparing mass fragmentation patterns with the standard NIST database. The finding of this study indicated that M. longifolia bark extracts can be used as a natural source of antioxidant, antibacterials and anti-inflammatory agents and supports its traditional use.

Comparative Quantitative estimation of total tannin content of leaves of Ocimum sanctum (tulsi), Mentha (pudina) and Camellia sinensis (tea leaves)

Ocimum sanctum or Tulasi is a perennial plant belonging to the family of Lamiaceae, native to the Indian subcontinent and widespread as a cultivated plant all over the Southeast Asian tropics. Mentha or mint, is a genus of plants in the family Lamiaceae, distribution across Europe, Africa (Southern Africa), Asia, Australia Oceania, North America and South America. Camellia sinensis (tea) belonging to the Theaceae family is a plant that generally cultivates in tropical and subtropical climates. Present study was to estimate total tannin content of leaves of Tulsi, mint and tea. Tannic acid was used as a standard and the total tannin content were expressed as tannic acid equivalents (TAE). Absorbance was measured using a spectrophotometer at 720nm. The study shows that the tannin contents of pudina and tulsi leaves is comparable whereas the tannin content of tea leaves is much more as compare to above pudina and tulsi leaves. The research will be continue to determine the other phytochemical constituent like flavonoid, Bitter, Alkaloids and Saponin etc.

Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemical profiling of Digera muricata (L.) Mart Leaves

Plants possess an extensive variety of therapeutic compounds that exhibit significant potential for application within the pharmaceutical industry. In order to identify the diverse phytochemical composition present in the plant, range of solvents including alcoholic, aqueous, hexane, petroleum ether and hydroalcoholic were employed these extracts were used and the preliminary qualitative analysis reveals the presence of phytochemicals in higher concentrations in the hydro ethanolic extract compared to other solvent. The powdered plant sample was further investigated for the quantification of phytochemicals which revealed the presence of high total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, saponin content, total tannin content and steroids content of 246.82 ± 17.27 GAE equivalents per gram, 193.18 ± 13.52 milligrams of quercetin equivalents per gram, 134.76 ± 9.43 milligrams of saponin equivalents per gram, of 61.80 ± 4.32 milligrams of Tannic acid equivalents per gram and 117.66 ± 8.23 milligrams of Cholesterol equivalents per gram respectively. The present study elucidates the potential for isolating specific compounds possessing economically valuable bioactive properties through the utilization of suitable plants and careful selection of an appropriate solvent for extraction.

Engineering and bio‐chemical properties of asparagus roots (Asparagus racemosus L.)

AbstractThe post‐harvesting procedures, such as grading, washing, transporting, and packaging can be made better with understanding of the attributes of agricultural commodities. The paper aims to estimate the asparagus roots' thermal, physical, and biochemical characteristics. The asparagus was found to vary in the range of 6.26–13.60 cm long. The width and thickness of the root were almost the same and ranged from .69 to 1.10 cm. The bulk density, true density, and porosity ranged from .561 to .771 g/cm3, 1.418 to 2.124 g cm3, and 60.437 to 63.689%, respectively. The water activity of the roots was observed to be in the range of .797–.828. The color characteristics of asparagus roots were found to be L* = 45.46, a* = 6.94, and b* = 23.23. The obtained values of the following thermal variables were: thermal diffusivity = 8.176 × 10−8 m2/s, thermal conductivity = .493 W/m °C, specific heat = 3.424 kJ/kg °C, and latent heat = 23442.74 J/kg. The total phenolic and tannin content in the roots were observed to be 24.41 ± .09 mg of gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g and 1.73 ± .06 mg of tannic acid equivalent (TAE)/g, respectively. The flavonoid content in the roots was 10.33 ± .04 mg of quercetin equivalent (QE)/g. The root samples were found to be a high capacity to scavenge free radicals and also contain phytochemical components that may prove valuable in future research to combat oxidative stress. The findings of this study will also be advantageous in developing handling and processing equipment for the industrial production of asparagus root products.Practical applicationsAsparagus is a medicinal plant which is now widely used in food processing to produce the fortified‐functional food products because of its high nutritional and medicinal properties. The grading, sorting, conveying, pulping, processing, and handling equipment for various horticultural goods, including asparagus, are designed using machine designing parameters, which are vital and essential parameters. The size and shape of all agricultural commodities varies. The slight modifications to size and form could reduce the effectiveness of numerous procedures and their associated machinery. Therefore, the knowledge about these engineering and biochemical properties of asparagus will inspire researchers to create and upgrade machinery used for grading, sorting, conveying, pulping, and processing.

Phytochemical analysis and in vitro anti-oxidant activity of Moringa oleifera leaves extract

The phytochemical contents such as, total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin content of ethanol extract of tender and matured leaves of Moringa oleifera were investigated. On the other hand, antioxidant activity test (total antioxidant activity, ABTS free radical scavenging activity, reducing power and ferrous ion chelating ability) were also studied. Total Phenolic content (203.80 ± 0.0014 and 105.00 ± 0.0045) mg/g gallic acid equivalent, total flavonoid content (26.02 ± 0.0031 and 18.20 ± 0.0025) mg/g quercetin equivalent and the total tannin content (12.90 ± 0.0021 and 10.50 ± 0.0012) mg/g of tannic acid equivalent were found in the ethanol extracts of tender and matured leaves of Moringa oleifera, respectively. The total antioxidant capacity of both leaves of the ethanol extracts were 217.43 ± 0.0025 mg/g and 210.65 ± 0.0019 mg/g respectively of ascorbic acid equivalent, respectively. Firstly, the IC50 value of tender and matured leaves of free radical scavenging activity test for ABTS (0.57 ± 0.0135 and 0.61 ± 0.0258) mg/mL were obtained using ascorbic acid as positive control (0.50 ± 0.0265 mg/mL). Secondly, reducing power ability was increased with higher concentration of all samples and standard. Finally, the IC50 value for ferrous ion chelating ability test was observed 5.10 ± 0.0121 and 9.20 ± 0.0212 mg/mL for ethanol extracts of tender and matured leaves respectively, whereas standard Na2EDTA was 4.0±0.0135 mg/mL. The result revealed that the ethanol extract of tender leaves showed more in-vitro antioxidant properties that of matured leaves. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 58(3), 179-186, 2023

LC-ESI-QTOF-MS2 Characterization of Phenolic Compounds in Different Lentil (Lens culinaris M.) Samples and Their Antioxidant Capacity.

Lentil (Lens culinaris M.) is a legume widely consumed worldwide. It is rich in bioactive compounds, including polyphenolic compounds that contribute to positive health benefits. This study aimed to determine the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of black, red, green, and brown whole lentils. Towards this end, the lentils' phenolic compounds were evaluated regarding their total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total tannin content (TTC), total condensed tannin (TCT), total proanthocyanin content (TPAC), total anthocyanin content (TAC). For the antioxidant activity 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (•OH-RSA), ferrous ion chelating activity (FICA), reducing power assay (RPA) and phosphomolybdate (PMA) assay were accessed. To identify individual phenolic compounds, liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS2) was used. The results showed that green lentils exhibited the highest TPC (0.96 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g) whereas red lentils presented the highest TFC (0.06 mg quercetin equivalents (QE)/g). Black lentils were noted with the highest TCT (0.03 mg catechin equivalents (CE)/g), TPAC (0.009 mg cyanidin chloride equivalents (CCE)/g), and TAC (3.32 mg/100 g) contents. While the greatest TTC (2.05 mg tannic acid equivalents (TAE)/g) was observed in the brown lentil. Regarding the total antioxidant capacity, red lentils (4.01 mg ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE)/g) presented the greatest activity, whereas the lowest was found in the brown samples (2.31 mg AAE/g). The LC-ESI-QTOF-MS2 tentatively identified a total of 22 phenolic compounds, containing 6 phenolic acids, 13 flavonoids, 2 lignans, and 1 other polyphenol. The relationships among phenolic compounds by Venn Diagram showed a high number of overlapping compounds in brown and red lentils (6.7%), and a low number of overlapping compounds between the green, brown, and black lentils (2.6%). Flavonoids were the most abundant phenolic compound within the studied whole lentils, with the brown lentils being the richest in phenolic compounds, especially flavonoids. This study emphasized a comprehensive understanding of the antioxidant potential of lentils and disclosed the phenolic distribution across various lentil samples. This may increase interest in the development of functional food products, nutraceutical ingredients, and pharmaceutical applications with lentils.

Total Polyphenolic Content, Antioxidant Activity and Chromatographic Profiling of Extracts of Ardissia solanacea

Pharmacognosy Research,2023,15,2,356-362.DOI:10.5530/pres.15.2.038Published:February 2023Type:Original Article Authors:Jyotsna Chopade, Asha Thomas, and Sohan Chitlange Author(s) affiliations:Jyotsna Chopade, Asha Thomas*, Sohan Chitlange Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, INDIA. Abstract:Background: The current study focuses on the preliminary phytochemical analysis, antioxidant potential and identification of phytochemicals in Ardissia solanacea leaves extract using chromatography and HR-MS. Materials and Methods: The occurrence of phytoconstituents in different extracts of Ardissia solanacea were assessed by standard procedures. In vitro antioxidant potential was determined by Hydrogen peroxide and DPPH method. The extract was fractionated by Flash Chromatography. The fractions were analysed using HPTLC and further analyzed by HR-MS method to detect and characterize the active phytoconstituents present in it. Results: The highest concentration of flavonoids (371.91± 0.167 mg/g of Quercetin Equivalent), phenolics (10.138±0.010 mg/g of Gallic acid Equivalent) and tannins (148.23±0.510 mg/g of Tannic acid Equivalent) was observed in the ethanol extract. The antioxidant activity by DPPH and H2O2 assay demonstrated that the ethanolic extract (AsEt) showed highest anti-oxidant potential (74.21% and 83.16% respectively). The ASEt was fractionated by using Flash chromatography. As a result, Out of 11 fractions, one fraction namely AsEt3 was selected further based on HPTLC results. The HR-MS analysis of ASEt3 indicated presence of thirteen compounds wherein bergapten was predominantly identified. Conclusion: It was revealed that the leaves of Ardissia solanacea possesses high antioxidant potential. The known phytoconstituents namely quercetin and taxifolin along with one unknown compound were identified through the HR-MS study. Using mass library data, we report herein 2 flavonoids and 1 phenolic in the AsEt extract. Keywords:Antioxidant activity, Ardissia solanacea, Flash chromatography, HR-MS analysis.View:PDF (252.11 KB)

Evaluation of seasonal variation, effect of extraction solvent on phytochemicals and antioxidant activity on Rosmarinus officinalis grown in different agro-ecological zones of Kiambu County, Kenya

BackgroundRosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) is a commonly used culinary herb with great potential applications in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetics industries because of its reported bioactive phytochemicals and antioxidant properties. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of seasonal variations in different agro-ecological zones (AEZs) on the phytochemical content and corresponding antioxidant activities of R. officinalis, to ascertain the best growth period at which the plant possesses the highest phytochemical components and most potent antioxidant property. The study also aimed at comparing different extraction solvents to establish the best extraction system for the bioactive compounds.MethodsThe leaves of R. officinalis were harvested from six purposively selected sites in four agro-ecological zones of Kiambu County, Kenya both in the wet and the dry seasons. Phytochemicals were extracted in 80% methanol, 80% ethanol, and distilled water. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC), and total tannins content (TTC) were measured spectrophotometrically as gallic acid equivalent (GAE), rutin equivalent (RUTE) and tannic acid equivalent (TAE), respectively. The antioxidant activities were measured using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The 80% ethanolic solvent was used to compare the phytochemical content and corresponding antioxidant activities of R. officinalis leaf samples collected from two consecutive seasons in different agro-ecological zones.ResultsThe solvents showed no significant difference (P > 0.05) in TPC with ethanol repotting the highest followed by methanol and water ranging from 39.71 ± 6.77, 24.91 ± 5.15 and 24.91 ± 7.30 (mg/g GAE), respectively. The aqueous TFC (117.22 ± 3.64 mg/g RUTE) was the highest followed by ethanolic and methanolic with 34.72 ± 2.13 and 16.86 ± 2.80 mg/g RUTE, respectively. The TTC of water, methanol, and ethanol extracts were; 19.88 ± 4.59, 15.02 ± 1.25, and 4.27 ± 1.48 mg/g TAE, respectively. The DPPH activity between methanol and ethanol extracts showed no significant difference. The FRAP activity also showed no significant difference (P > 0.05) among the three solvents. There were significant differences between the wet and dry seasons in the phytochemical content. There was no recorded significant difference in the DPPH activity between the dry and wet season in all AEZs. FRAP was significantly higher in the dry season than the wet season for R. officinalis leaves harvested in all agro-agroecological zones except Thika. There were significant differences in phytochemical content and antioxidant activity between the agro-ecologicalzones (p < 0.05) except for the TFC.ConclusionsThe data obtained from this study demonstrated that hydro-alcoholic /methanolic and aqueous maceration systems extracted bioactive compounds from R. officinalis with high potential for applications in industries. The R. officinalis from different agro-ecological zones contained variable phytochemical composition, suggesting that geographical location and climatic conditions influence the biosynthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites and other bioactive compounds. The data provided in this study will be crucial for processors to select the optimal harvesting season for the extraction of desired bioactive compounds from Rosmarinus officinalis.

Assessment of phytochemical screening and antioxidant potential of Heteropogon contortus (L.) whole plant

Heteropogon contortus (L.) belongs to the family Poaceae, which is known to have bioactivities like anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, membrane and mast cell stabilization, antimicrobial and many more. The aim of the present study is to explore occurrence of phytochemicals and antioxidant activity by using the whole plant (including leaf, stem, and root) crude extract in three different solvents (methanol, hydroethanol, and aqueous). Using standard methods, presence of various bioactive compounds was determined. Quantitative evaluation of total phenol, flavonoid and tannin content were done by using the spectrophotometric techniques. For antioxidant property analysis, in-vitro techniques like ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) assay, diphenyl1-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and metal chelation assay were used. In plant extract preparation, the green colour extract of methanol with solid consistency observed to have highest % yield of 4.46 %, followed by hydroethanolic (3.86 %), and aqueous extract (2.95 %). Various phytocompounds (e.g., alkaloids, steroids, phenols, flavonoids, glycosides, carbohydrates, and resins) were observed in higher concentration in methanol, hydroethanol, and aqueous extract. Out of all extracts, the methanol extract observed to have highest flavonoid (30.07 ± 0.09 mg Quercetin equivalent (QE)/g), phenol (34.12 ± 0.028 mg of the Gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g), and tannin (26.61 ± 0.008 mg of the Tannic acid equivalent (TAE)/g) content. In DPPH and metal chelation assay, the effective inhibitor was the methanol extract (42.94 ± 0.0061 µg/ml, 100.57 ± 0.085 µg/ml) in order of potency inhibitory concentration (IC50) while the FRAP value was observed maximum in the hydroethanol extract (258.41 ± 0.0085 mg/g). Thus, overall investigation of the plant extracts shows that the occurrence of variety of phytochemicals having antioxidant properties makes the plant a promising candidate for usage in the traditional medicine.

Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of In Vitro Digested Hemp-Based Products.

The growth of the world population has prompted research to investigate new food/feed alternatives. Hemp-based products can be considered excellent candidates. Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is an environmentally sustainable plant widespread worldwide. Following the reintroduction of its cultivation, hemp is attracting interest, especially in the food/feed industry. To date, scientific research has mainly focused on its nutritional aspect. Therefore, the aim of the work was also to investigate the functional profile (total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (Ferric- reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS)) of hemp-based products (hempseeds (HSs), flowers, and HS protein extract), following methanol extraction and in vitro digestion, to study the behaviour of the molecules involved. The results show an interesting nutritional value, even when compared to matrices used in the food/feed industry, such as soy and flaxseeds. The functional profile revealed a very interesting TPC following methanol extraction for HSs, flowers, and HS protein extract, respectively, (550.3 ± 28.27; 2982.8 ± 167.78; and 568.9 ± 34.18 mg Tannic Acid Equivalent (TAE)/100 g). This trend was also confirmed for FRAP (50.9 ± 4.30; 123.6 ± 8.08; and 29.73 ± 1.32 mg Ascorbic Acid Equivalent (AAE)/100 g), recording values similar/higher than soy protein extract and flaxseeds (17.4 ± 1.55; and 10.4 ± 0.44 mg AAE/100 g). The results were also maintained following physiological digestion. These results, although promising, need further investigation, confirming what has been observed with different antioxidant activity assays and identifying individual molecules involved in functional pathways. This information will be necessary to gain a better understanding of the functional characteristics of these matrices for use in food/feed formulations.

Veronica rosea biomolecule profiling, antioxidant potential, dermoprotective effect, anti-inflammatory and hemostatic activities and enzyme inhibitory action

• Eight flavonoids were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract. two detected for the first time in the genus veronica • Antioxidant evaluation was evaluated using DPPH, FRAP, and total antioxidant capacity. • Sun protection factor was calculated to estimate the dermoprotective activity • In vitro hemostatic activity was measured of plasma re-calcification time (PRT) • Veronica rosea is able to inhibit heat- and hypotonicity-induced hemolysis, • Veronica rosea present acetyl-butyrylcholinesterases and urease effects. : Veronica rosea (Plantaginacea) has been previously studied from a phytochemical perspective. The present research intends to perform an in-depth investigation to identify more secondary metabolites in this plant and to explore its pharmacological potential. : The ethyl acetate extract (EAE) of V. rosea was analysed with different chromatographic methods. The obtained pure products were analysed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry to identify the structures of the bioactive compounds. The therapeutic potential of EAE was investigated by performing several in vitro assays. : An advanced spectral analysis enabled the structures of 8 flavonoids to be elucidated. Considerable amounts of phenolic, flavonoid, tannin and anthocyanin compounds were detected in the following quantities: 161.32±4.29 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g, 179.48±9.86 mg quercetin equivalents (QE)/g dry extract, 36.44±3.37 mg tannic acid equivalents (TAE)/g dry extract and 7.47±0.45 mg cyanidin 3-glucoside (Cy-3-glu) equivalents/100 g of dry weight (DW), respectively. Strong evidence of the antioxidant activity of the EAE was established with diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH; 50% inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) = 16.09±0.2 μg/mL), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP; IC 50 = 6.35±0.019 μg/mL) and total antioxidant capacity (161.41±10.76 mg EAA/mg extract). This antioxidant activity leads to important solar protection (solar protection factor (SPF) of 41.53±0.019 at a dose of 0.2 mg/ml). The EAE exerted a moderate to robust effect on stabilizing the red blood cell membrane compared to diclofenac, as well as haemostatic action, for which plasma recalcification times were significantly shortened. The extract inhibited acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities with IC 50 = 121.6±03.29 µg/mL and 108.94±4.24 µg/mL, respectively, and significantly inhibited urease activity with an IC 50 = 132.77±4.73 μg/mL. : The present findings indicate that V. rosea might be viewed as a potential source of bioactive molecules to improve the prognosis of certain diseases.

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF ETHANOL EXTRACTS FROM Croton macrostachyus (Hochst. Ex Delile) AND Justicia schimperiana (Hochst. Ex Nees) BARK AND LEAF AGAINST CERTAIN PATHOGENIC BACTERIA

Our study was designed to evaluate antibacterial activities of ethanol extracts from Croton macrostachyus and Justicia schimperiana bark and leaf against certain bacterial pathogens such as E. coli O157 H:7 ATCC 25922, Salmonella Typhi ATCC 13311, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 196151. Qualitative and quantitative methods were followed to screen the phytochemicals in the plants extracts and to estimate total phenolic content (TPC) and terpenoids. Antibacterial activity was evaluated by disc diffusion method and by determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). The results of the investigation revealed that both the plants were found to contain alkaloids, saponin, steroids, tannins and terpenoids. Highest TPC (3.82±0.82 mg/g Tannic Acid Equivalent) and highest Terpenoid content (118.33±4.4 mg/g) were observed in the leaf extract of C. macrostachyus. Bark extract of C. macrostachyus displayed the strongest activity against the gram-positive bacteria S. aureus with an inhibition zone of 16.17±0.67 mm. E. coli O157 H:7 and S. Typhi were found more resistant to bark extract of J. schimperiana at the concentration of 100 mg/ml. The potent plant part extract should be subjected for further phytochemical analysis and bioactive investigations.