Population In Taiwan Research Articles

Syncope in Migraine: A Genome-Wide Association Study Revealing Distinct Genetic Susceptibility Variants Across Subtypes.

Syncope is characterized by the temporary loss of consciousness and is commonly associated with migraine. However, the genetic factors that contribute to this association are not well understood. This study investigated the specific genetic loci that make patients with migraine more susceptible to syncope as well as the genetic factors contributing to syncope and migraine comorbidity in a Han Chinese population in Taiwan. A genome-wide association study was applied to 1,724 patients with migraine who visited a tertiary hospital in Taiwan. The patients were genotyped using the Affymetrix Axiom Genome-Wide TWB 2.0 array and categorized into the following subgroups based on migraine type: episodic migraine, chronic migraine, migraine with aura, and migraine without aura. Multivariate regression analyses were used to assess the relationships between specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the clinical characteristics in patients with syncope and migraine comorbidity. In patients with migraine, SNPs were observed to be associated with syncope. In particular, the rs797384 SNP located in the intron region of LOC102724945 was associated with syncope in all patients with migraine. Additionally, four SNPs associated with syncope susceptibility were detected in the nonmigraine control group, and these SNPs differed from those in the migraine group, suggesting distinct underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, the rs797384 variant in the intron region of LOC102724945 was associated with the score on the Beck Depression Inventory. The novel genetic loci identified in this study will improve our understanding of the genetic basis of syncope and migraine comorbidity.

Impact of isoniazid monoresistance on overall and vulnerable patient populations in Taiwan

ABSTRACT Isoniazid is an early bactericidal anti-tuberculosis (TB) agent and isoniazid mono-resistance TB is the most prevalent drug-resistant TB worldwide. Concerns exist regarding whether resistance to isoniazid would lead to delayed culture conversion and worst outcomes. From January 2008 to November 2017, adult culture-positive pulmonary TB patients receiving isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol were identified through Taiwan Center for Disease Control database and were followed until the end of 2017. Primary outcomes included time to sputum culture conversion (SCC) within two months. Secondary outcomes included death and unfavourable outcomes at the end of 2nd month. A total of 37,193 drug-susceptible and 2,832 isoniazid monoresistant pulmonary TB patients were identified. Compared with no resistance, isoniazid monoresistance was not associated with a delayed SCC (HR: 0.99, 95% CI: 0.94─1.05, p = 0.8145), a higher risk of 2-month mortality (HR: 1.19, 95% CI: 0.92─1.53, p = 0.1884), and unfavourable outcomes at 2nd month (OR: 1.05, 95% CI: 0.97─1.14, p = 0.2427). Isoniazid monoresistance was associated with delayed SCC (HR: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.83─0.98, p = 0.0099) and a higher risk of unfavourable outcomes (OR:1.18, 95% CI: 1.05─1.32, p = 0.0053) in patients aged between 20 and 65, and delayed SCC in patients without underlying comorbidities (HR: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.81─0.98, p = 0.0237). Isoniazid mono-resistant TB had a comparable outcome with drug-susceptible TB at the end of the intensive phase. Healthy, and non-elderly patients were more likely to had culture persistence, raising concerns about disease transmission in these subgroups and warranting early molecular testing for isoniazid resistance.

Genetic relationships of populations of the Black Kite Milvus migrans (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae) in the east of its range in Asia and Australia

While the Black Kite Milvus migrans is one of the most widespread birds of prey, occurring over Eurasia, Africa and Australia, it remains poorly understood outside of Europe, with southeast Asian populations particularly mysterious as their taxonomy is based on outdated morphological data. The subspecies M. m. formosanus, described in 1920, is thought to inhabit Taiwan and Hainan; however, populations in these areas have experienced dramatic changes over the past fifty years. Furthermore, M. m. formosanus is the only officially recognised subspecies for which almost no genetic data is yet available. Based on two mitochondrial genes, we compared Taiwanese Black Kites with northeast Asian and Japanese M. m. lineatus, Indian M. m. govinda and Australian M. m. affinis to reconstruct details of their population history. While Indian and Australian Black Kites are descendants of the same population, they do not share common haplotypes, probably having diverged by the end of the last glaciation. The Japanese population is distinctive in showing genetic uniformity, and it may be isolated from the mainland population. Nesting Taiwanese kites carry two previously known M. m. lineatus haplogroups and a new haplogroup possibly inherited from M. m. formosanus previously occurring in the area. A recent decline in the local population, along with expansion of M. m. lineatus, most likely led to Taiwan now being inhabited by descendants of both subspecies, which form two genetically isolated populations in southern and northern Taiwan.

The commensal skin microbiome of amphibian mountain populations and its association with the pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.

Microbial assemblages naturally living on the skin are an integral part of immunity. In amphibians, this skin microbiota may hold a mitigation solution against the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), which causes the panzootic disease chytridiomycosis. We used 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding to test the adaptive microbiome hypothesis. We compared the community composition, richness, and putative Bd-inhibitory function of the skin microbiome of three amphibian host species in the Pyrenees, as well as three species in Taiwan, in both Bd-positive and negative mountain populations. In both geographical regions, the amphibian host species played a decisive role in shaping the microbial assemblage and putative anti-Bd properties. In the Pyrenees, the species most susceptible to chytridiomycosis, Alytes obstetricans, had the lowest relative abundances of putative protective bacteria. In Bd-positive and negative sites, individuals had different skin microbiomes, with all anuran species showing increased relative abundances of potential anti-Bd bacteria, while the Taiwanese caudata Hynobius sonani showed the opposite pattern. Our results suggest that, in response to exposure to the pathogen, the skin microbiota shifted to a defensive state with increased anti-Bd function, which may contribute to promoting disease resistance, as proposed by the adaptive microbiome hypothesis.

Genetic variants associated with response to anti-CGRP monoclonal antibody therapy in a chronic migraine Han Chinese population

BackgroundAnti-calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) monoclonal antibodies have emerged as promising therapeutic options for the treatment of chronic migraine. However, treatment response varies considerably among individuals, suggesting a potential role for genetic factors. This study aimed to identify genetic variants affecting the efficacy of anti-CGRP monoclonal antibody therapy in chronic migraine among the Han Chinese population in Taiwan to enhance treatment precision and to understand the genetic architecture of migraine.MethodsWe conducted a quantitative trait locus (QTL) association study in patients with chronic migraines from a tertiary medical center in Taiwan using the Taiwan Precision Medicine Array Chip. The patients received fremanezumab or galcanezumab for at least 12 weeks. Treatment efficacy was assessed based on the improvement rate in monthly migraine days. Genetic variants were identified, and their associations with treatment efficacy were examined through quantitative trait loci analysis, linkage disequilibrium studies, and functional annotations using the Gene Ontology database.ResultsSix single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) relative variants were significantly associated with anti-CGRP therapy response (p < 1 × 10− 7): rs116870564, rs75244870, rs56216870, rs12938101, rs74655790, and rs149540851. These variants are located in or near genes, including LRRC4C, ATAD2B, and OXR1, which are involved in neuronal development, DNA-dependent ATPase activity, and oxidation-reduction processes, respectively. The rs116870564 variant in LRRC4C showed the strongest association (β = -0.551, p = 6.65 × 10− 9). The functional impact of these variants is attributed to their regulatory effects on gene expression, which are influenced by intron splicing regulation, transcription factors, and changes in chromatin structure.ConclusionThe identification of key genetic markers associated with response to anti-CGRP therapy emphasizes the importance of genetic variability in treatment efficacy. This could lead to more personalized chronic migraine management strategies and tailored therapeutic approaches based on individual genetic profiles. Further research in larger, diverse populations is warranted to validate these findings and refine our understanding of the role of CGRP in chronic migraine pathophysiology.Trial registrationNot applicable.

Gender Differences in the Association between BMI and Depression Status among Community-dwelling Middle-aged and Elderly Population in Taiwan

&lt;p&gt;目的：本研究旨在探討台灣社區居住的中老年人群中BMI與憂鬱狀態之間的性別差異。&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;方法：這是一個在台灣北部進行的橫斷面研究。年齡介於50至80歲的243名男性和607名女性納入統計。依照不同的性別，參與者根據問卷分數被分類為不同的憂鬱狀態。我們採用了流行病學研究中心憂鬱量表10項版本(CESD-10)問卷來評估參與者的憂鬱狀態。並探討了憂鬱症與教育水平、婚姻狀況、BMI、自覺健康量表、吸菸習慣、飲酒習慣、運動、就業、收入、高血壓、糖尿病和高血脂的相關性。我們使用卡方檢定來比較類別變項之間的關係，而多元邏輯斯迴歸分析則使用來探討BMI與憂鬱狀態(CESD-10 &amp;ge; 8分)之間的關聯性。&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;結果：將參與者根據性別與CESD-10切點8分分析。結果在男性組中，BMI與憂鬱狀態之間沒有顯著關聯(p=0.06)在女性，BMI和自覺健康量表與憂鬱狀態則存在顯著相關性(p&lt;0.01)。我們使用多元邏輯斯迴歸分析，發現在女性組中BMI&lt;18.5的族群與憂鬱狀態有顯著關聯(p=0.02, OR 3.76, 95% CI 1.23-11.46)。&lt;br /&gt;結論：研究表明BMI低於18.5是女性憂鬱症的一個獨立風險因素。因此，我們建議對於BMI低於18.5體型瘦弱的中老年女性應進行憂鬱症篩檢。也強調維持適當的體重有助於改善心理健康，尤其是中老年女性。&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the gender differences in the association between body mass index (BMI) and depression status among middle-aged and elderly people living in the community in Taiwan. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Methods: This is a cross-sectional study in northern Taiwan. 243 males and 607 females, aged 50-80 years were eligible for analysis. The participants were categorized in different depression status base on questionnaire according to gender. We applied Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale 10-item version (CESD-10) questionnaire to evaluate participant&amp;rsquo;s depression status. The statistical methods of Chi-square test were used to explored the correlation between depression status and categorical variables, including education level, marital status, BMI, self-reported health status, current smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise, employment status, income, hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia. Furthermore, we also applied multivariate logistic regression analysis. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Results: A total of 850 participants, 243 men and 607 women, were included in the analysis. They were classified into 2 categories by CESD-10 score with cut-off point of 8 in male and female group respectively. There is a significant difference between BMI and depression status in women (p&lt;0.01). However, no significant relationship (p=0.06) between BMI and depression status was found in male group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that BMI&lt;18.5 subclass has a significant relationship (p=0.02, OR 3.76, 95% CI 1.23-11.46) with depression status in female group. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Conclusions: Our study suggests that BMI below 18.5 is an independent risk factor for depression in females. Thus, when we visit thin middle-aged and elderly female patient, performing depression screening method should be taken into account in our clinical practice, especially those BMI below 18.5.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

The cold temperature associated with new-onset heart failure after incorporating dynamic status of multimorbidity: nationwide cohort, Taiwan 2012-2019.

Cold temperatures are known to affect heart failure (HF) hospitalizations, but the dynamic status of multi-morbidity of HF was rarely incorporated. We investigated the relationship between temperature and new-onset HF by risk strata. This nationwide cohort study analysed daily data on ambient temperature, the dynamic status of risk factors (age, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease, hypertension, myocardial infarction, and atrial fibrillation), and new-onset HF among the Taiwan population from 2012 to 2019. Poisson regression, Austin's algorithm, and classification and regression tree (CART) were used to determine risk strata and obtain the predicted HF rate. 148 708 patients developed new-onset HF over 152.52 million person-years. Three risk strata for HF were identified: Stratum 1 was predominantly those without any comorbidity (89.9%); Stratum 2 was those aged 60-69 with 2-3 comorbidities or aged 70+ with 1-2 comorbidities (9.0%), and Stratum 3 was those aged 70+ and had four or more comorbidity (1.1%). The HF incidence rates for these three strata were 25.54, 555.27, and 2315.52 per 100 000 person-years, respectively. The R2 of the Poisson regression with the three risk strata and the daily minimum temperature on the ln HF incidence rates was 77.99%. The risk of HF increased as temperatures decreased, and the slopes were 1.032, 1.040, and 1.034 for Strata 1-3, respectively. The rate ratios of HF at the winter median temperature of 17°C vs. the summer median temperature of 29°C were 1.45, 1.58, and 1.49 for Strata 1-3, respectively. Cross-validation reveals a good fit and predicted HF rates by ambient temperature for the three strata were provided. Cold temperatures are associated with an increased risk of new-onset HF. Stratum 2 (aged 60-69 with 2-3 comorbidities or aged 70+ with 1-2 comorbidities) are particularly susceptible to cold-related new-onset HF.

Reconstruction of invasion pathways of East Asian crab species of the genus Hemigrapsus (Decapoda, Brachyura, Varunidae) based on a comparative phylogeographic approach

Abstract Three intertidal varunid crab species of the genus Hemigrapsus, viz. H. penicillatus, H. sanguineus, and H. takanoi, are widely distributed along the East Asian coastline. The first two became globally well-known after their introduction into Atlantic waters of North America and Europe. Since the first record in the late 1980s, they established breeding populations and now live in sympatry with native and other invasive crab species. The aim of this study was to determine the correct species identity and geographic origin of these invasive populations and, if possible, estimate the number of independent invasion events. For that purpose, specimens from the three species were obtained from native populations in Taiwan, Japan, Russia, Korea, and China, and genetically compared to invasive populations from Europe and the U.S.A. Sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene were generated and used for haplotype network and AMOVA analyses, thus providing insights into the potential invasion pathways, gene flow, and phylogeography of the two invasive species. Pronounced geographic structure for all three species is revealed in their native ranges, with a marked differentiation among northern and southern populations. We furthermore provide evidence that all invasions into North America and Europe originated from northern Asian populations, which is in line with similar climatic conditions in Europe, northeastern America and northern Asia. Our results also confirm the recent finding that all European populations previously thought to consist of H. penicillatus should be reclassified as H. takanoi.

Occurrence and Temporal Changes of Emerging and Legacy Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in the General Population of Taiwan and East-Asian

Occurrence and Temporal Changes of Emerging and Legacy Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in the General Population of Taiwan and East-Asian

Current advances of oral cancer in Taiwan.

To provide updated statistics of oral cancer incidence and mortality in Taiwan, and to describe recent developments for oral cancer control to reduce oral cancer incidence and mortality. The Taiwan Cancer Registry Annual Report 2023, the Taiwan Cancer Registry Online Interactive Search System, and the 2023 Health Promotion Administration Annual Report are consulted and summarized. A literature search using PubMed was also conducted to identify Taiwan oral cancer control-related studies. Taiwan, with a long history of areca/betel quid chewing, has battled with oral cancer for decades. In 2021, the male lip and oral cavity cancer incidence is 29.77 (per 100,000 persons) and mortality is 11.25. Over these years, the male chewing prevalence was reduced to 6.2% in 2018. Taiwan has a sustained national oral cancer screening programme provided to high-risk groups biennially. Although the age-standardized incidence rates have been slowly decreasing since 2009, due to Taiwan's ageing population, the actual oral cancer burden is still stringent. The collaboration of multi-ministries and agencies on promoting areca nut and betel quid control, improving oral cancer awareness, and delivering cancer care remains essential to prevent oral cancer and reduce oral cancer deaths.

Combination of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and an indirect fluorescence assay for a nationwide sero-survey of Toxoplasma gondii infection in pig herds in Taiwan

Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic pathogen that can infect farm animals, companion animals, and humans, sometimes causing public health issues. In Taiwan, the pig industry is a vital agricultural industry, with a self-sufficiency rate of 91 %, and pigs are also food-producing animal reservoirs of Toxoplasma gondii. Infected pigs are usually asymptomatic, and abortions and death may occur in severe cases. We combined an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and an indirect fluorescence assay (IFA) to investigate the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii among pig populations in Taiwan. A stratified sampling approach to determine the number of sample farms proportional to the number of pig farms in each county was employed, with 15 blood samples collected at each farm between July and September 2017. With the tested results, empirical Bayesian smoothing was utilized to assess the proportion of Toxoplasma-positive farms at the county level. Bayesian mixed-effects logistic regression models, incorporating farm and county as random effects, were employed to investigate associations between Toxoplasma test results and potential risk factors. A total of 930 serum samples from 62 pig farms were collected and tested. An overall herd prevalence of 27.4 % was shown with the seroprevalence in northern Taiwan being greater than that in southern Taiwan. The sampling month and companion dog density in 2017 were significantly associated with Toxoplasma infections in pigs. With every increase in the number of companion dogs per km² at the county level, the odds of Toxoplasma infection in pigs increased by 4.7 % (95 % CI: 1.7–8.9 %). This study demonstrated that combining ELISA for screening with IFA for confirmation is a cost-effective and time-saving method for conducting a large-scale sample investigation. This was also the first nationwide, cross-sectional study in Taiwanese pig herds to investigate Toxoplasma gondii infection.

Phylogeny and genetic diversity of Echinometra sea urchin in Taiwan

ABSTRACT Four closely related Echinometra species exist in the Indo-Pacific region, but little is known about their population genetics in Taiwan, an area rich in marine biodiversity. Echinometra dominates the Douziping coral reef off Liuqiu Island, where urchin barrens are also present. To understand the relationship between Echinometra species and urchin barrens, we investigated the genetic diversity of Echinometra species in Taiwan by using a nondestructive DNA extraction method on the spines of sea urchins. Mitochondrial DNA results showed that E. sp. C is the dominant species in Taiwan, with relatively high interspecific genetic distance. The E. sp. C is the only species in Douziping, and its population is expanding in accordance with the significantly low R2 value, the significantly negative Fu’s Fs values, and mismatch distribution analysis results. Gene flow estimates between the urchin populations in Taiwan and those in the neighbouring waters of Okinawa suggested that the Kuroshio Current could play an important role in Echinometra dispersal. This implies strongly connectivity between these populations. This study reports the first case of E. sp. C-associated urchin barrens in the tropics.

Atopic diseases and the risk of alopecia areata among pre-teens and teenagers in Taiwan.

Background Alopecia areata (AA), a disorder of non-scarring hair loss with a variable relapsing and remitting course, is a common autoimmune disease in children. Although it often presents as several focal small patchy bald lesions, early onset AA can lead to a total loss of scalp hair, even body hairs, a severe subtype. Atopic diseases are common concurrent disorders in AA, especially among those with early onset severe type of hair loss. Whether atopic diseases increase the risk of AA in the paediatric population of Taiwan, remains unclear. Objective To identify if atopic diseases increase the risk of AA among pre-teens and teenagers in Taiwan. Methods From Taiwan National Health Insurance Database 2010, we used the claims data to clarify the risk of AA in pre-teens and teenagers with atopic diseases (atopic dermatitis, allergic conjunctivitis, asthma, allergic rhinitis and food allergy) as compared to the general population. Cox proportional hazards model yielded hazard ratios (HRs) to address the impact of atopic diseases, sex and age on AA risk after adjusting for covariates and subsequent stratified analyses. Results Overall, 21,070 children (10,535 patients with atopic diseases and 10,535 normal cohort) aged over nine years were recruited. During a follow-up of 15 years, 39 (0.37%) cases were identified to have AA in the atopic diseases group, while 11 (0.10%) had developed AA in the normal cohort. As compared with the normal population, the paediatric population with atopic diseases had a 9.66-fold higher risk of developing AA. The risk was greater for boys and increased with advanced age. In the atopic diseases group, pre-teens and teenagers with food allergies and Sjogren's syndrome were more likely to have AA. Limitations Only one ethnic group. Conclusion All atopic diseases enhanced the risk of developing AA in Taiwan pre-teens and teenagers. Children with atopic diseases should be monitored to look for the development of AA.

#2343 Fabry disease screening in patients with chronic kidney disease and dialysis at a single medical center in Taiwan

Abstract Background and Aims Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) poses a significant global health challenge, with diverse contributing factors impacting its progression. Among these, Fabry Disease, a rare lysosomal storage disorder, has emerged as a potential complicating factor. Despite its relevance, the prevalence of Fabry Disease among CKD patients, particularly in Taiwan, remains insufficiently explored. Recognizing and understanding the occurrence of Fabry Disease in CKD populations are crucial for comprehensive patient care and may have implications for treatment strategies. Additionally, investigating the relationship between kidney function and Plasma α-Gal A activity is essential. α-Gal A, the enzyme deficient in Fabry Disease, may experience altered activity levels in the presence of compromised kidney function. Clarifying this connection is pivotal for gaining insights into the intricate interplay between Fabry Disease and CKD. This study aims to achieve three key objectives (1) Determine Fabry Disease Prevalence among CKD Patients in Taiwan.(2) Investigate the Impact of Kidney Function on Plasma α-Gal A Activity.(3) Characterize Gene Mutation Patterns and Demographic Data of Fabry Patients in CKD Population in Taiwan: Method Fabry Disease assessment involved a two-stage process, tailored to the patient's gender. Males underwent a dry blood test measuring α-galactosidase activity; samples below 15% of the adult average were deemed positive. Females were screened based on lyso-Gb3 levels in whole blood; a result exceeding 0.8 ng/ml was considered positive. Positive screenings prompted genomic DNA extraction, and the GLA gene's seven exons and intron 4 segment ([GRCh38/Hg38] chrX:101,399,610-101,399,874) were PCR-amplified. Sanger sequencing identified pathogenic variants. This gender-specific, multi-step approach ensures precision. Defined thresholds and advanced genomic techniques enhance diagnostic accuracy. The method provides a robust means of identifying Fabry Disease, supporting early intervention and personalized treatment. Results Study Recruitment: Initially, 2000 subjects enrolled, but 155 withdrew, yielding a final cohort of 1845 patients for analysis. Screening and Referral: Among 1602 subjects, 26 males (1.6%) were referred for DBS LysoGB3 check-up due to low serum α-Gal A activity. In a cohort of 243 females, 6 individuals (2.4%) underwent GLA genetic sequencing due to elevated lyso-GB3 levels. Clinical Presentation - Male Case: A male with acute stroke symptoms and CKD stage 3b (eGFR 34.5 mL/min/1.73 m²) showed significantly low DBS α-Gal A activity (0.48 μmol/hr) and elevated Plasma LysoGB3 (28.08 ng/ml).GLA genetic sequencing revealed a specific deletion (c.1072-1074delGAG, p. (Glu358 del)) in exon 7, leading to a Fabry disease diagnosis, classifying it as a specific type. The family pedigrees of this male patient are visually represented in Fig. 1, illustrating the genetic relationships within the family. Clinical Presentation - Female Case: A female on hemodialysis for four years, cause unknown, exhibited a DBS LysoGB3 level of 0.5 ng/ml. GLA genetic sequencing identified a nucleotide variation (c.640-801G&amp;gt;A) in intron 4, establishing a diagnosis of Fabry disease with the cardiac variant (301500). Fig. 2 demonstrates the relationship between serum DBS GLA activity and different stages of CKD. Our analysis reveals that in CKD stages 1, 2, 3 (3a and 3b), and 4, the serum GLA activity is significantly higher compared to stage 5. Conclusion The prevalence of Fabry Disease in our cohort was 0.1% (2 out of 1845 individuals), featuring one female with the cardiac variant and one male with the class type. Our investigation unveiled a significant rise in serum GLA activity in CKD stages 1–4 compared to stage 5, suggesting potential implications for early CKD detection. Moreover, serum α-Gal A activity displayed a notable correlation with age, BUN, and eGFR across CKD stages 1–5, questioning its status as a biomarker for advanced CKD and aging in CKD patients. This prompts consideration for a large-scale study to validate this hypothesis.

Exploring the genetic makeup of Xanthomonas species causing bacterial spot in Taiwan: evidence of population shift and local adaptation

The introduction of plant pathogens can quickly reshape disease dynamics in island agro-ecologies, representing a continuous challenge for local crop management strategies. Xanthomonas pathogens causing tomato bacterial spot were probably introduced in Taiwan several decades ago, creating a unique opportunity to study the genetic makeup and adaptive response of this alien population. We examined the phenotypic and genotypic identity of 669 pathogen entries collected across different regions of Taiwan in the last three decades. The analysis detected a major population shift, where X. euvesicatoria and X. vesicatoria races T1 and T2 were replaced by new races of X. perforans. After its introduction, race T4 quickly became dominant in all tomato-growing areas of the island. The genomic analysis of 317 global genomes indicates that the Xanthomonas population in Taiwan has a narrow genetic background, most likely resulting from a small number of colonization events. However, despite the apparent genetic uniformity, X. perforans race T4 shows multiple phenotypic responses in tomato lines. Additionally, an in-depth analysis of effector composition suggests diversification in response to local adaptation. These include unique mutations on avrXv3 which might allow the pathogen to overcome Xv3/Rx4 resistance gene. The findings underscore the dynamic evolution of a pathogen when introduced in a semi-isolated environment and provide insights into the potential management strategies for this important disease of tomato.

Changes in Combined Lifestyle Risks and the Transition of Activities of Daily Living in the Elderly Population of Taiwan: Evidence from the Taiwan Longitudinal Study on Aging.

Functional ability decline occurs with age. This study aims to investigate the associations between the lifestyle factors-exercising, food consumption, and smoking-and the functional ability of the activities of daily living (ADL) by gender. The data were obtained from the Taiwan longitudinal study on aging, a national cohort study. The cross-sectional results demonstrated that the frequency of exercising was negatively associated with ADL in both men and women. Dairy products were positively associated with ADL in men. The longitudinal results illustrated that current and consistent exercising were negatively associated with changes in ADL scores over 4- and 8-year periods in both men and women. Seafood consumption was negatively associated with changes in the subsequent 4-year ADL scores. Past smoking was positively associated with changes in subsequent 4-year ADL scores in men, while current smoking was positively associated with changes in subsequent 8-year ADL scores in women. Therefore, consistent exercising, food consumption, and smoking were associated with ADL functional ability in elderly people, and the associations differed by gender. Elders exercising consistently had good ADL performance and maintained their ADL ability better, especially women. Seafood consumption decreased the risk of ADL decline, while smoking increased the risk of ADL decline.

Addressing causal relationship between drinking behavior and metabolic syndrome: one-sample Mendelian randomization analysis.

Alcohol drinking is associated with central obesity, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia, which further causes metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, prior epidemiological studies on such associations lack experimental evidence for a causal relationship. This study aims to explore the causal relationship between drinking behavior and MetS in Taiwan population by using Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. A cross-sectional study was conducted using the Taiwan Biobank database, which comprised 50 640 Han Chinese who were 30-70years old without cancer from 2008 to 2020. In MR analysis, we constructed weighted and unweighted genetic risk scores by calculating SNP alleles significantly associated with alcohol drinking. We calculated odds ratios and 95% confidence interval (CI) by using a two-stage regression model. A total of 50 640 participants were included with a mean age of 49.5years (SD: 1.67years), 36.6% were men. The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of MetS per 5% increase in the likelihood of genetic predisposition to drink based on weighted genetic risk score with adjustment was 1.11 (95% CI: 1.10, 1.12, P < .001). Analysis was also conducted by grouping the likelihood of genetic predisposition to drink based on quartiles with multivariate adjustment. Using Q1 as the reference group, the aORs of MetS for Q2, Q3, and Q4 were 1.19 (1.12, 1.27, p < .001), 1.31 (1.23, 1.40, p < .001), and 1.87 (1.75, 2.00, p < .001), respectively, for the weighted genetic risk score. This study shows a modest relationship between drinking behavior and MetS by using MR analysis.

The long-term trend in utilization of traditional Chinese medicine and associated factors among older people in Taiwan.

Both the size of the older population and the use of complementary and alternative medicine are increasing worldwide. This study evaluated the long-term trend in utilization of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and associated factors among older people in Taiwan. Using the database of population-based interview surveys, we evaluated the one-month prevalence of TCM use among 13,945 older people aged over 65 years from 2001-2017. The sociodemographic status and medical comorbidities of older people who did and did not use TCM were compared by calculating adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in the multiple logistic regressions. The one-month prevalence of TCM use increased from 5.5% in 2001 to 9.1% in 2017 among older people in Taiwan. Overall, 7.3% of older people had used TCM within the previous month. People with a history of heart disease (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.24-2.12), use of folk therapy (OR 3.16, 95% CI 2.00-4.99), and purchase of non-prescribed Chinese herbal medicine (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.48-2.91) were more likely to use TCM than the comparison group. However, age ≥80 years (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.31-0.72) and previous hospitalization (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.41-0.85) were associated with the reduced use of TCM. From 2001-2017, the use of TCM increased in the older population in Taiwan. The use of folk medicine and purchase of non-prescribed Chinese herbal medicine were significant predictors for the use of TCM.

Characterizing genetic variation on the Z chromosome in Schistosoma japonicum reveals host-parasite co-evolution

BackgroundSchistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease that afflicts millions of people worldwide; it is caused by Schistosoma, the only dioecious flukes with ZW systems. Schistosoma japonicum is endemic to Asia; the Z chromosome of S. japonicum comprises one-quarter of the entire genome. Detection of positive selection using resequencing data to understand adaptive evolution has been applied to a variety of pathogens, including S. japonicum. However, the contribution of the Z chromosome to evolution and adaptation is often neglected.MethodsWe obtained 1,077,526 high-quality SNPs on the Z chromosome in 72 S. japonicum using re-sequencing data publicly. To examine the faster Z effect, we compared the sequence divergence of S. japonicum with two closely related species, Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni. Genetic diversity was compared between the Z chromosome and autosomes in S. japonicum by calculating the nucleotide diversity (π) and Dxy values. Population structure was also assessed based on PCA and structure analysis. Besides, we employed multiple methods including Tajima’s D, FST, iHS, XP-EHH, and CMS to detect positive selection signals on the Z chromosome. Further RNAi knockdown experiments were performed to investigate the potential biological functions of the candidate genes.ResultsOur study found that the Z chromosome of S. japonicum showed faster evolution and more pronounced genetic divergence than autosomes, although the effect may be smaller than the variation among genes. Compared with autosomes, the Z chromosome in S. japonicum had a more pronounced genetic divergence of sub-populations. Notably, we identified a set of candidate genes associated with host-parasite co-evolution. In particular, LCAT exhibited significant selection signals within the Taiwan population. Further RNA interference experiments suggested that LCAT is necessary for S. japonicum survival and propagation in the definitive host. In addition, we identified several genes related to the specificity of the intermediate host in the C-M population, including Rab6 and VCP, which are involved in adaptive immune evasion to the host.ConclusionsOur study provides valuable insights into the adaptive evolution of the Z chromosome in S. japonicum and further advances our understanding of the co-evolution of this medically important parasite and its hosts.Graphical

Advances of NOTCH2NLC Repeat Expansions and Associated Diseases: A Bibliometric and Meta-analysis.

The unclear pathogenic mechanisms of neurodegenerative disorders stemming from NOTCH2NLC GGC repeat expansions drive focused research. Thus, a bibliometric and meta-analysis was conducted to uncover research trends and positivity rates in NOTCH2NLC. We conducted systematic searches in the Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases for studies related to NOTCH2NLC up until August 2, 2023. Information regarding countries, institutions, authors, journals, and keywords of studies included in the Web of Science was analyzed and visualized. The positivity rates of NOTCH2NLC GGC repeat expansions across all screened patients and patients' families were pooled under the random-effects model. Publication bias and its impact were examined using funnel plots, Egger's linear regression, and trim-and-fill method. The bibliometric analysis, revealing pronounced publication growth, comprised 119 studies, which came from China and Japan particularly. "Neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease" emerged as a frequently used keyword. The meta-analysis comprised 36 studies, indicating global positivity rates of 1.79% (95% CI, 0.75-3.17) for all patients and 2.00% (95% CI, 0.26-4.78) for patients' families. Subgroup analyses based on region and phenotype suggested the highest NOTCH2NLC positivity rates in Taiwan population (5.42%, 95% CI 0.08-16.89) and in leukoencephalopathy-dominant patients (8.25%, 95% CI, 3.01-15.60). Sensitivity analysis affirmed the robustness of results. In conclusion, NOTCH2NLC GGC repeat expansions exhibit rare globally, primarily in East Asia, and leukoencephalopathy-dominant patients, emphasizing regional and phenotypic distinctions. Emerging focal points in NOTCH2NLC researches underscore the need for collaborative exploration.