Taif Governorate Research Articles

Causes of medication administration errors and barriers to reporting as perceived by nurses in Saudi Arabia: A qualitative study.

Medication administration errors significantly impact patient safety, potentially leading to severe harm or fatality. Reporting such errors through active systems improves medication administration, thereby enhancing patient safety and the quality of care. However, in the context of Saudi Arabia, little is understood about the causes of medication administration errors and the obstacles hindering their reporting. This study aimed to explore nurses' perceptions of the causes of medication administration errors and the barriers to reporting them. The study employed a qualitative descriptive design, conducting face-to-face semi-structured interviews with 43 nurses from three hospitals in Taif Governorate, Saudi Arabia, between October and November 2023. Purposive sampling was used to recruit participants, and thematic analysis was utilized for data analysis. The following themes emerged regarding the causes of medication administration errors: order deficiencies, high workloads and staff shortages, and malpractice. Regarding the barriers to reporting errors, the emerging themes were fear of punishment and lack of support, lack of knowledge and awareness about reporting, and lack of feedback. This study reveals nurses' perceptions of the causes of medication administration errors and the barriers to reporting them. Recognizing and addressing these causes and barriers are essential for patient safety and the improvement of the healthcare environment. Efforts should be directed toward implementing interventions that address high workloads, enhance staff education and awareness, and promote a workplace culture conducive to reporting errors without fear of repercussions. Additionally, supportive mechanisms, such as feedback systems and resources for professional development, should be implemented to empower nurses to actively participate in error reporting and contribute to continuous improvement in medication administration practices.

The effect of jobs on the forms of the villages of Taif Governorate

تسعى هذه الدراسة للتعرف على وظائف أشكال القرى في الجزء الجنوبي الغربي من محافظة الطائف وتحديد الضوابط الطبيعية والبشرية المؤثرة في تلك الأشكال ونمط التوزيع. لقد اعتمدت الدراسة على المنهج الاستقرائي القائم على رصد الواقع وتمحيصه بهدف رسم صورة لأنماط الاستيطان الريفي بالمنطقة، وقد استعانت الدراسة بالصور الفضائية الخاصة بالقرى في الجزء الجنوبي الغربي من محافظة الطائف والبالغ عددها 70 قرية. ثم طبقت معادلة قياس الشكل عليها للحكم على أنماط وظائف الاشكال. لقد توصلت الدراسة إلى عدة نتائج منها: بعد تطبيق معامل الشكل على المستوطنات الريفية بمنطقة الدراسة اتضح لنا أن جميع قرى منطقة الدراسة دائرية وتتميز بوظيفتها الزراعية ماعدا قرية المشايخ فهي تأخذ الشكل المستطيل وقد بلغ معامل الشكل 0. 5وعندما نقوم بربط شكل المستوطنة بوظيفتها نجد ان الوظيفية بها مختلطة بين الزراعية والسكنية وكذلك نجد أن طريق المواصلات يمر بها مما جعلها تأخذها الشكل.

Visual Thinking as a Predictor of Cognitive curiosity in Early Childhood Stage in Taif Governorate

هدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف على مستوى التفكير البصري وحب الاستطلاع المعرفي والعلاقة بينهما، والتعرف على قدرة التفكير البصري على التنبؤ بحب الاستطلاع المعرفي لدى أطفال مرحلة الطفولة المبكرة بمحافظة الطائف. واعتمدت الدراسة على المنهج الوصفي (الارتباطي، التنبؤي)، وتكونت عينة الدراسة من 230 طفل وطفلة من مرحلة الطفولة المبكرة بمحافظة الطائف. وتم تطبيق اختبار التفكير البصري لعبد التواب (2020) ومقياس حب الاستطلاع المعرفي لثابت (2006). وتوصلت نتائج الدراسة إلى وجود مستوى مرتفع من التفكير البصري وحب الاستطلاع المعرفي لدى عينة الدراسة، ووجود علاقة ارتباطية موجبه دالة إحصائياً بين التفكير البصري وحب الاستطلاع المعرفي. ويمكن التنبؤ بحب الاستطلاع المعرفي من خلال مهارات التفكير البصري (ربط العلاقات في الصورة، والتعرف على الصورة، وتحليل الصورة) لدى عينة الدراسة. وقد أوصت الدراسة بتضمين مناهج رياض الأطفال أنشطة وخبرات تثير دافع حب الاستطلاع المعرفي وتعمل على تنمية التفكير البصري لدى الأطفال، وإقامة دورات تطويريه لتدريب المعلمات على تخطيط الخبرات التعليمية بأساليب تنمي التفكير البصري.

Morphological and Molecular Identification of Novel Green Peach Aphids (Myzus persicae) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Their Microbiome Diversity in Taif Governorate

Background: The green aphid (Myzus persicae) found in Taif Governorate is a sap-sucking insect that occurs globally. These insects target all the plant parts in both their nymphal and adult stages, causing them to discolour and dry out. Methods: In this study, 250-300 aphids were widely collected from rose plants in different locations in the Taif Governorate. These insects were identified using morphological traits and mitochondrial gene sequencing. Results: According to morphological traits, these samples belonged to the species Myzus persicae. Considering that aphid species are very similar morphologically, the identification of samples that were similar to more than one species was performed using their genetic characteristics. Aphid strain characterization through Sanger sequencing with multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and phylogenetic analysis revealed significant diversity, and comparing mitochondrial gene sequences of aphids with extant sequences in GenBank showed high similarity and a new strains was recorded in the NCBI database for the first time in Taif Governorate. For microbiome isolation, five bacterial species were isolated from M. persicae (Bacillus spp., Serratia spp., Staphylococcus, Micrococcus spp., and Escherichia coli). Our results showed a significant correlation between M. persicae and microbial communities. Future research should focus on discovering new strains of M. persicae and understanding the eco-evolutionary patterns of aphid-symbiont interactions in the Taif Governorate, particularly in biological control.

Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites Infesting Domestic Pigeons with Histopathological Changes at Taif Governorate, KSA

Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites Infesting Domestic Pigeons with Histopathological Changes at Taif Governorate, KSA

GIS-Based Multi Criteria Analysis for Solar Power Plant Site Selection Support in Mecca

One of the major sources of renewable energy, particularly electricity generation and water desalination, is solar energy. The National Initiative to produce Water and Electricity started when the electricity consumption in Saudi Arabia begun to increase by about 5% per year. The current investigation aims to use a multicriteria GIS technique to identify the best spatial location for solar energy collection in the Mecca Administrative District. The best locations for solar power plant construction were determined with the use of a set of factors and criteria, including planning and environmental criteria, and terrain calibrator. These criteria were defined through a thorough literature review. This information was then used to create a digital geographic database, which was incorporated into an integrated GIS to produce a spatial fit model. According to the suitability data, most of Mecca region is ideal for solar energy projects, with an applicability percentage ranging between 30% and 80%. These findings are encouraging and promising for Mecca's renewable energy industry and they should be considered. It was discovered by examining these spatial locations and the level of suitability to the specifications that the lands with a sufficient share of more than 80% form an area of around 4000km2 and makeup 3% of all suitable lands. The governorates of the Mecca Administrative Area are home to most of these exceptionally suited locations. The Taif governorate takes first place with 35% of the total area and the two governorates of Turbah are placed second and third with 24% and 14%. In the Mecca Administrative Area, the appropriate lands for solar energy projects are distributed spatially according to a digital map. The study proposes incorporating the findings into the Saudi national plan for renewable energy sources.

Molecular Detection of Virulence Genes, Biofilm Formation, and Antibiotic Resistance in Pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus from Taif Hospitals

The bacterium Staphylococcus can cause various health problems, particularly in hospitalized patients. Therefore, the current study aimed to isolate methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains, test their capability to form a biofilm, and detect genes related to virulence and biofilm formation. Bacterial isolates were collected from the King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Children’s hospital in Taif Governorate, Saudi Arabia, and identified using primers for mecA and nuc1. They were tested for resistance against twelve widely distributed antibiotics and biofilm formation capability. The MRSA isolates were tested for fnbA, fnbB, and SCCmec. Among 100 isolates, 24 were identified as Staphylococcus aureus, and most of them were MRSA. Most isolates were resistant to cefrizine and cefepime (96%). The isolates showed higher resistance to amoxicillin and ampicillin (92%), followed by aztreonam (83%). Two isolates, S15 and S17, were high-grade positive for biofilm formation, 62.5% were medium-grade, and 20.8% were low-grade positive. Two of the isolates, S11 and S16, tested negative for biofilm formation. Furthermore, mecAI. ncu1 was found in all of the isolates, except S11. Most isolates had SCCmecIII and SCCmecV. All isolates were habituated to fnbB, while fnbA was not found in S3 and S11. These results indicated that PCR techniques offer rapid, simple, and accurate determination of the genetic profile and biofilm production capability of MRSA, and can be used in clinical diagnosis as well as to monitor the spread of antibiotic-resistant S. aureus strains.

Governance and Its Impact on the Quality of Health Care Services "An Empirical Study on the Directorate of Health Affairs in Taif Governorate"

This study aimed to study the impact of governance on the quality of health care services by applying it to the Directorate of Health Affairs in Taif Governorate, and to find out whether there are statistically significant differences in the principles of governance about the quality of health care services. (Participation, disclosure and transparency, integrity, accountability, oversight), along with phrases for the dependent variable (the quality of health care services), Validity and reliability measurements were carried out by presenting the questionnaire to a group of specialized professors to ensure the apparent validity, and the Alpha Cronbach test was conducted for the validity and reliability of the questionnaire’s statements, and then directed it to all (150) employees of the Directorate of Health Affairs in Taif, who constitute a sample of the community required for the study. And (150) questionnaires were recovered, 100%. Then the data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program, where several methods of analysis were used, such as means, simplified linear regression and correlation. The study reached several results, the most important of which is the existence of a direct statistically significant relationship between “governance” with its five dimensions (participation, disclosure and transparency, integrity, accountability, oversight) and “quality of health care services” in the Directorate of Health Affairs in Taif, The study recommended the most important recommendations, including: that everyone be allowed to discuss and amend decisions, that the directorate adhere to the policy of selection and appointment, granting promotions and rewards according to specific criteria, and that the Directorate of Health Affairs in Taif has all the medicines needed by patients.

Molecular Assessment of Established Clonal Propagated Mulberry (Morus nigra L.)

Mulberry (Morus Sp.) is one of the economically important trees cultivated for the tasteful fruits, its several pharmaceutically important chemicals potential, timber, cosmetic and in silk industry for its foliage, also in various molecular breeding applications. The origins of most cultivated mulberry varieties are believed to be in the area of China-Japan and in the Himalaya foothills. and it now has a very wide distribution range in Asia-Europe (from Korea to Spain, including China, India, Central Asia, and Near East); in Africa (North and East Africa) and in America (from the U.S.A. to Argentina, including Mexico, Central America, Colombia and Brazil). In Saudi Arabia, Mulberry grown well and spread in different places such as Taif Province (El Shafa region), Eastern region; Al-Ehsaa Province and some southern areas. Nodal explants of Morus nigra were clonally propagated in vitro for plant regeneration. Auxiliary shoot buds have been promoted in Murashige and Scoog (MS) media in a variety of cultural contexts. The largest number of shoots (13.00 ± 0.47) with an average length of 2.00 ± 0.47 cm was initially obtained from a medium containing 2.0 mg / L N6-benzyladin (BA) and 3% sucrose. Recurrent subcultures provided the highest number of seedlings (approximately 29.30) for excavation after the fourth passage. Seedlings were rooted in 1/2 MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg / 1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Successfully, about 90% of the plantlets acclimatized. Along with the determination of the genetic variations between three mulberry genotypes including two cultivated accessions (Morus alba) and one wild genotype (M. nigra) utilizing inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Genetic variation and phylogenetic relationship of mulberry germplasm collection have been studied. All ISSR markers used in this study revealed higher genetic diversity in the wild species comparing with cultivated species. ISSR matrices reported that the mean genetic similarity coefficient was 0.7677 for all mulberry genotypes. Although some differences have been observed, much similarity has been obtained in dendrogram topology. Cluster analysis of the ISSR using UPGMA software revealed that wild species were genetically distinct. The correlation coefficients of similarity for the ISSR used are statistically important. The Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCA) for ISSR data also supports its UPGMA clustering. The average number of genetic variations recorded in mulberry genotypes was 0.287±0.096. Dendrogram (Unweighted peer group method analysis) classifies mulberry accessions into two main groups; Admissions collected from the western area of Taif, and the other comprised two sub-clusters including one isolate, i.e., M nigra, a collection from Al shafa. Contains access to another sub-cluster southwest regions of Taif, which belong to Morus nigra wild growing. These accessions of mulberry were found to be genetically similar to north and southwest Taif Province. These results have significant implications for improving the mulberry germ plasma characterization, conservation and investigates of the genetic diversity among the mulberry species grown in Taif governorate and to establish a micro-propagation system as germplasm conservation to preserve the assets of local mulberry and thus develops an easy and effective method to identify native genotypes in a limited space and time frame.

Critical Thinking Skills and Preferred Learning Styles of Gifted Students at the Secondary Stage in Taif Governorate

The study aimed to identify the level of critical thinking skills and the preferred learning styles of gifted students at the secondary stage in Taif Governorate, in addition to revealing the differences in critical thinking skills according to their different preferred learning styles and their gender. The sample of the study consisted of (192) male and female secondary school students in Taif Governorate schools, distributed by gender into (92) male and (100) female students. The Saudi short form of the Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Test, and Kolb's Learning Styles Inventory were used after verifying their psychometric properties to collect data from the subjects. The results revealed a low level of gifted students’ possession of critical thinking skills in general, and in particular the deduction skill. The results also revealed that there is a rate of (16.67%) gifted students who did not show preference of a specific learning style, and that the most preferred learning style was the divergent style, followed by the accommodator style, then the convergent style, and finally the assimilator style. The results also showed a statistically significant mean score differences attributed to gender on three subtests of the critical thinking test as well as the total score on the test as males outperformed females in the conclusion subtest while females outperformed males in the induction, evaluation of arguments, and the overall mean scores. The results also revealed a statis-tically significant mean score differences on all subtests as well as the overall mean score attributed to the preferred learning style in favor of the divergent style followed by the assimilator style, then the accommodator style, and finally the convergent style.

Chemical Characterization of Taif Rose (Rosa damascena Mill var. trigentipetala) Waste Methanolic Extract and Its Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Effects against Cadmium Chloride (CdCl2)-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Potential Anticancer Activities against Liver Cancer Cells (HepG2)

Taif rose (Rosa damascena Mill) is one of the most important economic products of the Taif Governorate, Saudi Arabia. Cadmium chloride (CdCl2) is a common environmental pollutant that is widely used in industries and essentially induces many toxicities, including hepatotoxicity. In this study, the major compounds in the waste of Taif rose extract (WTR) were identified and chemically and biologically evaluated. GC–MS analysis of WTR indicated the presence of many saturated fatty acids, vitamin E, triterpene, dicarboxylic acid, terpene, linoleic acid, diterpenoid, monoterpenoid, flavonoids, phenylpyrazoles, and calcifediol (vitamin D derivative). The assessment of potential anticancer activity against HepG2 cells proved that WTR had a high cell killing effect with IC50 of 100–150 µg/mL. In addition, WTR successfully induced high cell cycle arrest at G0/G1, S, and G2 phases, significant apoptosis, necrosis, and increased autophagic cell death response in the HepG2 line. For the evaluation of its anti-CdCl2 toxicity, 32 male rats were allocated to four groups: control, CdCl2, WTR, and CdCl2 plus WTR. Hepatic functions and antioxidant biomarkers (SOD, CAT, GRx, GPx, and MDA) were examined. Histological changes and TEM variations in the liver were also investigated to indicate liver status. The results proved that WTR alleviated CdCl2 hepatotoxicity by improving all hepatic vitality markers. In conclusion, WTR could be used as a preventive and therapeutic natural agent for the inhibition of hepatic diseases and the improvement of redox status. Additional in vitro and in vivo studies are warranted.

Molecular characterization of Trypanosoma evansi, T. vivax and T. congolense in camels (Camelus dromedarius) of KSA

BackgroundTrypanosoma evansi is the leading infectious Trypanosoma spp. in camels (Camelus dromedarius) present in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) that could lead to extensive economic losses. The present study was aimed to assess the prevalence rate of T. evansi in Taif governorate, Makkah province, KSA using parasitological and molecular evaluations, and analyze their genetic relationship targeting internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) and variable surface glycoprotein (VSG) genes. For evaluation, we have used 102 blood samples of camels obtained from three different regions in Taif.ResultsResults show a considerable prevalence rate of trypanosomosis 2/102 (2.0%) according to Giemsa-stained buffy coat smear, and 16/102 (15.7%) according to touchdown PCR. T. evansi (n = 10/102, 9.8%) was the main infectious species found in camels then T. vivax (n = 3/102, 2.9%). Mixed infections were detected in three camels with T. evansi, T. vivax, and T. congolense (n = 3/102, 2.9%). Regarding gender, the results indicate that female camels (11/66, 16.7%) show higher prevalence of Trypanosoma than males (5/36, 13.9%). Sequencing and phylogenetic analyses of ITS1 and VSG showed their relationships with T. evansi in other hosts from different countries.ConclusionsIn our peer knowledge, it is the first time to report a research-based prevalence of trypanosomosis in the camels of Taif governorate, Makkah province, KSA.

Applying Geographic Information System (GIS) for Solar Power Plants Site Selection Support in Makkah

Solar energy is one of the most important components of renewable energy, which constitutes an important source of clean energy in many fields, especially water desalination and electricity generation. With the increase in electricity consumption in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia at an annual rate of 5%, the National Initiative for the production of water and electricity was launched. The current study aims to apply a multi-standard GIS method to determine the most appropriate spatial sites for solar energy collection in the Makkah Administrative District. A set of conditions and criteria have been relied upon, whether planning criteria, environmental criteria, or an environmental criterion, to obtain a digital appropriate model that shows the best sites for constructing solar power plants. The study determined the required criteria by relying on literary studies and creating a digital geographic database for these requirements, and then integrating these requirements into an integrated geographic information system in order to obtain a spatial fit model. The results of the suitability indicate that all areas of Makkah Al-Mukarramah are suitable for the solar energy project with an appropriate percentage ranging between 30% and 80%. These results are promising for the renewable energy sector in Makkah Al-Mukarramah and should be taken into consideration. By analyzing these spatial sites and their degrees of suitability to standards, it was found that the lands that are characterized by an adequate share of more than 80% have an area of about 4000 square kilometers with a percentage of 3% of the total suitable lands. These highly suitable areas are concentrated on the governorates of the Makkah Al-Mukarramah Administrative Region, where the Taif governorate comes in the first place with 35% of the total area, followed by the two governorates of Turbah with 24%, and the Rania governorate with 14%. A digital map was made showing the spatial distribution of suitable lands for solar energy projects in the Makkah Al-Mukarramah Administrative Region. The study recommended applying the obtained results in the national plan for renewable energy sources in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Microscopic, Serological and Molecular Screening of Theileria annulata in Camels (Camelus dromedarius) of Saudi Arabia

The present study was aimed to evaluate the prevalence rate of Theileria spp., especially T. annulata, in camels of Taif Governorate, Saudi Arabia. A total of 102 blood samples were collected from camels. Parasitological examination of buffy coat smear, ELISA-IgG, and PCR (targeting 16S rRNA and cytochrome b gene sequences) assays were done for T. annulata infection detection. The results report a high prevalence rate of T. annulata in the examined dromedary’s population using ELISA-IgG (32.4%), followed by targeted PCR (25.5%). Then lower detection was reported by buffy coat Giemsa stained (10.8%). Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s at P < 0.001 showed signifcant variation in values within different diagnostic tools and age categories. Both females and males were at risk of parasitic infections, but females have a higher incidence (17.6%, 15.7%, 6.8%). Young age (X≤3 years) camels were the most infected category (50.0%, 44.4%, 22.2%) according to age from elder ones. These results could be a baseline for easing a later large-scale epidemiological screening on tropical theileriosis in the camel population in Saudi Arabia.

Exploration of Community Care Awareness about COVID-19 Sterilization.

COVID-19 affects millions of people worldwide so WHO declared the COVID-19 pandemic on 11 March 2020. Since the vaccine is in the early trial phase and until it proves its efficacy, the need of finding alternative methods, which can help to curb this pandemic is urgent, so its prevention depends on standard infection control measures. This study's aim is to assess the knowledge, awareness, and practice level of Taif population towards Corona Virus disease - 2019 (COVID-19) sterilization. A cross sectional study was conducted on 504 participants by administering a well-structured questionnaire comprising three sections including demographics, knowledge, attitude, and practice among the general population in Taif governorate KSA, over a duration of three months from July until September 2020. The descriptive analysis was carried out for demographics and dependent variables using the statistical program for social sciences. The t-test was used to detect any relationship between knowledge and practice score percentage of the general population response with respect to their gender and level of education. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. A total of 504 respondents willingly participated in the survey, there is a highly significant difference in the knowledge score percentage in respondents aged between 41 - 60 years old in comparison to the age group < 20 - 40 years old also between urban residence in comparison to rural residence, and a highly significant difference in the knowledge and practice score percentage in post graduate respondents in comparison to undergraduate. In addition, there was a significant difference in the practice score percentage in respondents aged between 41 - 60 years old in comparison to age group < 20 - 40, and a highly significant difference was seen in the practice score percentage in respondents living in urban areas in comparison to rural areas. The suggestion of this study was that knowledge and practice gaps among population, especially in the young age group, had to be covered by holding training programs through workshops or to include courses in the curriculum of ministry of health.

Brain dominance and its relationship to the professional trends in high school students: السيطرة الدماغية وعلاقتها بالميول المهنية لدى طلاب المرحلة الثانوية

The current study aimed to identify the relationship between brain domain and professional tendencies in high school students in Taif governorate, if there are differences between individuals in professional tendencies based on brain domain and is there a difference in the order of professional tendencies of students with left- handed sovereignty of the brain and students with right- handed sovereignty for the brain and if there are differences in the professional tendencies of the study sample due to the specialization and differences in the dominant side of the brain in the sample of the study depending on the variable of specialization. To achieve the objectives of the study, the descriptive curriculum was followed and the sample consisted of 97 high school students. The researcher used the brain range (Torrance, 1988: rationing Murad, 1994) and the Professional tendencies Scale (Preparation of Ayad, 2011). The results of the study showed no correlation between brain domain and professional tendencies in high school students, as well as no statistically significant differences in the professional tendencies based on brain domain. There are also no statistically significant differences in the professional tendencies due to the variable specialization, and the left pattern is prevalent among students of scientific disciplines, while the integrated pattern is the dominant pattern among students of literary disciplines, and the descending order of the students with left- handed sovereignty differs from the brain and students with right- handed sovereignty of the brain. And In light of the results, the researcher recommends giving students a variety of tasks that help them use both sides of the brain more. And support the curriculum with activities that address the two hemispheres of the brain. And the use of the integrative learning model or the integrated educational model in the educational environment to achieve integration between the two hemispheres of the brain. And training teachers to employ different strategies to develop both sides of the brain, in proportion to the different learning and thinking styles of students.

PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF PROSTATITIS LIKE SYMPTOMS AMONG MALES BETWEEN AGE 15-45 YEARS OLD IN TAIF GOVERNORATE, KSA

Background: Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is one of the most frequent and mysterious disorder seen in the daily practice of urology, it is a chronic deactivate syndrome composed of pelviperineal pain of vague etiology, frequently accompanied by voiding plus sexual symptoms. Many studies have found multiple different factors rise risk of prostatitis consist of dietary factors, sexual factors, perineal factors, and sedentary lifestyle. Our aim is to assess the prevalence of prostatitis-like symptoms in males between age 15-45 years old in Taif gouvernante and risk factors related to prostatitis. Methodology: cross-sectional study targeting 409 males aged between 15 to 45 years old living in Taif governorate using a predesigned questionnaire, including demographic characteristics, Arabic Version of the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index, and risk factors of prostatitis. Results: In this study, we collected data from 409 participants, mostly aged between 21-25 years (64.1 %). In general, the mean score of pain, urinary symptoms, and impact of symptoms on QoL were 3.33 (3.75), 2.1 (2.36) and 3.0 (2.71). We found that marital status and smoking status had significant effect on pain score where divorced, widow and single participants had significant lower pain (P=0.008), and smokers had higher pain score. Some lifestyle is related to pain score. Conclusion: we found that participants in Al Taif city reported lower scores of prostatitis related symptoms. Some habits were related with incidence of prostatitis including consuming of alcohol and smoking as well as experience of GIT disorder. The pain score is increased as reported by participants by increasing stress, decrease in physical activity, sitting for long periods, and wear of tight clothes.

Temporal and Spatial Change of Juvenile Crimes in Taif Governorate during the Period 2015-2020: التغير الزماني والمكاني لجرائم الأحداث في محافظة الطائف خلال الفترة من 2015- 2020م

The study aimed to highlight the temporal and spatial change of juvenile crimes in the Taif Governorate during the period from 2015-2020. To achieve its objectives, the study relied on the data of the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Development– Juvenile Welfare Department 2020. The study adopted the inductive-inferential approach as a methodological framework, using statistical methods and modern techniques in graphs and cartography. The study found that the crimes decreased very sharply from 33.3% to 2.8%, and the results showed that the two crimes of self and money were at the top of the list of juvenile crimes. As for the nationalities of the perpetrators of these crimes, except for Saudis, 17 nationalities participated in them, as the Yemeni community formed the highest percentage (22%), followed by Burmese nationality (16%) of the total nationalities. In terms of the spatial distribution of the crime, Al- Hawiyah and Al- Faisaliyah police stations occupied the largest percentage among the police departments by about (43%) for both of them. Based on the results, the study recommends conducting more juvenile crime studies, focusing on self and money crimes.

The Accumulation Risk of Heavy Metals in Vegetables which Grown in Contaminated Soil

The present study has been carried out to estimate heavy metals mobility, bioconcentration and transfer from polluted soil to roots tissues and from roots tissues to aerial parts using bioconcentration factor and translocation factor. Soil samples and the biomass of the eight vegetable species have been collected during summer season, 2019 from four different sites in Wadi Al-Arg, Taif Governorate, KSA. In general, heavy metals content of soil samples in site III and IV have recorded elevated values compared with those of site I and II. The soil from site IV has shown the highest concentration of Mn, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cu, and Cd amounted 31.63, 14.05, 13.56, 22.79, 31.02 and 2.98 mg/kg dry soil respectively, while the soil from site III has shown the highest concentration of Zn. The data referred to the fact that Mentha longifolia, Cucumis sativus, Capsicum annuum, Lactuca sativa Cucurbita pepo, and Anethum graveolens that grown in sites of investigation could be recognized as suitable for human consumption. These six vegetables could accumulate the measured heavy metals in their tissues with acceptable quantities, less than the permissible levels of Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Otherwise, heavy metal concentrations in Solanum lycopersicum and Solanum melongena have been found to be higher than permissible limits of FAO. Both plants also have shown elevated bioconcentration factors values for most of measured heavy metals. For S. lycopersicum the bioconcentration factor values of Fe, Cd, Cu, Pb, Cr, Mn, Ni, and Zn have been found to be 42.150, 27.250, 1.023, ND, 5.926, 4.649, 29.409, and 0.459 respectively. While for S. melongena, they have been 2.360, 21.333, ND, 0.170, ND, 3.113, 50.318, and 0.623, respectively. To avoid the harmful effects of the heavy metals accumulation on human health, consideration should be given to the constant examination to the edible parts of the vegetables grown in heavy metals contaminated soil.

دَرَجَةُ إسْهْامِ الإشْرَافِ الإِلِکْتِرُوْنِيِّ فِيْ تَطْوِيْرِ الأَدَاءِ المِهنِيِّ لِمُعَلِّمَاتِ رِيَاضِ الأَطْفَالِ مِنْ وِجْهَةِ نَظَرِهُنَّ

هدفت الدراسة إلى تعرف إلى درجة إسهام الإشراف الإلکتروني في تطوير الأداء المهني لمعلمات رياض الأطفال في (مجال الثقافة التقنية، ومجال التخصص الأکاديمي، ومجال المهارات المسلکية للتدريس)، وکذلک الکشف عن الفروق الإحصائية بين متوسطات استجابات عينة الدراسة حول درجة إسهام الإشراف الإلکتروني في تطوير الأداء المهني لمعلمات رياض الأطفال تعزى إلى: (المؤهل العلمي - الخبرة التعلمية- الدورات التدريبية). وقد تکون مجتمع الدراسة من جميع معلمات رياض الأطفال بمحافظة الطائف، في الفصل الدراسي الثاني من العام الدراسي 1436هـ -1437هـ. واستخدمت الباحثة المنهج الوصفي المسحي في هذه الدراسة. وتکونت عينة الدراسة من (132) معلمة. ولتحقيق أهداف الدراسة اعتمدت الباحثة على الاستبانة لجمع المعلومات، بعد التحقق من صدقها وثباتها. وأظهرت نتائج الدراسة أن المتوسطات الحسابية لدرجة إسهام الإشراف الإلکتروني في تطوير الأداء المهني لمعلمات رياض الأطفال جاءت عالية ضمن: (مجال الثقافة التقنية، ومجال التخصص الأکاديمي، ومجال المهارات المسلکية للتدريس)، وأنه لا توجد فروق إحصائية بين متوسطات استجابات عينة الدراسة حول درجة إسهام الإشراف الإلکتروني في تطوير الأداء المهني لمعلمات رياض الأطفال تعزى إلى: (المؤهل العلمي - الخبرة التعلمية- الدورات التدريبية). وتوصلت الدراسة إلى مجموعة من التوصيات، کان أبرزها ما يلي: العمل على زيادة التوعية لمعلمات رياض الأطفال في مجال الثقافة التقنية، العمل على تطوير وتعزيز الجانب الأکاديمي لمعلمات رياض الأطفال عن طريق البرامج التدريبية، العمل على تطوير وتعزيز الجانب المسلکي لمعلمات رياض الأطفال عن طريق تکثيف الدورات التدريبية على أن تأخذ صفة الاستمرارية والمتابعة. The degree of electronic supervision contribution in developing professional performance of kindergarten teachers from their perspective. This study aimed to identify the degree of electronic supervision contribution in development of professional performance of kindergarten teachers in (technological culture field, academic specialization field and behavioral skills for teaching field) and disclosure of statistical differences between the mean of the study sample about the degree of electronic supervision contribution in developing professional performance of kindergarten teachers due to (educational qualification - experience years - training courses). The study sample is consisted of all kindergarten teachers in Taif governorate during the second term from the academic year 1436/1437 AH. The researcher used descriptive survey method in this study. The study sample is consisted of (132) teachers. To achieve the study objectives, the researcher depended on questionnaire for collecting information. Its validity and reliability were verified. The results revealed that the mean scores of electronic supervision degree in developing the professional performance of kindergarten teachers were high in (technological culture field, academic specialization field and behavioral skills for teaching field). There were statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the study sample responses about the degree of electronic supervision contribution in developing professional performance of kindergarten teachers due to (educational qualification - experience years - training courses). According to the results, a number of recommendations were introduced: working on increasing the awareness of kindergarten teachers in technological culture field. Working on developing and enhancing the academic side of kindergarten teachers using training courses. Working on developing and enhancing the behavioral skills for teaching side of kindergarten teachers using intensifying training courses which characterized by continuity and follow up.