Take-up Rates Research Articles

Rooftop Solar PV, Coal Plant Inflexibility and the Minimum Load Problem

Australia’s National Electricity Market (NEM) has amongst the highest take-up rates of rooftop solar PV in the world. As with California, this has produced a distinctive load shape termed the “duck curve.” The Queensland version is being principally driven by non-scheduled (i.e., uncontrolled) rooftop solar PV. When combined with inflexible coal plant, it leads to a “minimum load problem.” In this article, we examine the feasibility of dispatch with ever-expanding rooftop solar PV resources in the NEM’s Queensland region and minimal demand elasticity. We find episodes of intractable dispatch throughout the year with rising intensity in the winter and spring months. Furthermore, we find no ability to “export your way out of the problem” via larger interstate interconnectors because the same problem is emerging in the adjacent region at the same time. Resolution ultimately requires inflexible coal plant exit, and entry of flexible plant. JEL Classification: D25, D80, G32, L51, Q41

Optimising The Implementation Of A Dementia Care Education Programme For Healthcare Assistants (Home Support): Lessons From A Qualitative Study

Abstract Background Healthcare Assistants (Home Support) provide a significant level of non-clinical formal care to people with dementia at home. Training is paramount if this workforce is to provide care effectively and achieve the ideals of the Irish National Dementia Strategy. This study examined the process of implementing a QQI-FET level 5 accredited dementia home care education programme for Healthcare Assistants (Home Support), specifically designed with an emphasis on self-development and ethical and strengths-based approaches to care. Methods This study was primarily a qualitative study conducted over five months. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with stakeholders (n=16) involved in the programme’s implementation. Focus groups (n=3) were conducted with 11 programme learners. Data on programme take-up, completion and retention rates were available for review, as were reports from external reviewers, and a sample of evaluation forms completed by learners. Results The programme content and its delivery were highly regarded. Implementing the programme took much longer than planned due to the Covid-19 pandemic, putting recruitment processes in place, and problems recruiting and retaining healthcare professionals to facilitate supervisory sessions. Organizational support, and motivated healthcare assistants with positive attitudes towards training were perceived to facilitate programme uptake and completion. A range of barriers were perceived to act as disincentives to programme participation, e.g. lack of opportunities for career progression. There was strong support for rolling out the accredited programme nationwide and maintaining its in-person format. An alternative shortened non-accredited version of the programme would be welcomed by stakeholders in some areas. Conclusion This qualitative study provides a rich and nuanced perspective on a dementia home care education programme for healthcare assistants (Home Support), challenges encountered during programme implementation and changes needed to optimize implementation. The findings can be used to support strategic and operational decision-making for enhancing programme implementation.

The effect of goal frame and risk perception on digital flood prevention tool acceptability.

To cope with catastrophic floods, people need to be better prepared. In this context, a self-assessment digital tool for habitat vulnerability was developed. To improve its take-up rate, we are looking at the motivations associated with the social acceptability of this tool. The motivations (hedonic-gain-normative), derived from goal-frame theory, as well as elements relating to risk perception, are tested. One, 688 participants (aged between 18 and 87) first read a scenario presenting the application (reflecting either one of the motivations of the Goal Framing Theory or a control scenario with no motivation). After reading one of the scenarios, they completed an online questionnaire, measuring the acceptability of the tool using three measures: a direct one (items from the Technological Acceptability Model: ease of use, perceived usefulness and social influence), an indirect measure (by asking the percentage of neighbours interested in the tool) and a social measure (judgement of a person using the tool). The last part of the questionnaire was about subjects' risk perception. The analyses show that, of all the scenarios, the one involving hedonic motivation leads to the lowest social acceptance of the tool. We also observe that a better risk perception predicts better tool acceptability. Finally, we observe interaction effects between risk perception and motivations, showing that normative motivation is better when risk perception increases and that the control condition is better when risk perception decreases. Goal framing theory is usually used for ecological behaviors. It also appears here as relevant in the field of risk prevention. Although risk perception remains the best predictor of acceptability, these results lead us to conclude that hedonic motivation is not appropriate for the acceptability of a flood risk prevention tool. It is preferable to focus on normative and gain motivations.

In-person learning during the pandemic: Student take-up and school-level effects of remote and hybrid instruction on student outcomes

While studies have examined the effects of schools offering in-person learning during the pandemic, this study provides analysis of student enrollment decisions (remote versus in-person) in response to schools providing in-person learning opportunities. In Connecticut during the 2020-21 school year, we find that student take-up of in-person learning opportunities was low with students on average enrolled in-person for only half of the days offered, and take-up was even lower in schools with larger shares of disadvantaged students. The provision of in-person learning opportunities has been previously shown to mitigate pandemic learning losses. By exploiting data on actual enrollment, we show that the protective benefits of in-person learning are twice as large as previously estimated once we account for the low rates of student take-up. Finally, we provide evidence suggesting that a key mechanism behind the benefits of in-person learning is alleviating the burden faced by schools and teachers in delivering remote education. First, we show that the benefits to individual students of their in-person learning are substantially smaller than the overall benefits a student receives from their school average level of in-person enrollment. Second, we show that a combination of remote and in-person learning (hybrid) with a full-time on-line presence of students when at home was worse than hybrid learning with students never or only partially online. This second finding is consistent with qualitative evidence showing that teachers found hybrid learning especially challenging when having to manage both in-person and remote students for the entire class period.

Emergency department visits as a potential opportunity to promote primary care attachment and modify utilization patterns – results of a pilot study in Berlin, Germany

BackgroundUtilization by low acuity patients contributes to emergency department (ED) crowding. Both knowledge deficits about adequate care levels and access barriers in primary care are important promoters of such presentations. Concurrently, not having a general practitioner (GP) increases the likelihood of low-acuity ED utilization. This pilot study thus investigated feasibility, acceptance, and potential effects of an ED-delivered intervention for low-acuity patients with no regular primary care provider, consisting of an educational leaflet on acute care options and an optional GP appointment scheduling service.MethodsLow-acuity ED consulters not attached to a GP were given an information leaflet about alternative care offers for acute health problems and offered optional personal appointment scheduling at a local GP practice. Patients were surveyed on demographics, medical characteristics, health care utilization, valuation of the intervention, and reasons for not being attached to a GP and visiting the ED. A follow-up survey was conducted after twelve months. Trends in health and health care utilization were evaluated.ResultsBetween December 2020 and April 2022, n = 160 patients were enrolled, n = 114 were followed up. The study population was characterized by young age (mean 30.6 years) and predominantly good general health. Besides good health, personal mobility was a central reason for not being attached to a GP, but general preference for specialists and bad experiences with primary care were also mentioned. Most frequently stated motives for the ED consultation were subjective distress and anxiety, a belief in the superiority of the hospital, and access problems in primary care. The interventional offers were favorably valued, 52.5% (n = 84) accepted the GP appointment scheduling service offer. At follow-up, GP utilization had significantly increased, while there were no significant changes regarding utilization of other providers, including ED. An additional practice survey showed a 63.0% take-up rate for the appointment service.ConclusionsWith this pilot study, we were able to show that a personalized appointment scheduling service seems to be a promising approach to promote GP attachment and increase primary care utilization in patients without a regular GP in a highly urbanized setting. Further larger-scale studies are needed to investigate potential quantitative effects on ED visits.Trial RegistrationGerman Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00023480); date 2020/11/27.

Proactive advance care planning conversations in general practice: a quality improvement project

Advance care planning (ACP) is a process of discussion, reflection and communication, enabling planning for future medical treatment. Despite evidence of benefits of ACP to patients, families and the healthcare...

Nanofiller effect of single-walled carbon nanotubes to elongate, toughen and acceleratingly produce ionic liquid dry-jet wet spun cellulose fibre

A cellulose is produced from renewable natural resources, and the regenerated fibres have been widely utilized, e.g., a tyre cord fabric. However, the production of viscose Rayon is inevitable to use environmentally burdened chemicals like CS2. We propose an eco-friendly cellulose fibre created with a recyclable ionic liquid, further mechanically toughened using a nanofiller. A synergetic architecture composed of minute amount of 0.1 wt% single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT) and cellulose matrix achieves the increased (34 %) elongation and the retained tensile strength, thus creating the enhanced (39 %) toughness. Such a unique enhancement is different from diverse fillers generally known to decrease the elongation in return for the increased strength. To fully draw the reinforcement, controlling the bundled CNT particle size analogous to cellulose microfibril is essential. Moreover, the CNTs are advantageous to a high throughput, and maximum take-up rate of the wet-spun fibre is boosted (30 %).

Simulating the effects of tax exemptions for plug-in electric vehicles in Norway

For many years Norway has been in the forefront of promoting electromobility. Today, Norway has the world’s highest per capita fleet of plug-in electric cars. In 2021, 1.6% of the cars in the EU fleet were plug-in electric vehicles, whereas their share was 21% in Norway. Part of the successful market take-up rate is due to wide-ranging tax exemptions. Increasing plug-in electric vehicles numbers causes tax revenue losses, making exemptions unsustainable. Norway has the ambitious goal that from 2025, all newly registered cars shall be zero-emission vehicles. Keeping tax exemptions in place might be crucial for this goal. The objective of this paper is to provide information to solve this dilemma. Tax exemption reduction and abolition paths which offer a compromise between minimal effects on the development of zero-emission vehicles and tax revenues have been identified. An updated and re-calibrated version of the stock-flow-model SERAPIS was used to simulate and assess different scenarios. Results show that a controlled tax phase-in allows Norway to reach its environmental targets of 100% zero emission vehicles by 2025 and a 55% decrease of CO2-emissions in 2030 relative to 2005 while simultaneously increasing public revenues significantly.

Delivering a sleep intervention across a youth mental health service using non-expert practitioners: A service evaluation.

Poor sleep is highly prevalent in young people and increases risk of mental health difficulties, yet access to sleep interventions remains limited. This paper evaluates the use of a sleep intervention delivered by non-expert practitioners in a secondary care youth mental health service. Assistant psychologists were trained to deliver a six-session 1:1 cognitive-behavioural sleep intervention adapted for use with young people with mental health difficulties. A within-subject design assessed clinical outcomes relating to sleep (Insomnia Severity Index), psychological distress and personal goals (Goal Based Outcome Measures) at four time points. High referral, intervention take-up (82.82%) and completion (70%) rates were reported, together with high baseline levels of insomnia (Insomnia Severity Index mean 20.47, SD 3.68) and poor sleep efficiency (56.36%, SD 17.23). Fifty-six young people (average age 19.2 years, SD 3.25) were included in the outcome analysis. Statistically and clinically significant improvements were seen across all outcome measures, with 68% no longer meeting clinical threshold (ISI ≥15) for insomnia at endpoint. This study demonstrates exceptionally high levels of clinical need and engagement with a sleep intervention adapted specifically for young people with mental health difficulties. Whilst limited by the uncontrolled design, large improvements in insomnia and psychological distress support its effectiveness and utility in clinical settings. More robust implementation and evaluation is warranted in broader youth mental health services to promote earlier access.

Changes in the Design for Korea’s Public Assistance and the Percentage of Female Recipients

ABSTRACT As the obligatory provider standard was phased out in livelihood and housing benefits except medical benefits in 2017, this study examined how the gender gap of take-up rate changed over time. First, the female poverty rate decreased, but the gender poverty gap did not change. Second, the take-up rate of males who receive housing benefit was the highest, while the take-up rate of females who receive medical benefit was the lowest. Lastly, the number of the non-take-up fell for men, while, for women, it only began to decrease in 2021 when the obligatory provider standard was abandoned.

Revolutionizing Healthcare through Applications and Challenges of Nanomaterials in Targeted Drug Delivery and Therapeutics

This research investigates the cutting edge of healthcare advancement through the applications and challenges of nanomaterials focused on sedate conveyance and therapeutics. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and liposomes were synthesized, characterized, and utilized as carriers for doxorubicin, illustrating remarkable medicate stacking capacities of 4.5% and 80.2%, individually. The discharge energy uncovered a Higuchi demonstration for AuNPs and first-order energy for liposomes, exhibiting custom-fitted medicate discharge profiles. In vitro studies illustrated critical cytotoxicity, with an IC50 of 12.3 µM for AuNPs in A549 cells and 8.7 µM for liposomes in MCF-7 cells. Cellular take-up rates of 35.6% and 50.2% advance asserted their adequacy. Moving to in vivo studies, the circulation half-life of AuNPs was 6.2 hours, whereas liposomes displayed a longer half-life of 8.5 hours. Bio distribution ponders illustrated particular aggregation within the tumor, coming to 4.8% ID/g for AuNPs and 6.2% ID/g for liposomes. Helpful results included tumor measure decrease and by and large survival rates of 75.4% for AuNPs and 82.7% for liposomes. Comparison with related works highlighted the competitive execution of the created nanomaterials, emphasizing their potential in progressing exactness medication. This research contributes to the advancing scene of nanomedicine, emphasizing personalized and maintainable healthcare arrangements.

Age penalties and take-up of private health insurance.

Financial penalties for delayed enrollment could be useful tools to encourage people to enroll earlier in health insurance markets, but little is known about how effective they are. We use a large administrative dataset for a 10% random sample of all Australian tax-filers to study how people respond to a step-wise age-based penalty, and whether the effect has changed over time. Individuals must pay a 2% premium surcharge for each year they delay enrollment beyond age 31. The penalty stops after 10years of continuous hospital cover. The age-based penalty creates discontinuities in the incentive to insure by age, which we exploit to estimate causal effects. We find that people respond as expected to the initial age-penalty, but not to subsequent penalties. The 2% premium loading results in a 0.78-3.69 percentage points (or 2.1%-9.0%) increase in the take-up rate at age 31. We simulate the penalty impact and implications of potential reforms, and conclude that modest changes around the policy make little difference in the age distribution of insured, premiums or take-up rates. Our study provides important evidence on an understudied area in the literature and offers insights for countries considering financial penalties.

Do the New Rural Pension Scheme promote the health status of chronic patients in old age? —Evidence from CHARLS 2018 in China

BackgroundMany researchers have examined the impact of social insurance on health in elderly. However, in most cases, they have only demonstrated correlational results and have not been able to determine causal effects, possibly because confounding biases have not been fully addressed. In this study, we investigated the health effects of the New Rural Pension Scheme (NRPS) on the elderly (age≥60 years old) with chronic diseases in rural areas, and to explore the causal relationship and effects of NRPS and health status.MethodsThis paper used data from the 2018 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) and applied Bayesian networks and fuzzy regression discontinuity design to conduct causal analysis. Bayesian networks were used to explore the causal directed acyclic graphs of factors related to NRPS and health status. Based on the results of Bayesian network, a fuzzy regression discontinuity design was employed to estimate the causal effect of NRPS on health status.ResultsAmong rural elderly with chronic diseases, Bayesian network mapping of causal relationships among NRPS, health status and covariates showed that age was a common cause of NRPS receipt and satisfaction with health. The results of the fuzzy regression discontinuity analysis showed that the effect of receiving NRPS on the health status was positive, but there was no statistically significant difference concerning the interval estimates. The results of the subgroup analysis with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma indicated that the effect of NRPS receipt on the health status of elderly people with COPD was positive. There was a statistically significant effect of receiving NRPS on self-rated health description (β1=3.653,P=0.032\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\beta }_{1}=3.653,P=0.032$$\\end{document}) and health satisfaction (β1=4.204,P=0.033\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\beta }_{1}=4.204,P=0.033$$\\end{document}) in COPD population and a statistically significant effect of receiving NRPS on health satisfaction in asthma population (β1=9.844,P=0.008\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\beta }_{1}=9.844,P=0.008$$\\end{document}).ConclusionThis paper has confirmed the contribution and positive causal effect of NRPS on health status in a subgroup of older adults with COPD and asthma, using the CHARLS database as evidence. Thus, Chinese government should increase the take-up rate of the NRPS to enhance their positive impact on health status of elderly people with chronic diseases in rural areas.

On static vs. dynamic line ratings in renewable energy zones

Scaling-up Variable Renewable Energy will face critical bottlenecks vis-a-vis requisite transmission hosting capacity. Network developments must navigate the complexity of encroaching on private land, risk disturbing sites of cultural significance, compete with other environmental (i.e. biodiversity) objectives, and endure backlash from directly affected communities. Transmission is costly and post-pandemic supply-chain constraints are sending equipment costs higher. Given time and cost risks, existing transmission networks and successful augmentations need to function at their outer operating envelope. In this article, a Renewable Energy Zone (REZ) is examined by comparing static, seaonal and real-time dynamic line ratings. Historically, seasonal line ratings in the Queensland region of Australia's National Electricity Market reflected the still, hot conditions that characterised critical event maximum demand days. Widespread take-up rates of rooftop solar PV has shifted maximum (grid-supplied) demand to the late-afternoon when wind speeds are rising, which also provides thermal cooling to transmission lines. Optimisation modelling suggests a shift from static to dynamic line ratings for a reference 275 kV radial REZ in Queensland can increase wind hosting capacity from ∼1700 MW to >2800 MW with limited change in the asset base. Dynamically adjusting Frequency Control Ancillary Services further increases VRE hosting capacity.

Evaluation of skin cancer screening in Germany - participation, tumor detection and interval tumors based on SHI data.

The rising incidence of skin cancer in Germany has increased the need for secondary prevention measures. For this purpose, a statutory skin cancer screening for insured persons aged 35 and older was introduced on 1 June 2008. The aim of this work package in the Innovation Fund project "Perspectives of a multimodal evaluation of early skin cancer detection" (Pertimo) was to test an evaluation of skin cancer screening using secondary data. The data basis was statutory insured persons of the DAK Health from the age of 35 who were insured as of 31 December 2010 and were followed up until the end of 2015. The rates of participation, skin tumors detected in skin cancer screening (tumor detections), and interval tumors that occurred within two years after a finding-free skin cancer screening were calculated. The biennial skin cancer screening take-up rate in 2014 and 2015 was 33.6% for women and 32.6% for men. Of those screened, 4.2% had a skin cancer finding (tumor detection) in the course of skin cancer screening. Of all incident skin cancer diagnoses (2012-2015), 50.1% were detected in skin cancer screening. In 1.5% of the insured persons with skin cancer screening without findings, an incidental skin tumor was diagnosed in the following two years (interval tumor). The data from the statutory health insurance mapped the skin cancer screening occurrence in Germany and highlighted the importance of dermatologists in the screening process. The analysis provided important new insights.

Farmers’ Willingness to Purchase Weather Index Crop Insurance: Evidence from Battambang, Cambodia

The weather index crop insurance (WICI) scheme was introduced under a pilot project for rice in Cambodia in 2021. The adoption rate was low and the loss ratio was higher than 200%. The increase in farmers’ participation would help reduce the loss ratio, which can sustain the WICI scheme. This study, therefore, examines Cambodian rice farmers’ willingness to purchase WICI in Cambodia. The hypothesis is that the low adoption rate is due to a lack of awareness, lack of understanding of WICI, lack of trust in weather stations, and the problem of basis risk. This study would like to test the influence of those factors on the willingness to purchase in Cambodia. Battambang Province was chosen as the study area as it is the largest area for rice production and has the largest take-up rate of farmers buying WICI. Detailed interviews of 232 farmers were conducted in the districts of Bavel and Moung Ruessei. The probit regression model was used to identify factors that significantly impact farmers’ willingness to purchase WICI. The results indicate that land size, level of trust in weather stations, level of farmers’ understanding of WICI, and joining the WICI awareness program have positive effects on the probability of farmers’ willingness to buy WICI, whereas the number of household laborers and expectation of floods have negative influences. The probability of willingness to purchase by farmers who attended the awareness program on WICI was 38% higher than those who did not. The size of farmland, level of trust in weather stations, and level of understanding of WICI increase in one unit affecting the probability of willingness to purchase WICI by 4%, 16%, and 25%, respectively. On the other hand, the increase in the number of household laborers in the rice field by one person and the increase in the probability of expected flood increase by 0.1 drag back the probability of farmers’ willingness to purchase by 16% and 5%, respectively. The results suggest the government to raise the insurance awareness and understanding of WICI. Development of weather station infrastructure, as well as maintenance of weather stations, is needed to guarantee the accuracy of data generated from the weather station.

Early offering transcatheter aortic valve replacement to patients with moderate aortic stenosis: quantifying costs and benefits – a Markov model-based simulation study

ObjectiveAortic stenosis (AS) is one of the most common acquired cardiac valvular diseases. The success of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) for severe AS has led to increasing interest in...

Measuring take-up of the California EITC with state administrative data

The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) is the largest cash-based means-tested transfer program in the United States. In 2021, 31 million households received $64 billion from the federal EITC. Twenty-eight states also offer eligible taxpayers a supplement to the federal program. An estimated one-fifth of eligible households fail to claim the federal credit, but little is known about take-up of these state programs. We use administrative data from California on the population of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) recipients linked to state tax records to estimate the number of households who are eligible for California’s supplement to the federal EITC (CalEITC) but do not claim it. We find that over 400,000 households who received SNAP benefits and who were eligible for the state EITC in 2017 did not receive the credit. This includes approximately 40,000 eligible households who claimed the federal EITC but not the state credit; nearly 98,000 eligible households who filed a state tax return but did not claim the state or federal credit; and roughly 270,000 eligible households who did not file a state tax return. The corresponding take-up rate for the CalEITC among eligible SNAP-enrolled households was 54%. Altogether, these households left a total of $71 million in state EITC funds on the table. If received, these credits would have increased incomes among these households by 2.7% and increased total state EITC outlays by 20%.

Aging and the Law in Singapore and Japan: Adult Guardianship and Other Alternatives

ABSTRACT Comparative adult guardianship law and other alternatives, especially in an Asian context, is an under-investigated area. This paper attempts to fill the gap in the literature by comparing the adult guardianship law and other alternatives from the perspectives of Singapore and Japan. The central argument of this paper is that in order for the law of adult guardianship to be widely adopted in Asian societies like Singapore and Japan - where much of adult guardianship related issues are governed by informal familial arrangements; this would require governments to do more than the mere enacting of adult guardianship legislation. To encourage widespread adoption, governments must embark on a robust public awareness campaign to promote the adult guardianship scheme, provide institutional support, and simplify the process for people wishing to sign up to the scheme and enact the appropriate safeguards against abuse. Such conditions are present in Singapore, whereas in Japan, these are lacking which explains the lower take-up rate with Japanese people preferring informal arrangements. Another key difference between Singapore and Japan is that the former relies primarily on family and relatives to act as adult guardians, while the court in the latter jurisdiction insists on the appointment of professionals like lawyers to act as adult guardians. It is surmised that this factor explains the lower take-up rate of formal adult guardianship in Japan as compared to Singapore due to the costs involved in engaging professional guardians. This paper also explores the alternatives to adult guardianship in both systems. Alternatives to formal adult guardianship is important because there will be a substantial portion of the population of older adults who would prefer these alternatives for various reasons.

Bodily surveillance: Singapore’s COVID-19 app and technological opportunism

ABSTRACT Singapore won early kudos for its ‘gold standard’ handling of the COVID-19 pandemic back in February 2020. It was praised globally for its ability to activate an effective contact tracing system. Riding on this success, the government introduced ‘TraceTogether’, a mobile phone app to enhance contact tracing efforts, using a technology that leverages the Bluetooth feature on smartphones to track proximity between users and record their physical encounters. This paper contends that the roll-out of the app is a form of ‘technological opportunism’ to enhance greater bodily surveillance over its citizens during a time of crisis. The low number of downloads of the app initially (at 20%), before persuasion-coercion strategies were applied to lift the take-up rate to 90%, belies the assumption that surveillance is genuinely widely accepted. This paper details key responses to the app in Singapore, and the government’s decision to make it mandatory during the heart of the pandemic between 2020 to 2022. It considers the implications of technological opportunism, taking advantage of a pandemic to continue in the journey of turning citizens into what Michel Foucault would refer to as ‘subjectified bodies’ to be traced, tracked and codified.