Taguchi Algorithm Research Articles

Analysis of Inverted Planar Perovskite Solar Cells with Graphene Oxide as HTL using L9 OA Taguchi Method

In this work, the Taguchi Method approach is used to optimize graphene oxide (GO) as the hole transport layer (HTL) in inverted perovskite solar cells (IPSC). By using this method, the data from the numerical modelling Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator-One Dimensional (SCAPS-1D) was optimized. While it has distinct parameter results and diverse causes, it also takes a long time to complete the analysis process. The Taguchi method is reported to be able to find the most significant factor and reduce the parameter variations in less time. The Taguchi algorithm is used in this experiment because it is based on orthogonal array (OA) experiments, which provide a substantially smaller variance for the experiment with optimal control parameter values. SCAPS-1D software was used to simulate the IPSC with GO as HTL. The results obtained with the software are then analysed and compared with the performance of the solar cell. The final results show that the Taguchi Method optimized IPSC with GO as HTL achieved better Power Conversion Efficiency (PCE) compared to previous researchers, with the efficiency increasing from 18.53%.to 23.408%.

Design optimization of hemodialyzer membrane modelled in chemical reaction module using statistical algorithms and ANOVA testing

High performing hemodialyzers membranes such as high flux membranes, high cut-off membranes and medium cut-off membranes are always at research interest due to their better efficiency than conventional membranes. These membranes provide greater toxin clearance, however retention of essential solutes in a preferable way are still under study. This paper aims at the design of high performing membrane to study the role of its parameters in solute removal and its capability of holding back important molecules. One of the most effective design of experiments (DOE) tool, namely Taguchi Algorithm was used for the formation of fractional factorial design of parameters. The simulation results were benchmarked with that of experimental data from literature and with manufacturers data sheets. Once the benchmarking was done, the error quantification and significance of each design were analysed using statistical method, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) testing. The most relevant parameters that helped in better clearance in these membranes were thus identified and substantial conclusions were drawn which can be used in the future for designing optimal dialyzer designs. Results shows that clinically used dialyzer membranes such as RevaclearMax and FxCorDiax series on modelling using COMSOL Multiphysics with a blood flow rate of 400 ml/min and dialysate flow of 500 ml/min showed better urea clearance rate of above 300 indicating that the membranes thus designed was superior to the conventional high flux membranes that have a clearance rate of 297 of less for the exact same functional, geometrical, and parametric conditions. The model replication and thus validation of the design helped in understanding the influence of various parameters in toxin clearance. These parameters can be further investigated, and optimal models can be delivered with more of clinical examinations and trials.

Experiment and Simulation Study on the Cooling Performance of Oil-Cooling PMSM with Hairpin Winding

In this paper, the cooling performance of oil-cooling PMSM with hairpin winding under various oil parameters is analyzed via a simulation and an experiment. The effects of oil jet positions, oil temperatures, and oil flow rates on the cooling performance are analyzed. It is found that increasing the oil temperature in the range of 20 °C to 60 °C, increasing the flow rate of oil jets whose position angle is from 15° to 45°, and increasing the flow rate in the range of 1 L/min to 2 L/min will significantly improve the cooling performance. The apertures of the oil spray ring are optimized using the Taguchi algorithm. The cooling performance is the best when the flow ratio is m(0°):m(15°):m(30°):m(45°):m(60°):m(75°) = 4%:19%:10%:10%:4%:4%. This study provides a guide for the design of the oil-cooling system for the hairpin winding of the PMSM.

Preliminarna studija geometrije navara kod navarivanja na nerđajući čelik 316l korištenjem mig postupka zavarivanja

The application of the gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process can produce metal parts in additive manufacturing (AM) and has the advantages of fast production speed and material saving. There are some different requirements for welding beads between the AM process and the usually welded joints, so preliminary research on the 316L GMAW is conducted to find the optimal voltage, wire feed speed (WFS), and travel speed (TS). Taguchi algorithm was used firstly to obtain parameters to achieve the desired higher reinforcement, lower width, and higher aspect ratio (R/W). The voltage of 19 V, WFS of 500 cm/min, and TS of 15 cm/min were obtained as the optimal one among the samples. To further investigate the influence of the parameters and verify the result, a two-factor-three-level full factorial design was carried out, with the consideration of the interaction between factors. At last, the studied parameters were used in the AM process using a GMAW welding robot to verify the reliability.

Evaluation of depression and obesity indices based on applications of ANOVA, regression, structural equation modeling and Taguchi algorithm process.

Depression and obesity are the main threat among women which have been considered by many research scholars in psychology studies. In their analysis for measuring and estimating obesity and depression they were involving statistical functions. Regression, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and in the last two decades Structural Equation Modeling are the most familiar statistical methods among research scholars. Taguchi algorism process is one the statistical methods which mostly have been applying in engineering studies. In this study we are looking at two main objectives. The first one is to introduce Taguchi algorism process and apply it in a case study in psychology area. The second objective is challenging among four statistical techniques include ANOVA, regression, SEM, and Taguchi technique in a same data. To achieve those aims we involved depression and obesity indices with other familiar indicators contain socioeconomic, screen time, sleep time, and usage fitness and nutrition mobile applications. Outputs proved that Taguchi technique is able to analyze some correlations which are not achieved by applying ANOVA, regression, and SEM. Moreover, SEM has a special capability to estimate some hidden correlations which are not possible to evaluate them by using ANOVA, regression, and even Taguchi method. In the last, we found that some correlations are significant by SEM, however, in the same data with regression those correlation were not significant. This paper could be a warning for psychology research scholars to be more careful with involving statistical methods for measuring and estimating of their research variables.

Performance Evaluation of ML-Based Algorithm and Taguchi Algorithm of the Hardness Value of the Friction Stir Welded AA6262 Joints at a Nugget Joint

Nowadays, industry 4.0 plays a tremendous role in the manufacturing industries for increasing the amount of data and accuracy in modern manufacturing systems. Thanks to artificial intelligence, particularly machine learning, big data analytics have dramatically amended, and manufacturers easily exploit organized and unorganized data. This study utilized hybrid optimization algorithms to find friction stir welding and optimal hardness value at the nugget zone. A similar AA 6262 material was used and welded in a butt joint configuration. Tool rotational speed (RPM), tool traverse speed (mm/min), and the plane depth (mm) are used as controllable parameters and optimized using Taguchi L9, Random Forest, and XG Boost machine learning tools. Analysis of variance was also conducted at a 95% confidence interval for identifying the significant parameters. The result indicated that the coefficient of determination from Taguchi L9 orthogonal array is 0.91 obtained while Random Forest and XG Boost algorithm imparted 0.62 and 0.65 respectively. Keywords: Friction Stir Welding; Taguchi; Machine Learning; Hardness; Nugget Zone and Random Forest.

Design and Multiobjective Optimization of a Double-Stator Axial Flux SRM With Full-Pitch Winding Configuration

In this article, a novel axial flux double-stator switched reluctance motor (AFDSSRM) is presented and optimized for electric vehicle applications. AFDSSRM adopts the axial arrangement of double-stator and inner rotor structure with a full-pitch winding configuration. The flux generated by the two stators cancels each other at the unaligned position, and then, a low unaligned inductance barely affected by saturation is achieved, which is the primary advantage of the AFDSSRM. First, the topology and power equation of the motor are presented briefly. Due to a large number of dimensional parameters of the proposed structure, comprehensive sensitivity analysis is used to classify the design parameters into strong- and weak-sensitive classes, and a multilayer optimization approach is adopted for the variables of both classes. The response surface method combined with the multiobjective genetic algorithm is employed to optimize the strong-sensitive variables, while the Taguchi algorithm is applied to optimize the weak-sensitive variables. Moreover, the 3-D finite element model is established to analyze the electromagnetic characteristics of the motor. Finally, a prototype motor is manufactured, and the experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed structure and the optimization method.

Optimal design of permanent magnet motor based on Taguchi algorithm

Aiming at the optimization of cogging torque of 12 pole 36 slot embedded permanent magnet motor, analyzing the generation principle of cogging torque, putting forward the optimization design of auxiliary slot based on Taguchi method, using Maxwell finite element simulation tool, analyzing and selecting the optimized data, through orthogonal experiment and data processing, finding the final optimization scheme of auxiliary slot. The simulation results show that, the auxiliary slot optimization method based on Taguchi method can effectively suppress the cogging torque under reasonable slotting rules, which is also of reference significance to other types of parameter optimization.

Overview of Numerical Analysis and Optimization Methods for Eddy Current Retarders

Aiming at the analysis and optimization of eddy current retarder, this paper reviews the development of numerical analysis based on finite element method. The characteristics of finite element method and the application of numerical method in the analysis of eddy current retarder are briefly introduced. In terms of algorithm, the different applications of multi-objective genetic algorithm, robustness principle, Taguchi algorithm and Rogowski method in the analysis of important parameters of eddy current retarder are introduced and summarized; In terms of software, the application of commercial software in magnetic field and temperature field is briefly introduced; In industrial practice, the development of numerical simulation methods in the research of braking torque is introduced. On the basis of reviewing the numerical analysis and optimization methods of eddy current retarder, the future of its digital design is prospected.

Experimental and statistical analysis of CO2 absorption in DEA/water nanofluid containing silicon dioxide nanoparticle

In this investigation, the equilibrium absorption of CO2 in diethanolamine (DEA)/water solutions has been measured in the presence and absence of SiO2 nanoparticles using the isochoric saturation method. Experiments have been performed at the temperature range of 276.1–333.1 K, initial pressure range of 4–15 bars, DEA concentrations of 10, 15, 20, and 25 wt.%, and nanoparticle concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 wt.%. To understand the effect of operating variables with fewer number of experiments, design of experiment has been performed using Qualitek-4 software and Taguchi algorithm. Totally, 16 experiments were suggested. According to the results, increasing the initial pressure and DEA concentration improved the solubility of CO2 in the solvent. The optimum concentration of SiO2 nanoparticle was 0.5 wt.%. More increase in nanoparticle concentration deteriorates the solubility of CO2 in the solvent.

Numerical prediction of microstructure and hardness for low carbon steel wire Arc additive manufacturing components

The objective of this research is to define an optimized strategy for wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) process with a numerical tool. In this paper, a three-dimensional scaled steel plate model (120 mm × 24 mm × 6 mm) is built for numerical simulations to replace the expensive physical WAAM experiments. A series of thermo-metallo-mechanical analyses is conducted by using ABAQUS CAE user subroutines in which, thermal, metallurgical and mechanical models for gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process are implemented. Groups of variables in WAAM process namely wire melting current, voltage and torch moving speeds, as well as interval layer cooling coefficients, are chosen as input parameters of the artificial neural network (ANN). The two targeted values are hardness and ultimate strength of the steel plate model, which are obtained by fully coupled thermo-metallo-mechanical simulations or by quick results from commercial software JmatPro, and by real measurements on the test samples of WAAM experimental plates. In this primary study, Taguchi algorithm is used for data preparations of the numerical experiments. The tests are fulfilled with Neural Networks (NN) tool in MATLAB. A typical three-layer feedforward network is used for general works. The developed models show good prediction capability for hardness and ultimate strength. The ANN algorithm presents high potential in bidirectional modeling to develop the WAAM strategy tool. It is possible to realize the inverse modeling from properties obtained by fractions of phase volume to WAAM processing parameters.

Optimization Design of Velocity Distribution in the Airways of the Fluidized Bed Based on CFD and Taguchi Algorithm

A vital component that is frequently employed in the industrial powder conveying sector is the fluidized bed. In the light of powder unloading with a fluidized bed as the research object, an orthogonal experiment with two factors and four levels was established for the structural parameters of the fluidized bed. In the case of different noise factors, 16 schemes are designed and all schemes via computational fluid dynamics numerical simulation. The Taguchi method and regression analysis are used to analyze the response. Finally, the accuracy of the optimization results is tested. The results show that gas velocity decreases sharply at the airway’s entrance and, then, gas flows to the second half of the airway and velocity decreases steadily and uniformly. Airway arc length L exerts a greater effect on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) than airway height H. The parameter combination of 180 mm L and 17 mm H for obtaining the optimal velocity distribution uniformity is determined. The test results indicate that the overall fluidization effect of the fluidized bed with the optimal parameters is better. The linked research findings can be used as a guide when designing a fluidized bed system for transporting comparable powder.

Study on the influence of active jet parameters on the cavitation performance of Clark-Y hydrofoil

Cavitation is a phase change that severely endangers the safe and stable operation of hydraulic machinery. At present, one of the effective methods to control cavitation is the active jet. However, limited literature reports on multi-parameter optimal control of cavitation flow consider jet direction, flow, and position at the same time. This study attempts to fill this gap by determining the transient interaction mechanism of active jet and hydrofoil cavitation flow and to reveal the relationship between active jet and cavitation development. Clark-Y hydrofoil is taken as the research object and the grey Taguchi algorithm is used to obtain the optimal scheme of lift-drag ratio and hydrofoil ratio. The large eddy simulation combined with the Zwart-Gerber-Belamri cavitation model was used to numerically simulate the orthogonal test program and optimize its performance. Results are as follows: The closer the jet position to the leading edge of the hydrofoil, the easier it is for the active jet to block the back jet, reducing the cavity volume and hydrofoil drag but reducing the lift coefficient; The hydrofoil shows the best hydraulic performance when the jet position and the leading edge of the hydrofoil has a distance x of 0.3L (L is the chord length), the jet ratio u/u0 is 0.3, and the angle θ between the jet and the horizontal plane is 22°; Using the optimal jet scheme increases the lift-drag ratio k of the hydrofoil by 11.43% while the cavitation volume fraction is reduced and only 30% of the original hydrofoil.

Macro-texture in hydrodynamic lubrication: Effects of dimple parameter, density and distribution

Surface texturing, a well-known method to increase tribo-pair tribological performance, is widely used and of great importance in industrial manufacturing. By designing reasonable surface texture on two contact surfaces, the load-carrying capacity, wear resistance, and coefficient of friction of the tribo-pairs can be significantly improved. To investigate the influence of the macro-texture, millimeter magnitude, on the tribology performance, a large number of simulation cases were carried out in this work. And the influence of texture parameters including the ellipse aspect ratio, the depth-to-diameter ratio, density, and distribution on tribology performance was studied using the hydrodynamic lubrication model which was verified through a sample experiment of piston ring and cylinder liner tribo-pairs. In addition, a Taguchi algorithm was used to find the most suitable texture parameters. The results show that the influence of density on the coefficient of friction and load-carrying capacity is of significance and 20% density is sufficient for tribology performance. Dimple size and distribution had a more significant influence on tribology performance.

Studying the design parameters of an auger filler in packaging black pepper seeds using the discrete element method

Auger fillers are vastly used in the food industries for packaging edible seeds, spices and powders. This research studies the effects of design parameters on the mass flow rate of black pepper seeds discharged from an auger-filler and the required input power. These parameters were auger angular velocity, diameter and pitch-to-diameter ratio and agitator angular velocity. It is intended to reach an optimal design of the auger filler with higher efficiency. To investigate the effects of the parameters and to reduce the number of simulations, the Taguchi algorithm is used. The obtained data from 16 discrete element simulations are analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). It is concluded that the most effective parameters on the output mass flow rate and the required power are the auger outer diameter and pitch-to-diameter ratio, respectively. Finally, the best outcome corresponding to the maximum mass flow rate and the minimum required power is found to occur at the auger angular velocity of 550 rpm, the agitator angular velocity of 25 rpm, the auger outer diameter of 2 inches, and pitch-to-diameter ratio of 1.5.

Optimization of the Structural Parameters of a Plastic Centrifugal Pump

The structural design parameters of a plastic centrifugal pump were calculated and modeled, and flow field simulation analysis of the model was performed using CFD, in the framework of an orthogonal design method (or experiment). The inlet mounting angle β1, outlet mounting angle β2, wrap angle ϕ, and impeller inlet diameter D1 of the pump impeller were the four factors assumed for the application of the orthogonal experiment, using the efficiency and Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) as evaluation indices. Moreover, taking the maximum efficiency and minimum NPSH of the plastic centrifugal pump as the evaluation factors, the parameters of the pump impeller were re-optimized through the Taguchi algorithm (leading to the following optimal combination: inlet diameter 35 mm, inlet angle 26°, outlet angle 27°, and wrap angle 110°). The minimum NPSH and the maximum efficiency have been found to be 0.957% and 61.5%, respectively.

Performance analysis of asymmetrical less‐rare‐earth permanent magnet motor for electric vehicle

To reduce the manufacturing cost, the cogging torque and the torque ripple of the traditional V-shaped permanent magnet motor (TPMM), an asymmetrical less-rare-earth permanent magnet motor (ALREPMM) is proposed. An equivalent air-gap flux density model is established, the model is employed to calculate the analytical expression of the no-load back-EMF, and the multiple objectives optimisation are carried out for the motor parameters based on the Taguchi algorithm. Electromagnetic performance of the TPMM structure and the ALREPMM structure is compared by finite element method-based simulation. It is shown that the ALREPMM structure can reduce the amount of rare-earth materials by 19%, and the cogging torque and the THD values of no-load back-EMF are reduced by 77.3% and 26.8%, respectively. Finally, a prototype is manufactured, thus verifying the rationality of the design of the ALREPMM structure through experiments.

Design optimization of coreless stator axial flux-switching motor

This study aimed to provide the analytical design, optimization, and three-dimensional (3D) simulation through finite element method of a coreless stator axial field flux-switching motor (AFFSM). The motor consists of two indented rotors with a coreless stator between them consisting of a magnet and winding. First of the motor electrical and magnetic design was performed and its basic parameters were calculated. Then, the optimization of the machine was evaluated implementing the Taguchi algorithm in order to minimize the motor cogging torque. Some of the basic motor dimensions, such as the magnet length and width, the rotor tooth width and height, and the back iron thickness, were selected as optimization variables, and the best combination of these variables was obtained by changing them in a certain range to achieve the desired objective. Then, the accuracy of analytical design and optimization was evaluated through forming a 3D finite element method (FEM) of the motor and investigating its performance. Comparison of the optimized and primary motor revealed that the optimal design had a better performance than the initial. Finally, a prototype of the proposed motor was fabricated and tested, which indicated that the experimental results were largely similar to the analytical results.

Hybrid Taguchi-Lévy flight distribution optimization algorithm for solving real-world design optimization problems

Abstract The Lévy flight distribution optimization algorithm is a recently developed meta-heuristic. In this study, the Lévy flight distribution optimization algorithm and the Taguchi method are hybridized to solve the shape optimization problem, which is the final step in developing optimum structural components. The new method is termed the hybrid Lévy flight distribution and Taguchi (HLFD-T) algorithm. Geometric dimensions are used as design variables in the optimization, and the problem is aimed at mass minimization. The constraint in the problem is the maximum stress value. The well-known Kriging meta-modeling approach and a specifically developed hybrid approach have been coupled in this paper to find the component’s optimal geometry. The results show that the proposed hybrid algorithm (HLFD-T) has more robust features than the ant lion algorithm, the whale algorithm, and the Lévy flight distribution optimization algorithm for obtaining an optimal component geometry.

Evaluation of mechanical behavior of premolar teeth with fissure sealant

The purpose of this study is to investigate dental strength and mechanical behavior of Premolar teeth with fissure sealants. Due to the large number of studied parameters, Taguchi algorithm was used to design the experiments and reduce the number of tests. 36 Premolar teeth were selected from three different age groups (child/young/Adult), gender (Male/Female), indenter (Flat/Wedge/Sphere) two types of quality (Intact/Restored) and jaw (Maxilla/Mandible). In this study, two kinds of adhesive (Margin/Single Bond) and fissure sealant material (Seal.it/Wetbond) with various strength and modulus of elasticity were chosen. Also, tooth was stored under different relative humidity amounts (52% and 95%), and was curried by light cure device with intensities of 1000 and 1200 W/cm2. The etching process was performed in acid concentrations of 32% and 37%. The compressive loading was carried out using a universal test machine under displacement-control. The results of interaction effects of gender on age demonstrated that in young age group, male teeth are stronger than female teeth while in child and adult age groups, male and female teeth show relatively same values. The interaction effect results of Taguchi analysis between different indenter surfaces and age groups recommended the spherical indenter, due to the distinction of strength results among different age groups and consequently, ability to investigate the interaction effects between indenter and other parameters. As expected, the results show that the quality factor is the most effective factor. In terms of dental materials and jaw type, the amount of changes is also quite noticeable. Also, the effect of other parameters (humidity, etching, light cure intensity, and adhesive) is negligible in comparison with others.