Tail Immersion Method Research Articles

Phytochemical investigation and in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activities of methanol extract of whole plant Argyreia capitiformis (Poir.) Ooststr

BackgroundA. capitiformis (Poir.) Ooststr has a long history of usage as a medicinal cure for a wide variety of illnesses in many different cultures. Pharmacological properties and phytochemical characterization of the crude A. capitiformis whole plant are evalutted, in this paper.MethodsAntioxidant activity was tested by the DPPH free radical scavenging method. In vitro anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic effects were assessed using Bovine serum albumin (BSA), protein denaturation method, and brine shrimp mortality assays, respectively with antihelmintic activity through Pheretima Posthuma worms. Acetic acid-induced writhing, hot plate and tail immersion testing assessed in vivo analgesia. CNS activity was evaluated through elevated plaze maize, open field, hole cross, and head dipping method.ResultsPhytochemiical investigation of A. capitiformis showed the presence of alkaloid, saponin, terpennoids, steroid and flavonoids etc. with the % yield of crude 2.04%.With an IC50 of 45.35 µg/ml, the whole plant methanolic preparation has antioxidant activity equivalent to ascorbic acid. Anti-arthritic protein blocking dropped from 74.25 ± 0.12% to 12.18 ± 0.12%. 1000 µg/ml extract demonstrated 54.05 ± 0.12*% anti-inflammatory activity with protein denaturation. In the cytotoxicity assay, the extract had 129.72 µg/ml LC50 and the positive group 34.67 µg/ml. Unlike Albendazole, the methanol extract triggered mature earthworms at 50 mg/ml. The extract’s analgesic efficacy at 200 and 400 mg/kg was statistically significant (p < 0.001) in the acetic acid writhing and tail immersion method. The hot plate technique yielded statistically significant results only at 400 mg/kg (p < 0.001). Only 400 mg/kg was statistically significant in the Elevated Plaze Maize and Hole Board Procedure (p < 0.01). The hole cross and open field methods yielded highly statistically significant outcomes at 200 and 400 mg/kg (p < 0.001).ConclusionIn this research, the whole crude methanol extract of A. capitiformis revealed phytochemicals, antioxidants, in vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic properties, cytotoxicity, anti-helminthic, in vivo analgesic, and CNS inhibitory activities.

Molybdenum Disulfide Nanosheet-Based Nanocomposite for the Topical Delivery of Umbelliferone: Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Potentials.

This study aimed to develop a nanocomposite formulation comprising umbelliferone (UMB) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets as a carrier, termed as the UMB-MoS2 nanocomposite in gel for topical delivery. MoS2 nanosheets were successfully synthesized via a green-hydrothermal reaction of 10 mg of ammonium molybdate and 10 mg of thiourea in 80 mL of deionized water under predetermined conditions. The UMB-MoS2 nanocomposite was prepared by sonicating UMB and MoS2 nanosheets (each of 1 mg/mL) in dimethylformamide. Scanning electron microscopy revealed crumpled nanosheets with an open-ended structure and a nanocomposite as a layered structure. The X-ray diffraction pattern revealed the amorphous nature of UMB in the UMB-MoS2 nanocomposite. Fourier-transform infrared spectra of the UMB-MoS2 nanocomposite had modified bands of the functional group, which confirmed the formation of the nanocomposite. The size and polydispersity-index (435 nm and 0.415, respectively) of the nanocomposite were within the limit for an efficient topical application. Carbopol 934 (2%) was used to prepare the UMB-MoS2 nanocomposite gel (F1) and UMB-Carbopol gel (F2, for comparative evaluation). The pH, spreadability, and viscosity of F1 were found to be 5.56, 5.89 g·cm/s, and 32.5 Pa-sec, respectively, which were optimal for the topical application of gel-based formulations. In vitro release characteristics of both formulations were deemed to be suitable for topical application, where F1 exhibited a biphasic drug release profile and a superior release rate of 94.8% compared to 43.5% for F2 at 24 h. In the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model, the animal group treated with F1 demonstrated the lowest increase in paw thickness of 26.6%, which was significantly lower as compared to the F2-treated group (52.9%) and the diclofenac sodium-treated group (32.2%). Similarly, in the tail immersion method, F1 exhibited the highest peak tail withdrawal latency of 10.9 s, significantly greater than F2 (8.9 s) and standard treatment (10 s), indicating the superior analgesic activity of F1. This pioneering work introduces a novel UMB-MoS2 nanocomposite with promising anti-inflammatory and analgesic potentials, paving the way for further research into the biomedical applications of MoS2-based nanocarriers.

To Evaluate and Compare the Analgesic Activity of Piperine and Extracts of Piper Nigrum L. Fruit

Narcotics (e.g., opioids) or non-narcotics (e.g., salicylates and corticosteroids) are used in the management of pain and inflammation, both of which have side effects, thereby emphasizing the search for natural substances. Piperine found naturally in plants of the Piperaceae family has shown inhibitory activity against 5-lipoxygenase and cycloxygenase-1 in in vitro studies. The present study was aimed to evaluate and compare the analgesic activity of pure compound, piperine along with hexane and ethanol extracts of Piper nigrum L. fruit in mice. The analgesic activity was determined by hot plate, tail immersion method and acetic acid induced writhing test in mice. The piperine showed great pain-relieving impact at a portion of 5 and 10 mg/kg when contrasted with control and standard. Greatest pain-relieving impact was noted at a portion of 10 mg/kg after 120 min. The hexane and ethanol remove demonstrated helpless pain-relieving impact at all dosages (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) by hot plate method. However, with tail immersion method, piperine at a dose of 5mg/kg and ethanol extract at a dose of 20mg/kg after 120 min and hexane extract at a dose of 10mg/kg after 60min exhibited significant analgesic activity. In writhing test ethanol extract significantly stopped the number of writhes at dose of 20mg/kg while piperine at dose of 20mg/kg completely terminated the writhes in mice. It is concluded from the present study that Piper nigrum L. possesses potent analgesic activity in mice. Keywords: Piper nigrum, Piperaceae, Piperine, Hot plate, Tail immersion method, Acetic acid induced writhing test

ANALGESIC ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF PORTIERIA HORNEMANNII (LYNGBYE) P. C. SILVA IN MANDAPAM, RAMANADHAPURAM, TAMIL NADU, INDIA

Objective: The present study intends to detect the analgesic activity of the ethanolic extract of Portieria hornemannii collected from Mandapam, Ramanathapuram district, Tamil Nadu, India. Methods: Diclofenac sodium (100 mg/kg) was the standard. The analgesic activity of P. hornemannii was predicted on intact rats by tail flick latency in the Tail Immersion Method. The various concentrations of the ethanolic extracts were used as 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, considering the body weight of mice. The control group received a typical saline solution. Results: The present study shows that the doses (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg body weight of mice) of the ethanolic extracts of P. hornemannii have brought out the analgesic activity. Conclusion: The conclusion of the study is that the ethanolic extracts of P. hornemannii Silva at 400 mg/kg showed more effect than the 200 mg/kg ethanolic extract.

Isolation, characterization and pharmacological potentials of methanol extract of Cassia fistula leaves: Evidenced from mice model along with molecular docking analysis

The purpose of the current investigation was to conduct a detailed analysis of the chemical components and medicinal properties of the methanolic crude extract derived from the leaves of Cassia fistula. This analysis was carried out using both experimental (in vivo) and computational (in silico) methods. Eleven chemicals were chromatographically isolated using GC-MS/MS, which utilizes a library of NIST and Wiley 2020 versions. FTIR analysis of the extract was performed to identify the functional group of the compounds. The glucose-lowering capacity, analgesic, and anti-diarrheal activities of methanolic crude extract were analyzed utilizing a well-known oral glucose tolerance test, tail immersion method, writhing assay, and castor oil-induced diarrheal mice methods, respectively. After 60 min, 120 min, and 180 min of loading the drugs, a significant reduction of blood glucose levels was examined (p < 0.05) in all the extracts of this plant (200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg) utilized in this research at a time-dependent manner. Similarly, all the crude extracts showed significant (p < 0.05) effects against pain centrally and peripherally compared to the standard drug morphine (2 mg/kg bw) and diclofenac sodium (50 mg/kg bw). Moreover, the methanol extract (400 mg/kg bw) manifested anti-diarrheal efficacy by inhibiting 72.0 % of the diarrheal episode in mice compared to the standard drug loperamide (inhibition = 80.0%). The results of the computational investigations corroborated existing in-vivo findings. Greater or close to equivalent binding affinity to the active binding sites of kappa opioid receptor, glucose transporter 3 (GLUT 3), and cyclooxygenase 2 was indicative of the potential anti-diarrheal, hypoglycemic, and analgesic characteristics of the isolated compounds (COX-2). Moreover, anticancer and antimicrobial potentiality was also found impressive through evaluation of binding affinity with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) receptors. Results from this study indicated that C. fistula might be a beneficial natural resource for treating diarrhea, hyperglycemia, and pain. However, additional research is required to conduct a comprehensive phytochemical screening and establish precise action mechanisms of the crude extract or the plant-derived compounds.

Agomelatine alleviates pain-related behaviour in ovariectomized rats

Aim: Menopause is a physiological process that results in the cessation of ovarian follicle activity. Research suggests that postmenopausal women may experience changes in pain sensitivity. Ovariectomized (Ovx) rats are commonly used to mimic postmenopausal pain symptoms in research. Agomelatine is a unique antidepressant that acts as both a melatonergic receptor agonist and a 5-HT2C receptor antagonist. Preclinical studies have suggested potential analgesic effects associated with Agomelatine. This study aims to investigate the influence of agomelatine on pain behavior in Ovx rats. Materials and Methods: Forty female Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups: Sham, Ovx, Ago20 and Ago40. The Ovx, Ago20 and Ago40 groups underwent bilateral ovariectomy, while the Sham group underwent all surgical procedures except ovarian ligation. After four months, the Sham and Ovx groups received vehicle, while the Ago20 (20mg/kg) and Ago40 (40mg/kg) groups received agomelatine by oral gavage for two months. Pain sensitivity assessments were conducted using electronic von Frey, hot plate, tail flick, and tail immersion methods after the final drug administration. Results: In the Ovx group, there was an increase in pain sensitivity observed in the hot plate, electronic von Frey, tail flick, and tail immersion tests (p &lt; 0.05). Agomelatine treatment significantly reduced the heightened nociceptive response (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: Agomelatine effectively attenuates the increased sensitivity to pain observed in Ovx rats.

To Assess Azadirachta Indica's Neuroprotective Potential in an Animal Model of Paclitaxel-induced Neuropathy

Introduction: Azadirachta indica (family: Maleaceae), commonly known as Neem, is the most useful traditional medicinal plant in India. Each part of plant has some medicinal properties. Neuropathic pain caused by lesions in the peripheral or central nervous system, comes in many forms. Paclitaxel is an anticancer drug used widely in treatment of lung and breast cancer. But repeated administration of Paclitaxel is responsible for development of neuropathic pain. Aim and objective: In this study, we investigated the effect of aqueous extract of leaves of Azadirachta indica (AEAI) in paclitaxel Induced neuropathic pain. Material and methods: Effect of AEAI (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) for8 days evaluated on acetic acid induced-writhing and latency for withdrawal of tail in tail immersion method. Effect of AEAI (100, 200 and 400mg/kg, p.o) was studied on Paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain after sciatic nerve ligation using cold allodynia and hot plate method. Result: Oral administration of AEAI (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) for8 days significantly reverses acetic acid induced-writhings and latency for withdrawl of tail in tail immersion method. Oral administration of AEAI for 21 days significantly reverses pain in Paclitaxel treated Wistar rats after sciatic nerve ligation in cold allodynia and hot plate method. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate usefulness of AEAI in treatment of Paclitaxel induced neuropathic pain.

Neuroprotective Activity of Premna latifolia on Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Neuropathy in Rats

The leaves of plant Premna latifolia Lam are traditionally used for treating diabetes and related complications. Presently ethanolic extract of leaves of plant P. latifolia explored for the neuroprotective potential in rat model of streptozotocin induced diabetic neuropathy. The intra-peritoneal route administered streptozotocin 60 mg/kg body weight to induce experimental diabetes, then treatment were not given for two weeks to develop diabetic complications. After two weeks of induction, animals were treated with extract 100 and 200 mg/kg per day for the duration of five weeks. The neuroprotective effect was assessed using Eddy’s hot plate and tail immersion method. Also, measuring blood sugar and cytokines cause inflammations like interleukins, tumor necrosis factor and a neurotrophin in the sciatic nerve. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances reduced glutathione and activity levels of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase measured in the sciatic tissue. Extract normalizes blood glucose in diabetic neuropathy rats brought on by streptozotocin. The diabetic neuropathy rats show significant reductions in the period when the tail retracts and the paws are licked or jumped. In these rats pro-inflammatory cytokines level in sciatic nerve was significantly high. In addition, the oxidative stress bio-markers level altered significantly in sciatic nerve tissue. Diabetic neuropathy-developing rats treated with extract for five weeks reduce the levels of nerve growth factor, oxidative stress indicators, and pro-inflammatory cytokines rise in the sciatic nerve tissue. Ethanolic extract of P. latifolia possesses neuroprotective action in streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathy.

Experimental evaluation of analgesic activity of Naga Parpam: An Siddha formulation

Background : Prolonged usage of NSAIDs and corticosteroids was associated with serious side effects. Siddha is an ancient system of medicine, promotes the utilization of herbal anad elemental formulations. Interestingly, certain elements considered toxic in modern medicine, such as Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Mercury (Hg), Iron (Fe), Silver (Ag), Gold (Au), etc., have been employed in Siddha herbo mineral formulation for the treatment of illness, a practice that dates back to ancient times. Introduction Pain is a widely recognized indicator of poor health, the analgesic medications are employed to alleviate it. In Siddha classics, pain is considered a separate disease called Soolai. Naga Parpam is one of the herbo metal preparations with analgesic potential but no scientific evaluation there. Aim: To evaluate the analgesic activity of Naga parpam in experimental rats using Tail immersion method. Materials and methods : After obtaining permission from the IAEC, the animals were separated into 5 groups of 6 animals Each Group 1 (control) received ghee orally, and Group 2 (standard) received Pentazocine in dose 10 mg/kg intraperitoneally. The test drug Naga parpam was mixed with the adjuvant Ghee and administrated per oral route to three groups (Group 3,4,5), Group 3 (test) received Naga Parpam in low dose 6 mg/kg, Group 4 (test) received mid dose 12 mg/kg, Group 5 (test) received high dose – 24 mg/kg ). Statistical analysis : One-way ANOVA followed by the Dunnett test P &lt; 0.05 was considered to be significant. Results : The test drug Naga parpam has significant analgesic activity in the tail flick method (P &lt;0.01) by increasing the reaction time of the rats. Conclusion : The present study indicates that the test drug Naga parpam possesses significant central analgesic activity in the tail flick method.

Screening of Neuroprotective Action of Hydroethanolic Extract of Leaf of &lt;i&gt;Clematis buchananiana&lt;/i&gt; in Diabetic-Induced Neuropathy

Diabetic neuropathy is the most dangerous complication of diabetes which is very difficult to treat. Diagnosis in the early stage prevents worse outcomes of the illness. Determine the pharmacological effect of hydroethanolic extract of Clematis buchananiana leaves was investigated and screened for determination of neuroprotective effect in diabetic-induced neuropathy using Wistar rats. Streptozotocin normally induces diabetes within 3 days. The destruction of the beta cells present in the pancreatic gland leads to diabetes. The confirmation of diabetes was done with the help of a glucometer. The experimental models used for the assessment of analgesic activity in Wistar albino rats included the tail immersion method and acetic acid-induced writhing method. After completion of the research study, it was found that the animals treated with standard drug (Gabapentin, 100 mg/kg) had maximum analgesic action, followed by a higher dose of hydroethanolic extract of Clematis buchananiana leaf (HEELCB, 400 mg/kg). The major observation was that hydroethanolic extract of Clematis buchananiana has significant analgesic action and it validates the traditional claim of the plant as an analgesic agent.

Phytochemical Screening, Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Ethanol Extract of the Cnidoscolus Phyllacanthus Leaves

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of the Cnidoscolus phyllacanthus (family Euphorbiaceae) ethanolic leaves extract in the laboratory using in vivo methods to justify its traditional use in the above-mentioned pathological conditions. Methods: Phytochemical screening was done to find the presence of various secondary metabolites of the plant. In vivo, analgesic activity was performed employing the acetic acid-induced writhing test and tail immersion test on Swiss albino mice at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight. An anti-inflammatory activity test was done on Wistar rats at three doses (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) using a carrageenan-induced paw oedema test. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Dunnett's t-test was used as the significance test. P value was considered as the minimum level of significance. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of coumarin, flavonoids, monoterpenes, diterpenes and naphthoquinones in the extract. In the acetic acid-induced writhing test, the per cent inhibition of writhing response by the extract was 12.82%, 25.64% and 76.67% at 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg doses, respectively (p &lt; 0.01) and showed an increase in pain threshold in tail immersion method. The extract significantly (p &lt; 0.05 and p &lt; 0.01) inhibited carrageenan-induced inflammatory response in rats in a dose-related manner. Per cent, inhibition in paw oedema was 16.39 %, 29.50 % and 52.45 % at 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg doses, respectively. Conclusion: The results obtained from the tests indicate that the plant might have one or more secondary metabolite(s) having central and peripheral analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity.

Analgesic effect of methanolic extracts of leaf, bark and fruit of Averrhoa bilimbi Linn

Background: Averrhoa bilimbi Linn. (Oxalidiaceae) is very popular in folk remedy because the plant has high medicinal value and majority parts of the plant such as leaf, fruit and flower are used to treat fever, mumps, pimple, inflammation, rheumatism, itches, boils, bilious colic, stomach ache, aphthous ulcer, cough, cold, syphilis, hypertension, diabetes etc. However, so far no scientific work has been performed which may support its use in pain. Objective: The present study was undertaken to evaluate possible analgesic actions of methanol extracts of Averrhoa bilimbi Linn. (Oxalidiaceae) leaf, bark and fruits in animal models to support its traditional use for first time. Methods: The crude methanolic extracts of Averrhoa bilimbi Linn. (Oxalidiaceae) leaf, bark and fruits were investigated for the evaluation of analgesic potential in mice. Analgesic activity was assessed by using acetic acid induced writhing method, formaldehyde induced paw licking method and tail immersion method. Results: Methanolic extract (250 and 500 mg/kg) of leaf demonstrated maximum analgesic effect in tail immersion suggesting it to be a centrally acting analgesic. On the other hand leaf extract (250 and 500 mg/kg) reduced acetic acid induced pain significantly (p&lt;0.05) and bark extract (500 mg/kg) also reduced acetic acid induced pain significantly (p&lt;0.05) but the effect is less than standard Diclofenac (100 mg/kg, 61.29% inhibition) (p&lt;0.001). In the formalin induced paw licking time test, methanolic leaf extracts reduced nociception induced by formalin injection in both phases significantly (p&lt;0.05-0.001) among which at higher dose (500 mg/kg) was most effective in later phase (41.81% inhibition) (p&lt;0.001).The results demonstrate the analgesic properties of extracts. Conclusion: The study indicates that methanolic extracts of Averrhoa bilimbi has significant analgesic action which support the traditional use of this plant. Bangladesh Medical Res Counc Bull 2022; 48: 120-126

Preparation and characterization of naproxen solid dispersion using different hydrophilic carriers and in-vivo evaluation of its analgesic activity in mice

BackgroundSolid dispersion (SD) has been used conventionally as a successful technique for improving the dissolution profile and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. The aim of this study was to progress the dissolution rate and bioavailability of naproxen (BCS class II) by SD technique. Materials & methodsIn this study, hydrophilic carriers are used for preparing solid dispersion of naproxen by evaporation method. The prepared optimized SDNs were evaluated by in-vitro drug dissolution test, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The in-vivo analgesic effects tests of the optimized SDNs (SDN-2 and SDN-5) were performed by tail immersion method and writhing method. ResultsAll the prepared SDNs exhibited a significant increase in the dissolution of naproxen compared to that of the pure drug. Among them, SDN-2 (the dispersion with sodium starch glycolate at 1:2 ratio of naproxen and sodium starch glycolate) and SDN-5 (using the combination of PEG-8000 and sodium starch glycolate with naproxen at 1:1:1 ratio) showed faster dissolution rate as compared to other solid dispersions (SDNs) and pure naproxen. SDN-2 showed 5.4 times better dissolution rate and SDN-5 depicted 6.5-fold increment of dissolution rate compared to pure naproxen drug. DSC, PXRD and SEM microscopy showed that the drugs crystallinity was decreased during the preparation process. FTIR study revealed that naproxen was stable in polymeric dispersions and there was no interaction among the drug and polymers. In writhing method, the percentage inhibition of the number of writhes showed significantly greater (p < 0.01), (p < 0.0001) analgesic activity for the higher dose treatment groups SDN-2(H), and SDN-5(H), respectively, when contrasted to the pure drug naproxen. For tail immersion test, there is increase in latency time at 90 min which is significantly greater (P < 0.01), (P < 0.05), (P < 0.01) for treatment groups SDN-2(H), SDN-5(L), and SDN-5(H), respectively that ultimately authenticates that the optimized SDNs (SDN-2, SDN-5) showed better analgesic activity in mice in comparison with the pure drug. ConclusionIt can be concluded that dissolution of the naproxen could be improved by the making solid dispersion using sodium starch glycolate and/or combination of sodium starch glycolate and PEG 8000 due to the complete transformation of drug into amorphous form with the entire loss of crystallinity, as evidenced by DSC, PXRD, and SEM and also consequences the enhanced analgesic activity in mice.

Emodin Reduces Inflammatory and Nociceptive Responses in Different Pain-and Inflammation-Induced Mouse Models.

Different nociceptive models induced with heat and chemicals were used to assess the potency of emodin in alleviating pain. The anti-inflammatory properties of emodin at different doses were also assessed using different anti-inflammatory in vivo models. Pain management is a global problem nowadays, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly prescribed to assuage inflammation and alleviate pain. Prolonged usage of these NSAIDs triggers various adverse drug reactions (ADRs). The dose-dependent effect of emodin was assessed by treating mice with three different doses (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg bwt) of emodin. The effects of emodin in various nociceptive and inflammatory models were assessed. The anti-nociceptive potential of emodin was evaluated with the hot plate and tail immersion tests. The effects of emodin on acetic acid-, glutamate-, capsaicin-, and formalin-stimulated pain models were examined. The anti-inflammatory potency of emodin was examined in a carrageenan-induced inflammatory model. The sedative effect of emodin was assessed by an open field test. Emodin potentially prevented the nociception provoked by thermal stressors during the hot plate and tail immersion methods and from chemical stressors such as acetic acid, formalin, capsaicin, and glutamate. The anti-inflammatory action of emodin was evidenced by carrageenaninduced paw edema and peritoneal leukocyte penetration. The open field results confirmed that emodin induced a mild sedative effect on the treated mice. Our overall results obtained from this study confirmed that emodin exhibits potent anti- nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects.

The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of soursop leaf ethanol extract of Gnetum montanum Markgr. in vivo

This study was conducted to investigate evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of Gnetum montanum Markgr. extract. Methods: the anti-inflammatory effect was studied in two models of carragenin-in- duced paw edema and FCA-induced edema; the analgesic effect was studied on the model of colic pain and the Tail-immersion method. Results: In addition, the study also showed that at all 3 levels of tested doses, 150mg/kg, 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg Gnetum montanum Markgr extract exhibited acute and chronic anti-inflammatory effects, central analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects peripheral in experimental animals.

Assessment of analgesic properties of alcohol and aqueous extracts of Opuntia ficus-indica flowers

The cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.) belongs to the Cactaceae family and it’s used in traditional folk medicine in treating a number of diseases and conditions. Due to the remarkable biological activity and to the bioactive (phytochemicals) compounds of O. ficus-indica, it becomes the aim of many research studies. The current study aimed to evaluate the analgesic activity of various solvent fractions (aqueous and ethanol) prepared from the O. ficus-indica flowers. The centrally analgesic potential was evaluated using tail flick latency in tail immersion and hot plate methods in mice. Morphine was used as a positive control at a dose of 3 mg kg-1, s.c.. Intra-peritoneal administration of the aqueous extract of O. ficus-indica flowers at the highest dose did not produce any toxicity symptoms, thus the median lethal dose (LD50) was estimated to be greater than 2,500 mg kg-1. The results of the pain behavior evaluation according to the gender approach of mice showed that the pain tolerance threshold is high in males compared to females. We found that various plant extracts at doses of 300, 500, and 1,000 mg kg-1 i.p., displayed significant and dose-dependent protective effects (p &lt; 0.01, p &lt; 0.001, and p &lt; 0.0001) as measured by increased latency time compared to vehicle control. The maximum anti-nociceptive effect was with the ethanol extract (71%) at 60 minutes at a dose of 1,000 mg kg-1, which was equivalent to the effect of morphine (70%). The results suggested that O. ficus-indica might possess significant analgesic effects, supporting the use of this plant in traditional medicine.

Evaluation of analgesic properties of Moringa Oleifera and Tinospora Cordifolia leaf extracts on Albino Wistar rats

Background: Pain is an unpleasant sensation, that has limitations with available drugs in terms of effectiveness and safety. Plant-based drugs have gained great importance due to their analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic ability, and limited side effects. Aim and Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the analgesic effect of Moringa oleifera (drumstick tree) and Tinospora cordifolia (guduchi) leaf extracts in rats. Materials and methods: This prospective study consists 54 healthy Albino Wistar rats of male sex having weights ranging from 150 to 250 g. Normal saline as control and Tramadol was used as standard. Rats were randomly divided into nine groups (n = 6 in each). Commercially available M. oleifera leaf extracts and T. cordifolia leaf extracts were purchased to check the analgesic effect. Analgesic effect was determined by hot plate method after initial dose and by Tail-immersion method after 15 days of interval. Results: The reaction time of AMO and ATC with doses 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg was 4.28, 4.41, 4.74, and 3.96, 4.12, 4.22 at 90 min, respectively. While, tramadol showed high reaction time at 90 (6.41) and 120 min (7.17). The maximum analgesic effect was found at 90 min by hot plate and tail immersion methods in tramadol group than AMO and AMT. Conclusion: The aqueous leaf extract of M. oleifera and T. cordifolia has similar analgesic properties. The study drugs have not showed any behavioral or lethal adverse effects during the study.

Analgesic activity of methanolic extract of Flemingia strobilifera

The roots of Flemingia strobilifera were extracted in absolute methanol to determine their analgesic activity. The analgesic activity was assessed on intact mice by tail flick latency in tail immersion method. Acetylsalicylic acid in the dose of 300 mg/kg is used as standard drug. Plant extracts were given in the doses of 300, 500 and 1000 mg/kg. Control group received 0.9% NaCl (saline) solution. All the doses administered orally. Results showed that F. strobilifera had potent analgesic activity.

Analgesic and Antipyretic Effects of Red Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) Peel Extract in White Male Rats

Red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) is a tropical fruit that is currently cultivated in all tropical parts of the world. It is popular to consume its fruit flesh, while the peel is often thrown away. This red dragon fruit peel (RDFPE) is known to possess lots of phytochemical compounds with multitudes of usage, amongst them as an analgesic and antipyretic. Therefore, the active compounds of RDFPE play an important role in the natural product. This study aims to observe and analyze the analgetic and antipyretic activity possessed by red dragon fruit peel. This study is an in-vivo experiment on 25 white male rats divided into five groups, in which each group receive Na CMC, acetaminophen, and the other three groups will receive three different doses of RDFPE (500 mg/kg, 750 mg/kg, and 1000 mg/kg), respectively. Acetic acid writhing and tail immersion methods were performed to induce inflammation and Brewer’s yeast injection performed induced pyrexia. In the investigation of the acetic acid writhing test, the intervention was administered before induction, and for the tail immersion test, induction was given before and after the intervention was administered. Meanwhile, in brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia, the rectal temperature was measured before induction, 24 hours after induction, and each hour for five four after the intervention; intervention was administered 24 hours after induction. This study found that RDFPE at the dose of 750 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg are effective as an analgesic by reducing the average writhing and delaying the tail retraction of the experiment subject and also effective as an antipyretic by reducing the elevated temperature of the experiment subject (p&lt;0.05). This study concludes that RDFPE possesses analgesic and antipyretic activity, especially at the higher dose. Phytochemical compounds such as alkaloids and flavonoids are most likely responsible for this analgesic and antipyretic activity by inhibiting inflammation activity.

PHARMACOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF CENTRAL ANALGESIC ACTIVITY OF ACACIA CATECHU BY HOT PLATE AND TAIL IMMERSION METHOD

Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the analgesic activity of Acacia catechu heartwood extracts on Swiss albino mice using hot plate and tail immersion method. Methods: In this study, we used the aqueous and methanol extracts of heartwood of A. catechu to evaluate its analgesic activity. The aqueous extract was achieved by doubled distillation method and the methanol extract was achieved by cold maceration method. The mice were divided into four groups, each group consisting of six animals. Doses of 50, 100, and 300 mg/kg, p.o. of both the extracts of A. catechu were given to the mice. The responses were noted at 0, 15, 30, and 60 min. Results: The results of both the methods were quick similar but differ based on extracts. The aqueous extract of A. catechu showed a much better yield of analgesic activity as compared to the methanol extract. The data were analyzed by graph using two-way analysis of variance, which showed the dose-dependent pain resistance. Conclusion: The study confirmed the potency of A. catechu in pain management and points the future development to be conducted on it.