Tamarind Seed Extract Research Articles

An Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of TAMIXAM®, Based on Hyaluronic Acid and Tamarind Seed Extract, for Esophageal Mucosal Protection from Acid Insult

TAMIXAM® is a novel technology that combines hyaluronic acid and tamarind seed extract in its formulation. It is designed to protect the esophageal mucosa by creating a barrier through its filmogenic properties. The aim of this study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of this technology through mucoadhesion tests, a cell viability assay, TEER measurements, and morphological analysis on reconstructed esophageal mucosa exposed to 10% hydrochloric acid before and after treatment. The mucoadhesion test highlighted the synergistic bioadhesive effect of the technology’s components. Cell viability assays revealed the substantial mucoprotective and barrier effects of the technology, preserving tissue viability when applied before exposure to acid insult. A morphological analysis illustrated TAMIXAM®’s efficacy in countering acid-induced damage, reducing erosion, necrosis, and tissue degeneration compared to the positive control, both pre- and post-acid insult. An evaluation of epithelial integrity through TEER measurements indicated a minimal reduction in tissues treated with the invention before acid exposure, demonstrating its ability to maintain epithelial integrity in the presence of an acid insult. However, this effect was less pronounced in tissues treated with the technology after the acid insult, implying a potential partial recovery of epithelial integrity. Furthermore, comprehensive in vitro and in vivo studies supported the safety profile of the invention. In conclusion, TAMIXAM® emerged as a compelling solution, providing enhanced mechanical action to maintain epithelial balance and shield the esophageal mucosa from acid-induced damage.

Aktivitas Penghambatan Ekstrak Etanol Biji Asam Gelugur (Garnicia atroviridis) terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus

This study aims to determine the inhibitory activity of ethanol extract from tamarind seeds against the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria at various concentrations. This study used a randomized complete block design with 1 factor, namely the concentration of tamarind seed extract with 6 levels, namely A1 (0.5%), A2 (1%), A3 (1.5%), A4 (2%), A5 (2.5%), A6 (3%). Each treatment was repeated 3 times. Research evaluation includes qualitative phytochemical tests and antioxidant activity against ethanol extract of gelugur acid seeds and bacterial inhibition. The results showed that in the ethanol extract of tamarind seeds there are phytochemical compounds which include flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids. And has antioxidant activity of IC 50 = 15.77 ppm. Tamarind seed extract affects the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The minimum concentration of ethanol extract of tamarind seeds that can inhibit Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria is 0.5% with inhibitory zones of 15.6 mm and 10.9 mm respectively.

Activity Test of Tamarind Seed Extract (Tamarindus indica) on Uric Acid in Male White Mice (Mus Musculus) Potassium Oxonate Induction

Background: The Tropical Tamarind Plant has great economic value and benefits for society, from the stems to the leaves it can be used to treat diseases, such as fever, dyspepsia and even gonorrhoea. The chemical components of Tamarind seeds include alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, malic acid, tartrate, pectin, arabinose, xylose, galactose and glucose. Objective: The study was directed to determine the activity of ethanol extract from tamarind seeds in reducing uric acid in mice. Methods: Preparation of dry extract of Tamarind seeds (EKBAJ), phytochemical screening, and testing the activity of reducing uric acid in mice induced by potassium oxonate at various concentrations of EKBAJ. Measure the levels with Easy Touch GCU. Results: EKBAJ can inhibit mouse uric acid synthesis. The higher the concentration of EKBAJ, the greater the effect on reducing uric acid levels. Conclusion: A concentration of 200 mg/kgBW had the greatest effect on reducing uric acid in mice.

Anti-ischemic effect of Tamarindus indica L. seed extract against myocardial hypoxic injury.

Background: Ischemic heart disease is a leading cause of death in patients with cardiovascular disease. Natural products containing high antioxidant activity have been used as an alternative therapy to improve the living conditions of patients. In this study, we examine the protective effect of tamarind seed (TS) on myocardial hypoxic injury. Methods: The hypoxia model was mimicked by mineral oil overlayed on H9c2 cardiomyoblasts for 4 h. TS extract was pretreated and administered during the hypoxic condition. Radical scavenging activity of TS extract was measured and exhibited very potent antioxidant activities on 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assays. Results: TS extract at a concentration of 10 µg/ml significantly reversed the effect of hypoxia-induced cell death and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. We also observed hypoxia-induced over-expression of both inflammatory cytokine mRNA and activation of cellular apoptosis. Pretreatment of TS extract significantly reduced hypoxia-induced HIF-1a and pro-inflammatory cytokine production, IL-1b and IL-6. The Western blot analysis for apoptotic regulatory molecules, caspase 3, caspase 8 and Bax proteins, also showed hypoxia injury reversal by TS extract treatment. Conclusions: The results suggest that the anti-ischemic effect of TS extract protects against hypoxia-induced injury and has potential to be an effective alternative therapy for ischemic heart disease and oxidative-damage related disease.

Production and quality evaluation of soy cheese (tofu) using various coagulants

Food formulations that incorporate soy ingredients are being exploited as veritable alternatives. Cheese analogues are healthy alternatives to obtain the benefits of consuming functional foods. There is a need to enhance the production and quality of soy cheese. In this study, soy cheese (tofu) samples were prepared from soybean using four selected coagulants - Moringa oleifera seed extract (MC), tamarind seed extract (TC), lime juice (LC) and alum (AC). The effects of the coagulants on the physicochemical, microbial and sensory qualities of the soy cheese samples were evaluated. The results of the physical properties of the samples showed that MC had higher yield (12.84%) and acidity (0.37%), while AC had the highest values in hardness (84.55%) and dry matter (36.72%) content. The result of the proximate composition revealed that MC had the lowest moisture content (60.52 %) and the highest protein content (22.51%). The ash content of the soy cheese samples from plant coagulants MC (3.00%), TC (2.80%) and LC (3.5%) were lower than that of the alum coagulant AC (3.89%). The cheese from alum coagulant (AC) had more minerals than those from plant coagulants. TC had the highest vitamin C (2.69 mg/100 g), while MC had the highest vitamin B1 (6.07 mg/100 g) and B2 (29.21 mg/100 g) contents. There was no detection of coliform in the soy cheese samples. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in the appearance and overall acceptability of MC sample and LC sample MC sample from Moringa oleifera seed extract coagulant had the highest sensory scores for flavour (8.35), texture (8.40) and overall acceptability (8.63). The results of quality properties of the cheese samples differed with the coagulants used. Moringa Oleifera coagulated cheese (MC) had superiority in nutrients and sensory qualities Hence, it is recommended for tofu production.

Application of Tamarindus indica seed extract as bio-coagulant to removal suspended solids and colors

The batik traditional industries in East Java, Indonesia generally not have a proper wastewater treatment plant yet, so liquid waste directly discharge into the river. Batik wastewater generally have a dark color, which derived from the coloring of naphthol with number of suspended solids greater than 100 mg/L and color concentration more than 250 Pt.Co. Tamarind seed extract is known to contain natural polyelectrolytes active group, which had function as bio-coagulant. The research objective was to analyze the application of tamarind seed extract as bio-coagulant in wastewater treatment of the Batik traditional industries, by reducing suspended solids levels and color of wastewater. The research design used pretest and posttest control group design with variations of bio-coagulant doses of 10ml/L, 30ml/L, and 50ml/L, and analyzed using the Two Way Anova Test. The results showed that the level of suspended solids in wastewater before treatment averaged 291mg/L, and the average color content was 593 Pt-Co, so it did not meet the quality standards of the Governor of East Java No 72/2013. For the highest reduction in suspended solids levels at a dose of 10ml/L reduced up to 95.1% and the highest decrease in color levels at a dose of 50ml/L, reduced up to 87.8%. Traditional batik wastewater treatment, which used a coagulation-flocculation process with bio-coagulant extract of tamarind seeds could reduce levels of suspended solids and colors, in order to meet the specified quality standards.

Inhibitory Studies of Tamarindus indica Seed Extract and Fractions on Hematological Activities of Bitis arietans Venom

Envenomation is a serious public health and occupational hazard in tropical and subtropical countries. Antivenom serum treatment has been related to extreme hypersensitivity, high cost, and inaccessibility. Consequently, therapeutic plants have been investigated to give an alternative treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of the methanolic extract and fractions of Tamarindus indica seeds to neutralize the hemolytic, anticoagulant and hemorrhagic activities of Bitis arietans venom. The powdered form of Tamarindus indica seed was extracted using methanol. The methanol extract was further fractionated using butanol solvent. The aqueous fraction of the methanolic extract inhibited hemolysis caused by crude venom by 95.5%, while methanolic extract significantly reduced the anticoagulant time of crude venom to 10.2%. The in vivo hemorrhagic activity of the crude venom of Bitis arietans was neutralized by both the crude methanolic extract and the subsequent two fractions of Tamarindus indica seed. However, the crude methanolic extract was found to be the most active by reducing the hemorrhage diameter caused by crude venom to 39%. The findings of this present research work demonstrated a very good antivenom properties of the seeds of Tamarindus indica, which suggests that it could be a potential source of effective, and safe compounds with inhibitory activities against Bitis arietans envenomation.

Surface Water Treatment Using Tamarind Seed as Coagulants via Coagulation Process

The potential of natural coagulants is highly sought nowadays as the use of commercial coagulants, aluminum sulfate (alum) affect the environment negatively. An alternative coagulant is needed. In this study, the effectiveness of natural coagulant, the tamarind seed extract is being evaluated as a coagulant to measure the highest percentage removal of turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the surface water. The surface water sample taken from the Sungai Perlis located in Kangar, Perlis. The sample were analysed using Jar Test Experimental works with rapid mixing speed of 120 rpm in 1 minutes, slow mixing speed of 30 rpm in 20 minutes and settling time of 1 hour. The tamarind seed is being extracted using distilled water and 1 M of sodium chloride (NaCI). Seed extract from distilled water effectively removes 99.2% of turbidity and 77.2% of COD with optimum coagulant dosage of 30 mg/L and optimal pH 5.0. While, the seed extracts from 1 M of NaCI can remove 99.4% of turbidity and 73.8% of COD with the optimum coagulant dosage of 30 mg/L and optimal pH 3.0. Hence, this study demonstrates the potentials of the seed extract of tamarind seeds using distilled water in treating the surface water.

Anti-obesity effect of Tamarindus indicus seed extract against a high-fat diet-induced obese model in rats

The present study was aimed to evaluate the anti-obesity property of Tamarindus indica seed extract (TSE) on high fat-fed obese rats. TSE was prepared by cold maceration method and qualitative phytochemical studies had been carried out. In vitro cell viability assay (MTT assay) was and oil red staining for evaluating the lipid accumulation in cells was carried out using 3T3-L1 cells, and leptin levels was evaluated by ELISA. In-vivo Obesity was induced in experimental rats by administration of a high-fat diet for 04 weeks. The anti-obesity effect was screened by oral administration of TSE at two different dose levels i.e., 250 and 500mg/kg b. Wt. Along with a high-fat diet for a period of 04 weeks. The anti-obesity activity is estimated in terms of body weight gain, serum triglycerides (TG), Total cholesterol (TC). In -vitro studies revealed that the TSE has no cytotoxic effect, Administration of a high-fat diet for 04 weeks significantly increased the body weight, serum triglycerides, cholesterol. Upon treatment with TSE, a significant dose-dependent alteration in body weight, triglycerides, cholesterol levels were observed, inferring the anti-obesity property of Tamarindus seed extract.

The Effects of Tamarindus Indica Seed Extract On Mice Kidney, Liver and Skin Following Envenomation with Daboai Russelli And Naja Kaouthia

Introduction: Tamarindus indica seed extract (TSE) has anti-snake-venom properties. This study examined the histological changes of kidney, liver and skin of mice envenomed with either Daboai russelli and Naja kaouthia and treated with TSE. Materials and Methods: ICR mice were used. Group 1 mice (n=8) were given subcutaneous (SC) venom only of either species. Group 2 (n=8) envenomed mice were treated with SC TSE 30mg/20g at the same site 30 minutes after envenomation with either species. Tissue samples were harvested at 24 hours and 1 week. Transversely cut kidney, biggest liver lobe, and skin sample from the venom injection site were fixed in 10% formal-saline and stained with Haematoxylin-Eosin for light-microscopy analysis. Results: Group 1 mice exposed to D.russelli venom, all died within 48hours. Hence, no comparison was made between Groups 1 and 2 at 1 week. However histological comparison was made within Group 2 at 24 hours and 1 week. Kidney histological changes of envenomed mice showed mild nephropathy; liver showed inflammation and mild liver injury. Skin samples showed disruption of the skin architecture. These changes, worsened after 1 week. However, changes in the skin were unaltered after 1 week for N.kaouthia. When TSE 30mg/20g was administered, there was restoration of tissue architecture in mice envenomed with either species. Conclusion: When mice were exposed to LD100 of either snake venoms, histological changes took place within 24 hours. This study showed that TSE 30mg/20g was able to restore tissue architecture within 24 hours.

DESARROLLO Y ESTABILIDAD ANTIOXIDANTE DE PELÍCULAS COMESTIBLESAGREGADAS CON UN EXTRACTO DE SEMILLAS DE TAMARINDO

This study was conducted in order to evaluate the effects of the incorporation of tamarind seed extract (TSE) into previously optimized biodegradable edible films made with native potato starch (NPS) and whey protein isolate (WPI). Variations on mechanical, antioxidant and colour properties were evaluated over storage. First, films were formulated using the response surface methodology, modifying three factors: pH, denaturation temperature of WPI, and the amount of glycerol (Gly) as a plasticizer. The combination of 6.2% Gly at pH of 7.9 and temperature of 76°C provided the optimal elongation (%ɛ), as well as, tensile strength (s) and Young’s elastic modulus (E). The TSE was added to the optimized edible films contained polyphenols (187±0.11 mg GAE/g) and antioxidant activity (62.5±0.04% DPPH• and 45.6±0.14% ABTS+• radicals).

Phytochemical Analysis and In-Vitro Effects of Ethanolic Tamarindus Indica Seed Extract on Snake Venom

Introduction: Snakebite has been categorised as a ‘neglected tropical disease’ by WHO in 2009 and it affects mainly the poorer countries like Africa and Asia. The standard treatment for snake envenomation is the anti-snake venom medication which can be very expensive, not readily available and specific against a snake species. This study was conducted to screen the phytochemical compounds of Tamarindus indica seed extract (TSE) and its in-vitro effects on snake venom of three snake species; namely Daboia russelli, Naja kaouthia and Ophiophagus hannah. Materials and method: Ethanolic Soxhlet extract of TSE was used. Phytochemical screening analysing for saponins, alkaloids, flavanoids, anthraquinone derivatives, arthraquinone glycosides, phenolic compounds, tannins, terpenoids, sterol and volatile oils were carried out. In-vitro enzymatic inhibition study on venom enzymes namely phospholipase A2 (PLA2), proteinase and phosphomonoesterase (PME) were studied by measuring the absorbance using the spectrophotometer. There were two main groups; Group 1: venom only; and Group 2: venom with TSE. The mean triplicate determination of venom enzyme activity post-exposure to TSE from Group 2 was taken and analysed against 100% venom enzyme activity from Group 1. Results: Phytochemical screening showed that the TSE has (+++) phenolics and (+++) hydrolysable tannins. TSE significantly reduced all venom enzymatic activities i.e. PLA2, proteinase and PME from the three snake species at 925 nm, 280 nm and 400 nm, respectively. SDS-PAGE experiment showed the disruption of venom protein bands from all three snake species when venom was exposed to 4.76 µg TSE. Conclusion: Ethanolic TSE contains mainly phenolics and hydrolysable tannins which can reduce the snake venom enzymatic activities. This is possibly due to the formation of tannin-protein complex rendering the venom less potent.

HISTOLOGICAL STUDY ON THE PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF TAMARIND SEED EXTRACT ON COBRA VENOM IN MICE

Objective: Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) has been used as a medical plant for treating many human and animal diseases and widely used as a traditional herbal medicine for the treatment of snake bites. The objective of the study is to investigate whether tamarind seed extract (TSE) has neutralization activity on an adverse histological reaction against venoms of the King Cobra.Methods: A total of 20 healthy mature male mice were randomly divided into 4 groups with 5 mice in each. The control group was injected with 1 ml of normal saline. The second group was injected subcutaneously with a single dose of 24.96 μg/20 g King Cobra venom (KCV) solution. The third group was injected with the same dose of KCV solution and 10 mg/20 g of TSE. The fourth group was injected with the same dose of KCV solution and 15 mg/20 g TSE solution. The animals were sacrificed after 24 hrs of injection of the solution. Fragments of muscle, kidney, and liver were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and processed for light microscopical studies.Results: The result showed that TSE reduced the histopathological changes induced by the KCV in the muscles, livers, and kidneys, and the improvement was proportional to the applied dose of the TSE indicating that TSE prevents adverse histological changes in the muscle, liver, and kidney.Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that TSE reduced the histopathological changes in the muscle, liver, and kidney induced by KCV in mice.

The potential of Tamarindus indica seed extract as anti-snake venom against Ophiophagus hannah, Naja kaouthia and Daboia russelli in mice

Introduction: Globally, snakebite cases are estimated to be around 5 million annually affecting mainly the poorer countries like Africa and Asia, and in 2009 WHO has categorized it as a ‘neglected tropical disease’. Currently the standard treatment for snake envenomation is the anti-snake venom therapy, which is expensive, poor supply and species specific. This study was conducted to evaluate the potential of using Tamarindus indica seed extract (TSE) to inhibit the in-vitro and in-vivo effects of snake venom of three snakes; namely Ophiophagus hannah, Naja kaouthia and Daboia russelli. Methods: Methanolic extract of TSE was used. In-vitro enzymatic inhibition study i.e phospholipase A2, proteolytic and phosphomonoesterase were studied. In-vivo acute subcutaneous (SC) toxicity of TSE in ICR mice was conducted. Study on the SC TSE inhibition of lethality was also conducted. Results: Findings from enzymatic inhibition studies showed that, TSE was able to significantly reduce (p<0.05) all three enzymatic activities. SDS-PAGE experiment showed disruption of protein bands when venom reacted with TSE. No signs of toxicity were observed over 4 weeks when mice were exposed to SC TSE 60mg/20g except for superficial skin ulcers. Histological examination of the liver, both kidneys and skin showed no changes when compared to the control group. TSE was able to increase the mice survival rate. Conclusions: The study shows that SC TSE was safe to be injected up to 60mg/20g and has the potential to delay the effects of venoms from O. hannah, N. kaouthia and D. russelli.

Histological effects of Tamarind seed extract against muscle, liver and renal alterations induced envenomation with King Cobra venom in mice

Introduction: The objective of the present study is to investigate protective effects of the tamarind seed extract on the adverse histological reaction of venoms of the King Cobra. Methods: Twenty healthy, mature male mice were randomly divided into 4 groups with 5 mice in each. The control group (C) was injected with 1 ml of normal saline. The second group (V) was injected subcutaneously with a single dose of 24.96µg/20g King Cobra venom (KCV) solution. The third group (TV1) was injected with the same dose of KCV solution and 10mg/20g of Tamarind seed extract (TSE). The fourth group (TV2) was injected with the same dose of KCV solution and 15mg/20g TSE solution. The animals were sacrificed after 24 hours of injection of the solution. Fragments of muscle, kidney and liver were fixed in 10% buffered formalin, and processed for light microscopical studies. Results: Mice of group V, treated with KCV solution showed severe degeneration, disorganization and myonecrosis in the muscle fibers. The liver revealed degenerative changes in most of the hepatic lobules and dilatation in the central veins and the sinusoids. The kidney revealed shrunken glomeruli, dilatation of Bowman capsule and degenerative changes in the renal tubules. Treatment with TSE reduced the histopathological changes induced by the King Cobra venom in the muscles, livers and kidneys and the improvement were proportional to the applied dose of the TSE. Conclusions: The observation is indicating that tamarind seed extract prevents adverse histological changes in the muscle, liver and kidney.

Tamarind Seed (Tamarindus indica) Extract Ameliorates Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis via Regulating the Mediators of Cartilage/Bone Degeneration, Inflammation and Oxidative Stress.

Medicinal plants are employed in the treatment of human ailments from time immemorial. Several studies have validated the use of medicinal plant products in arthritis treatment. Arthritis is a joint disorder affecting subchondral bone and cartilage. Degradation of cartilage is principally mediated by enzymes like matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), hyaluronidases (HAase), aggrecanases and exoglycosidases. These enzymes act upon collagen, hyaluronan and aggrecan of cartilage respectively, which would in turn activate bone deteriorating enzymes like cathepsins and tartrate resistant acid phosphatases (TRAP). Besides, the incessant action of reactive oxygen species and the inflammatory mediators is reported to cause further damage by immunological activation. The present study demonstrated the anti-arthritic efficacy of tamarind seed extract (TSE). TSE exhibited cartilage and bone protecting nature by inhibiting the elevated activities of MMPs, HAase, exoglycosidases, cathepsins and TRAP. It also mitigated the augmented levels of inflammatory mediators like interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-6, IL-23 and cyclooxygenase-2. Further, TSE administration alleviated increased levels of ROS and hydroperoxides and sustained the endogenous antioxidant homeostasis by balancing altered levels of endogenous antioxidant markers. Overall, TSE was observed as a potent agent abrogating arthritis-mediated cartilage/bone degradation, inflammation and associated stress in vivo demanding further attention.

Tamarind seed extract mitigates the liver oxidative stress in arthritic rats

Although arthritis is primarily a joint disorder that mainly targets the articular cartilage and subchondral bone, several recent investigations have reported oxidative burst and vital organ damage that are being considered as secondary complications of arthritis. The continuous generation of free radicals like reactive oxygen and nitrogen species is considered as a key culprit in the initiation and propagation of oxidative damage. In addition, activation of T and B cells, macrophages, inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 aggravates the oxidative damage of the vital organs, particularly the liver. The current piece of work demonstrates oxidative stress in the liver of arthritic rats and its amelioration by the procyanidin-rich tamarind seed extract (TSE). The arthritic liver homogenate, mitochondrial and cytosolic fractions were found with increased levels of oxidative stress markers including free radicals. As a consequence, depletion in the levels of glutathione, total thiols, glutathione peroxidase and reductase was evident. Furthermore, the activities of endogenous antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione-S-transferase were found to be significantly altered. The increased and decreased activity of transaminases respectively in serum and liver, along with histological observations, further confirms the liver damage. Unfortunately, the commonly used drugs like NSAIDs and DMARDs have failed to prevent oxidative damage, rather they were found to be the inducers themselves. Interestingly, TSE supplementation was found to significantly inhibit oxidative burst in the liver and maintain homeostasis. Thus, the study clearly demonstrates the protective efficacy of TSE against arthritis-associated oxidative liver damage, including mitochondrial oxidative burst and its associated secondary complications.

Aqueous extract of tamarind seeds selectively increases glucose transporter-2, glucose transporter-4, and islets' intracellular calcium levels and stimulates β-cell proliferation resulting in improved glucose homeostasis in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus

Tamarindus indica Linn. has been in use for a long time in Asian food and traditional medicine for different diseases including diabetes and obesity. However, the molecular mechanisms of these effects have not been fully understood. In view of the multidimensional activity of tamarind seeds due to their having high levels of polyphenols and flavonoids, we hypothesized that the insulin mimetic effect of aqueous tamarind seed extract (TSE) might increase glucose uptake through improvement in the expression of genes of the glucose transporter (GLUT) family and sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBP) 1c messenger RNA (mRNA) in the liver. Daily oral administration of TSE to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced (90 mg/kg intraperitoneally) type 2 diabetic male Wistar rats at different doses (120 and 240 mg/kg body weight) for 4 weeks showed positive correlation with intracellular calcium and insulin release in isolated islets of Langerhans. Tamarind seed extract supplementation significantly improved the GLUT-2 protein and SREBP-1c mRNA expression in the liver and GLUT-4 protein and mRNA expression in the skeletal muscles of diabetic rats. The elevated levels of serum nitric oxide (NO), glycosylated hemoglobin level (hemoglobin (A1c)) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) decreased after TSE administration. Immunohistochemical findings revealed that TSE abrogated STZ-induced apoptosis and increased β-cell neogenesis, indicating its effect on islets and β-cell mass. In conclusion, it was found that the antidiabetic effect of TSE on STZ-induced diabetes resulted from complex mechanisms of β-cell neogenesis, calcium handling, GLUT-2, GLUT-4, and SREBP-1c. These findings show the scope for formulating a new herbal drug for diabetes therapy.

Characterization of N-diethylnitrosamine-initiated and ferric nitrilotriacetate-promoted renal cell carcinoma experimental model and effect of a tamarind seed extract against acute nephrotoxicity and carcinogenesis

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the commonest malignancy in adult kidney, lacks of early signs, resulting often in metastasis at first diagnosis. N-Diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-initiated and ferric nitrilotriacetate (FeNTA)-promoted RCC may be a useful experimental model, but it is not well characterized. In this study, histological alterations and oxidative stress markers were analyzed at different times throughout RCC development, histological subtype was re-evaluated in the light of current classification, and a tamarind seed extract (TSE) effect was examined. Male Wistar rats experimental groups were control, TSE, DEN, DEN+FeNTA, and TSE+DEN+FeNTA. TSE was given 2 weeks before DEN administration (200 mg/kg) and throughout the experiment. Fourteen days after DEN treatment, two FeNTA doses (9 mg Fe/kg) for acute nephrotoxicity study, and increasing FeNTA doses (3-9 mg Fe/kg) twice a week for 16 weeks for carcinogenesis protocol, were administered. In acute study, necrosis and renal failure were observed and TSE ameliorated them. Throughout carcinogenesis protocol, preneoplastic lesions were observed since 1 month of FeNTA treatment, which were more evident at 2 months, when also renal cysts and RCC were already detected. RCC tumors were obtained without changes in renal function, and clear cell histological subtype was identified in all cases. 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal and 3-nitro-L: -tyrosine levels increased progressively throughout protocol. TSE decreased both oxidative stress markers and, although there was no statistical difference, it delayed RCC progress and decreased its incidence (21 %). This study brings an insight of the time course events in this carcinogenesis model, identifies clear cell subtype and establishes TSE renoprotective effects.

813 Expression of Carbonic Anhydrase IX in N-diethylnitrosamine-initiated and Ferric Nitrilotriacetate-promoted Renal Cell Carcinoma Model and Effect of a Tamarind Seed Extract

813 Expression of Carbonic Anhydrase IX in N-diethylnitrosamine-initiated and Ferric Nitrilotriacetate-promoted Renal Cell Carcinoma Model and Effect of a Tamarind Seed Extract