Tangerine Varieties Research Articles

Screening of In Vitro Health Benefits of Tangerine Tomatoes.

Tomatoes have been associated with various health benefits, including the prevention of chronic diseases. The cis-isomers of lycopene occurring in tangerine tomatoes were, through clinical trials, proven to be more bioavailable than the all-trans lycopene found in red tomatoes. Nonetheless, scientific evidence regarding the bioactivities of the tangerine tomatoes is lacking. In this article, the antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties of extracts prepared from four different tomato varieties, namely Alfred, Olga’s Round Golden Chicken Egg, Golden Green, and Golden Eye, were investigated. While the antioxidant capacities of the extracts were measured through the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assays, their anti-proliferative properties in prostate cancer cell lines were examined through the Sulforhodamine-B (SRB) assay. The anti-inflammatory activities of the extracts were assessed through the toll-like receptor (TLR)2, TLR4, and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing protein 2 (NOD2)-mediated inflammatory pathways. Our results show that the tangerine tomatoes had lower IC50 values in both the anticancer and anti-inflammatory assays compared to the red tomatoes. Specifically, the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of the tangerine tomatoes in LNCaP cells were approximately two to three fold lower than the red tomato (IC50: 14.46, 5.62, and 8.08 mg dry tomato equivalent/mL from Alfred hexane-acetone, Olga’s Round Golden Chicken Egg hexane, and Golden Green hexane, respectively). These findings indicate that the tangerine varieties, Olga’s Round Golden Chicken Egg and Golden Green, possess greater potential to be used in conjunction with treatment and for the prevention of cancer and inflammatory-related diseases than the Alfred (red) and Golden Eye (high beta-carotene) varieties.

Dancy Tangerine

This document is about Dancy, one of the oldest tangerine varieties known in Florida. The variety originated in 1867 from a seed of Moragne tangerine in the grove of Colonel F. L. Dancy of Orange Mills. Dancy has been a very popular variety over the years but is no longer widely planted due to a number of production problems that will be discussed later. There are still a few groves of Dancy as well as numerous dooryard trees, but this variety has been replaced over the years by new tangerine hybrids such as Robinson, Sunburst, and Honey (Murcott). First published in Sept. 1993

FREMONT - IAC 543: TANGERINE WITH POTENTIAL FOR THE BRAZILIAN MARKET

ABSTRACT Planting new types of tangerines is an interesting alternative for Brazilian citrus growers due to the increasing domestic market. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate a less exploited variety of tangerine, the Fremont. The physics and chemical quality of the fruit and juice (mass, peel color, juice yield, acidity, soluble solids and maturation index) was evaluated, followed by sensory testing for ranking of difference and preference to Nules clementine and Ponkan tangerine varieties. The Fremont tangerine produces fruits that meet the standards required by the Brazilian consumer market, with an appropriate mass for sale of the fresh fruit, a suitable juice yield, and early to mid-season maturation. Furthermore, et the preference, together with the Nules clementine, when compared to the Ponkan tangerine, wich is the main commercial variety in Brazil.

The Citrus transcription factor, CitERF13, regulates citric acid accumulation via a protein-protein interaction with the vacuolar proton pump, CitVHA-c4.

Organic acids are essential to fruit flavor. The vacuolar H+ transporting adenosine triphosphatase (V-ATPase) plays an important role in organic acid transport and accumulation. However, less is known of V-ATPase interacting proteins and their relationship with organic acid accumulation. The relationship between V-ATPase and citric acid was investigated, using the citrus tangerine varieties ‘Ordinary Ponkan (OPK)’ and an early maturing mutant ‘Zaoshu Ponkan (ZPK)’. Five V-ATPase genes (CitVHA) were predicted as important to citric acid accumulation. Among the genes, CitVHA-c4 was observed, using a yeast two-hybrid screen, to interact at the protein level with an ethylene response factor, CitERF13. This was verified using bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. A similar interaction was also observed between Arabidopsis AtERF017 (a CitERF13 homolog) and AtVHA-c4 (a CitVHA-c4 homolog). A synergistic effect on citric acid levels was observed between V-ATPase proteins and interacting ERFs when analyzed using transient over-expression in tobacco and Arabidopsis mutants. Furthermore, the transcript abundance of CitERF13 was concomitant with CitVHA-c4. CitERF13 or AtERF017 over-expression leads to significant citric acid accumulation. This accumulation was abolished in an AtVHA-c4 mutant background. ERF-VHA interactions appear to be involved in citric acid accumulation, which was observed in both citrus and Arabidopsis.

Positive relationship between citrus leaf miner and alternaria brown spot

Alternaria brown spot, or ABS (Alternaria alternata), is the most prevalent fungal disease of tangerines in the world. Field observations have revealed ABS lesions on leaves wounded by the citrus leaf miner (CLM). Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the relationship between CLM and ABS. Leaves from young Murcott tangor plants and detached leaves from 16 different varieties of tangerines with and without lesions caused by CLM were inoculated with A. alternata. The symptoms of the plants were subsequently quantified by counting the number of lesions, and the lesion area was estimated using a diagrammatic scale. The presence of CLM damage aggravates the severity of Alternaria alternata fungus infections in susceptible tangerine varieties.

An alternative approach for the classification of orange varieties based on near infrared spectroscopy

A multivariate technique and feasibility of using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for non-destructive discriminating Thai orange varieties were studied in this paper. Short-wavelength near infrared (SW-NIR) spectra in region of 643 to 970nm were collected from 100 orange sample of each varieties. A total of 300 spectra were used to develop an accurate classification model by diversity of classifiers. The result showed that Logistic Regression (LGR) model was achieved 100% classification accuracy while Multi-Criteria Quadratic Programming (MCQP) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) ones also demonstrated satisfying result (95%). In order to find simpler and easier interpretable classification model, several feature selection techniques were evaluated to identify the most relevant wavelengths to the orange varieties. With four principal components (PCs) from Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the effective wavelengths of 769.68, 692.28, 662.61 and 959.31nm from Least Square Forward Selection (LS-FS), the reduced classification models of LGR also achieved satisfying classification accuracy respectively. Furthermore, both Kernel Principal Component Analysis (KPCA) and Kernel Least Square Forward Selection (KLS-FS) with SVM enhanced performance of models by 5 PCs and features respectively. The result concluded that NIRS can yield an accurate classification for Thai tangerine varieties from whole spectra and can enhance interpretability of classification model by feature subset.

Fiber from tangerine juice industry

The four main tangerine varieties (Oroval, Hernandina, Fortuna and Clemenville) processed in the Mediterranean region were analyzed for juice yield, diverse by-products obtained in industrial processing (peel, core and frit) and fiber content: crude fiber (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF), from the by-products (peel, core and frit) obtained in tangerine processing in pilot plant tests. Not much work is reported which is related to the effect on the characteristics of citrus by-products due to the configuration of the components in citrus juice extractors. In recent works, there appears to be a relationship between particle size and treatment, and the physiological functions of, at least, orange fibers. In this work, it was possible to correlate the configuration (as fruit size adaptation of it) and characteristics of the fiber obtained from the by-products. The variety Hernadina has the highest juice content and therefore has less peel, core and frit. The Oroval variety has more frit content, two times more than Hernandina and Clemenville and three times more than Fortuna. As regards crude fiber results it is clearly significant that the Oroval variety has a higher content than the rest of varieties. Regarding components, the core has the least fiber content and frit the highest. These results are useful to support marketing strategies based on the high dietetic fiber content of Clementines. This fiber could have a huge potential for food and pharmacy as an alternative to cereal fiber, improving economical profits from the tangerine juice extraction process.

Genotypic Variation in Responses of Citrus spp. to Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

Thailand is part of Southeast Asia that covers the center of diversity of citrus species, where various species of thegenus are widely grown. One of the most common is tangerine (Citrus reticulata), which is commonly grown bygrafting on rootstocks of different tangerine varieties or other citrus species. The objective of this study is to investigateresponses of some Citrus spp. seedlings to arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, and thus their potential as rootstocks.The experiment was done with four tangerine varieties, Cleopatra, Fremont, Ocean and Sainamphung; and four othercitrus species, lime (C. aurantifolia), pomelo (C. maxima), sweet orange (C. sinensis) and Troyer citrange (Citrussinensis????Poncirus trifoliata), in pots for five months. Roots of non-inoculated plants were not infected with AM fungi,while inoculated plants were heavily infected with AM fungi, and contained 14-28 AM spores per 10????g of rhizospheresoil. Most of the citrus responded positively to AM fungi, but with different magnitudes among the varieties and species.Lime and pomelo seedlings were fast growing compared to other citrus species. Total dry weight and N, P, K and Mgcontents were increased most strongly by AM fungi in lime, pomelo and tangerine varieties Ocean, Fremont andSainamphung, but little or none in Cleopatra, Troyer and sweet orange. Lime was the most outstanding in the responseto AM fungi, followed by Ocean tangerine and pomelo. The potential of lime, pomelo and Ocean tangerine as rootstockfor tangerine should be further investigated.

Radical scavenging activity of orange and tangerine varieties cultivated in Brazil

Four citrus fruit varieties cultivated in Brazil (two kinds of sweet orange and two kinds of tangerine) were analyzed for physicochemical characteristics contents of total phenolics, total carotenoids and ascorbic acid, and antioxidant activities. The antioxidant activities of aqueous, methanolic, and acetone extracts of the citrus fruit juices were assessed on the basis of their ability to scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•). The cravo tangerine has the highest content of citric acid, while the pera orange is richest in ascorbic acid. The lima orange has the highest total phenolic contents, and the ponkan the highest total carotenoids. The antioxidant activities, expressed as the concentration of antioxidant able to scavenge 50% of the initial DPPH• (EC50), ranged from 139.1±27.3 to 182.2±28.8 g extract/l for juice of orange varieties and 186.3±29.6 to 275.5±3.3g extract/l for juice of tangerine citrus varieties. In methanolic extracts the EC50 ranged from 192.5±43.1 to 267.4±41.4 g extract/l for orange varieties and from 225.2±69.8 to 336.3±27.2 g extract/l for tangerine varieties. For EC50 values of acetone fractions, there were no statistically significant differences between the different varieties. For every citrus fruit in the present study, the radical scavenging capacity was higher in the aqueous than in the methanolic or acetone fractions.

Comparative study of the mandarin hybrid fruit characteristics: Nova, Murcott and Ortanique in Capão Bonito SP, Brazil

The Murcott tangor represent 20% of the tangerines trees in São Paulo State being the second more grown. Their fruits have good acceptance in the market cause of the good characteristics presented as: size, attractive internal and external color, transport resistance, high juice rate and industry potential. It is necessary to study the behavior of others varieties, in order to amplify the diversity of tangerine industry, which show suitable characteristics to the fresh fruit market and that make possible different harvest season. Many tangerine varieties, selected from the Citrus Germplasm Bank of the do Centro Avançado de Pesquisa Tecnológica do Agronegócio de Citros "Sylvio Moreira"/IAC, belong to trials carried out in 15 places in São Paulo State. The Capão Bonito area, south-west of the state, is one of this places where the Nova tangelo, the Ortanique and the Murcott tangors are showing quite good results about their fruit qualities. This paper had as an objective to compare the fruit characteristics of the Nova tangelo, the Murcott and the Ortanique tangors grafted on two rootstocks: Rangpur lime and Cleopatra mandarin. Accordingly to the gotten results, is possible to conclude that Nova and Ortanique had shown weight, width, fruit shape and juice percent, similar to the Murcott. In compliance with the harvest season, the Nova present suitable conditions to fresh fruit market in May and June. By the other hand the Murcott fruits can be harvested in July to August and the Ortanique in August to September. For this reason, is possible extend the harvest season of this mandarin-like, from two to five month, occurring inclusive in a period out of the crop at the north hemisphere.

Identification of zygotic and nucellar tangerine seedlings (Citrus spp.) using RAPD

The randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was used to distinguish nucellar and zygotic seedlings resulting from crosses between the ‘Montenegrina’ (Citrus deliciosa Tenore) and‘ King’ (C. nobilis Loureiro) tangerines. The aim of the present study was to develop tangerine varieties with a reduced number of seeds and organoleptic characteristics similar to the ‘Montenegrina’ tangerine. Embryos were isolated from seeds, cultivated in vitro, and acclimated in a greenhouse. Four random primers were used to identify 54 plants of sexual origin from a total of 202 individuals. The degree of polymorphism of each primer was reflected in the number of zygotic plants obtained per primer. Cluster analysis of parents and progeny separated the individuals into distinct groups with a maximum genetic dissimilarity of 20%.

The isolation, purification, and characterization of cis-ζ-carotene and the demonstration of its conversion to acyclic, monocyclic, and dicyclic carotenes by a soluble enzyme system obtained from the plastids of tangerine tomato fruits

Cis-ζ-carotene was isolated, purified in several chromatographic systems, and then identified as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of poly- cis-carotenes. The structure of cis-ζ-carotene was tentatively established from its visible light-absorption spectrum, and by a comparison of the infrared spectrum with that of trans-ζ-carotene. Confirmation of the identity of this compound was obtained by high resolution mass spectroscopy. The presence of the cis-configuration was indicated by a bathochromic shift of 6–10 nm in the visible spectrum when the compound was subjected to iodinecatalyzed photoisomerization. The infrared spectrum also showed characteristic peaks for the cis-configuration. Proof of the conversion of cis-ζ-[ 14C]carotene to trans-ζ-carotene, proneurosporene, prolycopene, neurosporene, lycopene, β- and γ carotenes was obtained on incubation with soluble enzyme systems obtained from plastids of fruits of two different tangerine varieties of tomato. Proof for the formation of each of the carotenes was provided by column and thin-layer chromatography A close correspondence of radioactivity and optical density was observed for each carotene. Additional proof was obtained by gas-liquid chromatography of each hydrogenated carotene. A coincidence of mass and radioactivity was observed for each carotene.

THE INHERITANCE OF CAROTENOID PIGMENT SYSTEMS IN THE TOMATO

N the tomato three types of fruit flesh color have long been known. The I red flesh (RRTT) of normal canning tomatoes is due to the presence of major quantities of the pigment lycopene. A minor quantity of beta-carotene is also present, as are traces of certain other carotenoid pigments. Yellowfleshed tomatoes (rrTT) are characterized by the lack of pigment in major quantities. Orange tomatoes (RRtt) of the Jubilee or Tangerine varieties, on the other hand, contain a mixture of carotenoids of which prolycopene and zeta-carotene are the principal components. Recently a new pigment type, orange in color, has been isolated (LINCOLN and PORTER 1950). Unlike the orange Tangerine type, this tomato contains largely beta-carotene with minor quantities of lycopene. LINCOLN and PORTER postulate that in beta-orange tomatoes the shift from red (lycopene) to orange (beta-carotene) depends primarily upon a single gene B which lacks dominance. When the present study was initiated the monohybrid segregations of R/r and of T/t were well established on a visual basis ( MACARTIIUR 1931, 1934). Moreover, considerable analytical information was available concerning the parent pigment types (LEROSEN, WENT and ZECIIMEISTER 1941 ; ZECHMEISTER, LEROSEN, WENT and PAULING 1941 ; LEROSEN and ZECHMEISTER 1942; NASH and ZSCHEILE 1945; PORTER and ZSCHEILE 1946a, 1946b). Crosses between r and t, however, had not been thoroughly analyzed, and crosses involving B and either Y or t had not been reported. The possibility existed that B might be an allele of either Y or t. FLEMING and ~!IYERS (1937) cite correspondence with MACARTHUR in which the latter suggested that crosses involving Tangerine orange (RRtt) and yellow (YYTT) produce a 9 red : 3 yellow : 4 orange (3 orange and 1 light orange) F2 ratio. From their own data, however, these authors suggested that the inheritance was considerably more complicated. Recently JENKINS and MACKINNEY (1951) have confirmed MACARTHUR’S prediction. Moreover, MACKINNEY and JENKINS ( 1949, 1952) have extended the analytical information with regard to parent types and have included an analysis of the segregants involving these two genes. The present work supports the data reported by MACKINNEY and JENKINS with respect to R and T, and in addition extends the analysis to include the gene B.