Tamponade In Dogs Research Articles

Intraoperative findings and postoperative results associated with cataract surgery performed after retinal reattachment surgery in dogs-36 cases (41 eyes).

To report intraoperative findings and complications associated with cataract surgery performed after retinal reattachment surgery (RR) via pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) using perfluoro-n-octane (PFO), laser retinopexy, and silicone oil tamponade in dogs. Retrospective record review of dogs that underwent post-RR cataract surgery. Signalment, time between RR and cataract surgery, type of lens extraction, postoperative visual status, and intra- and postoperative complications were recorded. Cataract formation or progression after RR was categorized as early (≤12months) or late (>12months). A total of 36 dogs (41 eyes) were included. Average time between RR and cataract surgery was 665days (median: 546). Early postoperative incidence of cataracts occurred in 19 eyes (46.3%). Types of lens extraction included phacoemulsification with intraocular lens (86.1%, 31/36 dogs), phacoemulsification alone (11.1%, 4/36 dogs), and intracapsular lens extraction (2.8%, 1/36 dogs). Visual improvement occurred in 95.1% of eyes (39/41) immediately postoperatively. Long term, 93.9% of eyes (31/33) maintained vision at 1month, 85.2% of eyes (23/27) at 3months, 77.3% of eyes (17/22) at 6months, and 60% (12/20) at 12months postoperatively. The most common postoperative complications were glaucoma (29.3%, 12/41 eyes), corneal ulceration (24.4%, 10/36 eyes), fibrin formation (21.9%, 9/41 eyes), and silicone oil migration into the anterior chamber (19.5%, 8/41 eyes). Post-RR cataract surgery should be considered in dogs with vision loss from cataracts after RR. In most eyes, vision was maintained up to 1year postoperatively.

Plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide concentrations before and after pericardiocentesis in dogs with cardiac tamponade secondary to spontaneous pericardial effusion

ObjectiveTo determine if concentrations of plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) are increased in dogs with cardiac tamponade and if there is a significant increase in plasma NT-proBNP after pericardiocentesis. AnimalsTen client-owned dogs with spontaneous cardiac tamponade. MethodsProspective clinical study. Cardiac tamponade was suspected from physical examination and confirmed with echocardiography. Blood was collected and plasma NT-proBNP concentrations were measured before and 30–60 min following pericardiocentesis and resolution of cardiac tamponade. Within-subject changes in plasma NT-proBNP were compared by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. ResultsThe plasma NT-proBNP concentrations measured within the reference interval in seven of 10 dogs before pericardiocentesis and in six of 10 dogs following pericardiocentesis. Following pericardiocentesis, there was a statistically significant increase in median NT-proBNP concentration (733 pmol/L, range 250–3,297) compared with the values measured before (643 pmol/L, range 250–3,210, P = 0.004). The NT-proBNP concentration increased in 90% of the dogs following pericardiocentesis. ConclusionsAn upper reference limit of 900 pmol/L for plasma NT-proBNP is insensitive for the diagnosis of pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade in dogs. Plasma NT-proBNP concentration commonly increases following pericardiocentesis, perhaps related to improved ventricular filling and stretch.

Refractive state following retinal reattachment and silicone oil tamponade in dogs

To evaluate the refractive error induced by intraocular administration of silicone oil (SiO) in dogs. 47 client-owned dogs evaluated for blindness secondary to retinal detachment. -3-port pars plana vitrectomy with perfluoro-octane and SiO exchange (1,000- or 5,000-centistoke SiO) was performed in 1 or both eyes for all dogs (n = 63 eyes), depending on which eye or eyes were affected. Dogs were normotensive, had complete oil filling of the eyes, and were examined in a standing position for retinoscopic examination of both eyes (including healthy eyes). The mean refractive error for SiO-filled phakic and pseudophakic eyes was 2.67 and 3.24 D, respectively. The mean refractive error for SiO-filled aphakic eyes was 6.50 D. Dogs in which 5,000-centistoke SiO was used had consistently greater positive refractive errors (mean, 3.45 D), compared with dogs in which 1,000-centistoke SiO was used (mean, 2.10 D); however, the difference was nonsignificant. There was no significant linear relationship between refractive error and the number of days between surgery and retinoscopy. Hyperopia was observed in all dogs that underwent SiO tamponade, regardless of lens status (phakic, pseudophakic, or aphakic). Aphakic eyes underwent a myopic shift when filled with SiO. Pseudophakic eyes appeared to be more hyperopic than phakic eyes when filled with SiO; however, additional investigation is needed to confirm the study findings.

Alterations in peripheral circulation in dogs with cardiac tamponade

DISTURBANCES related to the pericardium have been increasingly observed in routine clinical examinations carried out on domestic animals. In dogs, pericardial effusion is commonly associated with neoplasia or idiopathic pericarditis...

Isoflurane preserves central nervous system blood flow during intraoperative cardiac tamponade in dogs

The present study tested the hypothesis that the anesthetic technique will influence the changes in regional blood flow (RBF) during intraoperative cardiac tamponade. Twenty-four dogs were divided into three equal groups: Group I, anesthesia was maintained with ketamine (25 mg.kg(-1).hr(-1)); Group II, with fentanyl and midazolam (F-M; 10 mug.kg(-1).hr(-1) and 0.5 mg.kg(-1).hr(-1), respectively); Group III with 1 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC; 1.4%) isoflurane. Radioactive microspheres were used to measure RBF in myocardium, brain, spinal cord, abdominal viscera, skeletal muscle and skin. Cardiac output (CO) was measured by thermodilution and arterial pressure with a catheter situated in the thoracic aorta. Catheters were introduced into the pericardial cavity to infuse isotonic saline and to measure intrapericardial pressure (IPP). Measurements were obtained under control conditions and during tamponade, as defined by an increase in IPP sufficient to reduce mean arterial pressure by 40%. Tamponade caused decreases in CO and RBF that were comparable under the three anesthetics, except that RBF in subcortical regions of the brain and in the spinal cord were maintained under isoflurane but decreased under ketamine or F-M. In dogs, intraoperative cardiac tamponade caused comparable changes in RBF under the different anesthetic techniques except that autoregulation was effective in maintaining RBF within the central nervous system only under isoflurane anesthesia. Our findings provide no compelling reason to recommend one anesthetic over the others for maintenance of anesthesia in situations with increased risk for intraoperative cardiac tamponade. However, they cannot be extrapolated to anesthesia induction in the presence of cardiac tamponade.

Hemodynamic Responses to Dobutamine, Hydralazine and Sodium Nitroprusside Following Pentastarch Infusion during Cardiac Tamponade in Dogs

Background : Cardiac tamponade results in a hemodynamic disorder associated with decreased cardiac output and blood pressure. To improve cardiac output in a subject with cardiac tamponade, cardiotonic drugs and vasodilators with blood volume expander can be used. The purpose of this study was to observe the hemodynamic effects of cardiotonic drugs and vasodilators following administration of plasma expander in the dogs with cardiac tamponade. Method : Three groups of dogs were studied during the induced cardiac tamponade. Following infusion of pentastarch, group I received dobutamine by dripping of 10ug/kg/min, followed by injection of 20ug/kg/min, group II received hydralazine (20 mg, 40 mg) and group III received sodium nitroprusside (5ug/kg/min, 10 g/kg/min). The heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac output and pulmonary arterial occluded pressure were measured. The atrial transmural pressure was calculated by subtracting intrapericardial pressure from mean atrial pressure. Results : Cardiac output was increased in the groups I and II, but mean arterial pressure was increased in only the group I. Atrial transmural pressure was not changed in all three groups. Conclusion : The most pronounced hemodynamic improvements during the cardiac tamponade is observed in group I with pentastarch-dobutamine combination. (Korean J Anesthesiol 1998; 35: 852∼860)

Atrial natriuretic peptide levels during and after acute cardiac tamponade in dogs

The ability of the atrial wall to secrete atria) natriuretic peptide was studied in eight dogs during 2 h of cardiac tamponade and for 2 h after decompression of the pericardium. Cardiac tamponade was induced by instillation of 5% dextrose in water into the pericardial cavity until aortic systolic pressure was reduced by 30% to 35%. Heart rate, cardiac output and atrial, pericardial and aortic pressures were measured at 60 and 120 min of tamponade and at 5, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after decompression. Blood samples were withdrawn at the same time for the determination of atrial natriuretic peptide and aldosterone levels.Aortic pressure decreased significantly during tamponade and increased after decompression to near control levels. Right and left atrial pressures as well as intrapericardial pressure increased significantly during tamponade and returned to control levels after decompression. The effective transmural pressure, which was reduced during tamponade, was increased significantly at 5 min after decompression. Cardiac output was significantly reduced during tamponade and returned to pretamponade levels after decompression. Over the total experimental period, no significant changes in the levels of atrial natriuretic peptide were observed, whereas aldosterone increased significantly.It is concluded that the increased atrial pressure observed during cardiac tamponade did not stimulate the secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide. Furthermore, atrial distension observed immediately after decompression was not sufficient or of long enough duration to induce measurable increases in atrial natriuretic peptide levels. Finally, the secondary hyperaldosteronism did not activate atrial natriuretic peptide secretion either during cardiac tamponade or after decompression.

Mixed venous blood gases are superior to arterial blood gases in assessing acid-base status and oxygenation during acute cardiac tamponade in dogs.

Recent reports using anesthetized ventilator-dependent animal models, have suggested that in certain shock states, a disparity exists between arterial and mixed venous blood gases with regard to acid-base status and oxygenation. In a chronically instrumented unanesthetized canine model of acute cardiac tamponade breathing room air, we studied the effect of a graded decline in cardiac output on arterial and mixed venous pH, PCO2, and PO2. Cardiac tamponade resulted in a profound arterial respiratory alkalosis, whereas mixed venous pH, PCO2, and calculated serum bicarbonate levels remained relatively unchanged. As intrapericardial pressure increased and cardiac output declined, the difference between arterial and mixed venous PCO2 progressively increased. Further, whereas arterial oxygenation improved as cardiac output declined, mixed venous oxygenation steadily worsened. This disparity began early in cardiac tamponade (reductions in cardiac output of 20-40%) long before arterial blood pressure began to fall and progressively worsened as hemodynamic deterioration and lactic acidosis developed. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that a reduction in blood flow, resulting in decreased CO2 delivery to the lungs, is the primary mechanism responsible for the difference in pH and PCO2 observed between arterial and mixed venous blood. In this conscious, spontaneously breathing animal model, mixed venous blood gases thus are superior to arterial blood gases in assessing acid-base status and oxygenation, even early in acute cardiac tamponade when the decline in cardiac output is in the range of 20 to 40% and arterial blood pressure has not changed significantly.

Myocardial blood flow during cardiac tamponade in dogs with coronary occlusion: Effects of isoproterenol

To determine the effects of cardiac tamponade in dogs with ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery, fluid was introduced into the pericardial space to raise right and left atrial and pericardial pressures, first to 7 to 9 mm Hg and then to 11 to 12 mm Hg. Normal and ischemic myocardial blood flow fell approximately 20% to 25% during mild tamponade (1.27 ± 0.16 to 1.00 ± 0.06 ml/min/gm and 0.52 ± 0.12 to 0.39 ± 0.08 ml/min/gm, respectively) and by 50% during moderate tamponade (0.66 ± 0.08 and 0.23 ± 0.05 ml/min/gm, respectively). The inner/outer left ventricular wall blood flow ratio decreased modestly from 1.16 to 1.08 ( p < 0.025) in normal areas but increased from 0.53 to 0.61 ( p < 0.05) in the ischemic regions, suggesting possible epicardial vessel compression. Isoproterenol resulted in prompt decreases in pericardial and filling pressures, 16% increase in aortic pressure, and 200% rise in cardiac output. Normal myocardial blood flow more than doubled (1.55 ± 0.12 ml/min/gm, p < 0.001). Although average ischemic blood flow rose slightly to 0.42 ± 0.10 ml/min/gm, the increase was not significant. Furthermore, changes in ischemic blood flow were heterogeneous with frank decrease in one dog. Therefore, although isoproterenol has salutary hemodynamic effects, its unpredictable action on myocardial blood flow should cause one to use it cautiously in those with tamponade who are believed to have coronary occlusive disease.

Cardiac tamponade in dogs with normal coronary arteries. I. Effect of changing intravascular volume on hemodynamics and myocardial blood flow.

Intravascular volume expansion has been shown to improve cardiac output in experimental cardiac tamponade. To determine the limitations of intravascular volume manipulation, acute tamponade was created in 20 anesthetized, spontaneously breathing dogs. The intrapericardial volume causing tamponade was determined for each animal, and kept constant. Hemodynamics were recorded with and without tamponade at multiple levels of intravascular volume. During cardiac tamponade, intravascular volume expansion increased cardiac output only in animals which were initially volume-depleted. Volume expansion of normovolemic or hypervolemic animals caused minimal changes in cardiac output, but increased atrial and aortic pressures. Intravascular volume depletion of the normovolemic animal caused a significant decline in cardiac output, in contrast to the trend towards an increased output following phlebotomy of the volume-expanded animals. In general, the benefit of intravascular volume expansion during cardiac tamponade could only be demonstrated when atrial pressures were below 12 mm Hg.

Cardiac tamponade in dogs with normal coronary arteries. II. Myocardial flow and metabolism with moderate and severe hemodynamic impairment.

To determine the effects of cardiac tamponade on myocardial blood flow and its distribution, dogs were prepared with indwelling pericardial catheters. Hemodynamic, myocardial blood flow, and myocardial metabolic data were collected in 5 closed-chest, spontaneously breathing animals with normal blood volumes and hemoglobin concentrations and 6 with acute anemia. Instillation of an average of 89.0 +/- 14.9 ml of modified Normosol into the pericardial space in dogs with normal hemoglobin levels produced mild tamponade with a modest decline in aortic pressure (119.5 +/- 14.3 to 96.8 +/- 12.1 mm Hg) and significant rises in left and right atrial and pericardial pressures to 7-8 mm Hg. Increasing the pericardial volume to 124.0 +/- 13.6 ml produced hypotension (mean aortic pressure 86.2 +/- 10.5 mm Hg) and rises in the left and right ventricular filling pressures and pericardial pressure to 10-11 mm Hg. Total myocardial blood flow fell from 1.19 +/- 0.18 to 0.73 +/- 0.17 ml/min/g (p less than 0.02) during mild tamponade, and fell further to 0.56 +/- 0.17 ml/min/g (p less than 0.05) with more severe tamponade. Despite these declines, the left ventricular wall inner/outer flow ratio and left ventricular flow as a proportion of total cardiac output were unchanged. In dogs with anemia more severe tamponade was created, with consequently more marked hemodynamic abnormalities. However, the relative changes in myocardial blood flow and inner/outer flow ratio were similar. Myocardial metabolic parameters could be evaluated only in the dogs with less severe tamponade.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The role of the right heart in acute cardiac tamponade in dogs.

The role of the right heart in acute cardiac tamponade in dogs.

Effects of cardiac tamponade on myocardial performance, blood flow, and metabolism.

ARTICLESEffects of cardiac tamponade on myocardial performance, blood flow, and metabolismMJ Frank, M Nadimi, LJ Lesniak, KI Hilmi, and GE LevinsonMJ Frank, M Nadimi, LJ Lesniak, KI Hilmi, and GE LevinsonPublished Online:01 Jan 1971https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1971.220.1.179This article has been correctedMoreSectionsPDF (2 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Related ArticlesEffects of cardiac tamponade on myocardial performance, blood flow, and metabolism 01 Jun 1971American Journal of Physiology-Legacy ContentCited ByRich's Historic Collection of Vascular ReferencesPenetrating cardiac injuries: a complex challengeInjury, Vol. 32, No. 7Cardiac trauma23 June 2016 | Trauma, Vol. 3, No. 2Effect of Alcohol Intoxication on Hemodynamic Physiology and Outcome in Patients with Traumatic Cardiac TamponadeThe Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, Vol. 47, No. 2Biventricular failure after pericardial windowJournal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, Vol. 12, No. 6PENETRATING CARDIAC INJURIESSurgical Clinics of North America, Vol. 76, No. 4Atrial natriuretic peptide levels during and after acute cardiac tamponade in dogsJournal of the American College of Cardiology, Vol. 13, No. 4Efficacy of Intravascular Volume Resuscitation in Dogs with Acute Cardiac TamponadeThe Annals of Thoracic Surgery, Vol. 45, No. 6Coronary artery hemodynamics in conscious dog during cardiac tamponade.Circulation Research, Vol. 60, No. 6Regional distribution of blood flow at the onset of right ventricular diastolic collapse during cardiac tamponadeAmerican Heart Journal, Vol. 113, No. 5Influences on the distribution of blood flow during cardiac tamponade in the conscious dog.Circulation Research, Vol. 60, No. 1Myocardial blood flow during cardiac tamponade in dogs with coronary occlusion: Effects of isoproterenolAmerican Heart Journal, Vol. 109, No. 5Cardiac tamponade in dogs with normal coronary arteries. II. Myocardial flow and metabolism with moderate and severe hemodynamic impairmentBasic Research in Cardiology, Vol. 79, No. 5Management of Acute Cardiac TraumaCardiology Clinics, Vol. 2, No. 2Funktion des Perikards für die Pumpleistung des Herzens unter physiologischen und pathologischen BedingungenEffect of pericardiocentesis on right and left ventricular function and volumes in pericardial effusionThe American Journal of Cardiology, Vol. 52, No. 1Hemodynamic and regional blood flow distribution responses to dextran, hydralazine, isoproterenol and amrinone during experimental cardiac tamponadeJournal of the American College of Cardiology, Vol. 1, No. 6Left ventricular volume and function during relief of cardiac tamponade in man.Circulation, Vol. 66, No. 1The role of right ventricular systolic dysfunction and elevated intrapericardial pressure in the genesis of low output in experimental right ventricular infarction.Circulation, Vol. 65, No. 3The interrelationship of cardiohemodynamics and the mechanics of the mycocardium in experimental cardiac tamponadeMechanics of Composite Materials, Vol. 18, No. 2Changes in parameters of the pumping function of the heart and myocardial contractility in experimental cardiac tamponadeBulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, Vol. 92, No. 6Comparative effects of catecholamines in cardiac tamponade: Experimental and clinical studiesThe American Journal of Cardiology, Vol. 46, No. 1Pericarditis in renal diseaseProgress in Cardiovascular Diseases, Vol. 22, No. 5Pulsus paradoxus: A manifestation of a marked reduction of left ventricular end-diastolic volume in cardiac tamponadeThe Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Vol. 79, No. 1The pericardium and cardiac functionProgress in Cardiovascular Diseases, Vol. 22, No. 2Demonstration of a depressor reflex in acute cardiac tamponadeThe Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Vol. 73, No. 2Measurement of postoperative pericardial pressure in man.Heart, Vol. 39, No. 1Cardiac TamponadeSurgical Clinics of North America, Vol. 55, No. 3Distribution of intramyocardial blood flow during pericardial tamponadeThe Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Vol. 68, No. 6Myocardial Effects of Pericardial TamponadeThe Annals of Thoracic Surgery, Vol. 14, No. 5 More from this issue > Volume 220Issue 1January 1971Pages 179-185 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1971 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1971.220.1.179PubMed5538649History Published online 1 January 1971 Published in print 1 January 1971 Metrics

The haemodynamics of cardiac tamponade and blood volume overload in dogs.

Haemodynamic responses to blood volume overload of 20 ml. whole blood per kg during experimental tamponade in dogs were studied. With blood volume overload, cardiac output, stroke volume, pericardial and left atrial pressures, and PA to LA pressure gradient were increased. Loss of the “y” descent of the atrial pressure curve and reduction of PA to LA pressure gradient were noted during tamponade.