Tactical Factors Research Articles

Integrating Additive Manufacturing into the Supply Chain in a Fuzzy Environment

Additive manufacturing (AM), 3D printing, rapid prototyping, rapid development, rapid technologies and many other similar names are terms used interchangeably for rapidly growing technologies based on adding materials, layer by layer, to build the final product, in comparison to the subtractive - conventional productions. Meanwhile, the supply chain has been greatly influenced by this phenomenon. Thus, it is necessary to provide a holistic approach to the analysis and design of the system. In this paper, a supply chain model for the integration of conventional and AM facilities in a fuzzy environment is developed. This model is focused on situations where the possibility of adding new AM facilities within the traditional plants in a broader supply chain is on question. In addition, the best production levels and transportation of the chain, along with purchasing decisions and other tactical factors, and the number of facilities in a strategic level are developed. Furthermore, 3 numerical example is provided to examine different conceivable outcomes.

The Effectiveness of Test for Speed and Strength Development for 12-14 Years Boys Judo Athletes: A Case Study of Binh Duong Province, Vietnam

Judo is an individual combat sport that requires high psychological, technical, tactical and physical factors, in which strength and speed play an important role. The aim of the study was selecting some tests for speed and strength development for 12-14 years boys Judo athletes, evaluating the effectiveness of these tests to develop speed strength for them. The study group consisted of 20 boys 12-14 years old Judo athletes in Binh Duong Province, Vietnam. The test for speed and strength development (collecting by previous research) was used in the study, including 5 tests: (1) Test 30m high start run (s); (2) Test long jump in place (cm); (3) Test prone push-up 15s (times); (4) Test Seoinage kick 20s (times); (5) Test knocking down Ippon Seoinage 30s (times). Test results based on the score tables were subjected to statistical calculations. An arithmetic mean, and Cv index were calculated for independent samples. The boys 12-14 years old Judo athletes who train 5 tests for speed and strength development exceed on the level statistically significant than the boys who practice current test. Comparing the results after the experiment between the two groups shows that the test system introduced by the study is superior to the current test system in terms of development rate (in each survey indicator, as well as in terms of average development rate).

High-Speed Efforts of Elite Association Football Referees in National and International Matches.

Amatori, S, Helsen, WF, Baldari, C, Serra, T, Belli, A, Guidetti, L, Rocchi, MBL, Sisti, D, and Perroni, F. High-speed efforts of elite association football referees in national and international matches. J Strength Cond Res 38(8): e417-e422, 2024-Field referees (FRs) need to move throughout the pitch to identify any infringements of the game's laws. Their performance depends on technical, tactical, physical, physiological, and mental factors. This retrospective study aimed to examine and assess the physical and physiological parameters as a function of time in elite association football referees during official matches. Global positioning system (match time, distance in different intensity ranges [low-intensity, high-speed, very high-speed running, and sprinting], average and peak speed, distance in accelerations or decelerations) and heart rate (average and peak) data from 212 national and international football matches were analyzed. A linear mixed-model analysis was performed to assess the differences between halves and between the three 15-minute sections of each half-time for all the physical and physiological variables collected. A significant effect of match half was found for the game time (p < 0.001) and the standing time (p = 0.005), both higher in the second half, and for the average speed (p = 0.017), which was lower in the second half. Total distance (p < 0.001), low-intensity distance (p = 0.004), and average speed (p = 0.007) all showed a reduction as a function of time. More than 7.800 high-speed intervals were detected. Accelerative actions within 3 seconds characterized most of the high-speed efforts of an FR during a match. Significant differences emerged in the way the match intensity is distributed across the match, analyzed both in halves (first vs. second) and 15-minute intervals within each half. It is important to emphasize the importance of high-speed training with a focus on a faster transition from low- to high-speed running to keep up with the play to get into an appropriate position and subsequently make the correct decisions.

TALABALAR SPORT FAOLIYATINING PSIXOLOGIK JIHATLARI VA ROLLARI

Sports achievement is influenced by various factors such as; physical, technical, tactical and psychological factors. This study aims to see the relationship between self-efficacy factors, achievement motivation, and its relation to self-confidence and their effect on sports performance.

Final pass and its relationship with final action for the creation of goal-scoring opportunities at EURO 2020

The purpose of this research was to study EURO 2020 goal scoring opportunities by recording the technique of the final pass, the technique of the final action and their zone of execution. A sub-objective was to test the relationship between the technique and zone of the final-pass, but also the relationship between the final-pass zone, the zone of final-action and its efficiency. The parameters studied were, a) the final pass zone, b) the final pass technique, c) the final action zone, and d) the result of the final action. Data collection was done with SportScout software. The correlation between variables was tested using the Crosstabs analysis and the Chi-Square statistic criterion. The results showed that most of the final passes were made from the zone outside the 18-yard box and the most common techniques used were the medium-range and the short-range passes. The independence or homogeneity test showed that the type of final pass was significantly influenced by the zone in which it was executed. The same was the case with the final action zone, which appeared to be significantly affected by the final pass zone. However, the effectiveness of the attacks depended only on the zone of final action (the final actions were more effective when taken from the zone between the six-yard box area and the penalty spot). An assessment of the opportunities that lead to goals and how they are created can help identify the tactical factors that increase efficiency and lead to more goals being scored.

Optimizing Physical Conditioning Programs for Badminton Athletes: A Comprehensive Review of Training Strategies - A Systematic Review

Study Background and Objectives: The performance of international badminton athletes is shaped by a blend of physical, psychological, technical, and tactical factors. This study seeks to systematically analyze these essential elements, driven by the imperative to comprehend critical factors for crafting optimized training programs to achieve peak performance efficiently and effectively.Materials and Methods: This study used a systematic approach to review various literature sources, journal articles, and empirical studies related to the achievements of badminton athletes at the international level. Strict inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to ensure that only high-quality studies were included in the analysis. The data collected was then comprehensively analyzed to identify critical factors that consistently influence badminton athlete performance. Results: This systematic analysis reveals that the main factors influencing badminton athletes' achievements at the international level involve a combination of physical, psychological, technical, and tactical aspects. Physical strength, mental resilience, technical expertise, and a deep tactical understanding proved essential in achieving success in the sport. A deep understanding of match dynamics, emotional management, and adaptation to the opponent's tactics were also found to be keys to success. Conclusion: The results of this analysis provide a holistic view of the factors that significantly influence the performance of badminton athletes at the international level. The practical implications include the development of more focused and adaptive training programs, as well as more intensive psychological approaches. These conclusions provide an essential contribution for coaches, researchers, and decision-makers in badminton to improve athletes' potential and results at the international level. Keywords: Physical Conditioning, Badminton Athletes, Training Program, Conditioning Strategy, Systematic Review.

Tactical factors that influence shooting success in the Chinese Football Association Super League

This study aimed to investigate the tactical factors influencing shooting success in the Chinese Football Association Super League (CSL). The data set comprised 5914 shooting actions collected from all 240 matches in the CSL 2018 season, featuring 16 different teams. The variables assessed included pass number (PN), playing minute (M), match status (MS), final passing area (FPA), regaining possession position (RPP), offense category (OC), and shooting position (SP). To distinguish the attacking patterns of teams of varying strengths, all 16 teams were clustered into two groups based on two contextual factors: their starting season budgets and their rankings at the end of the season. Firstly, a descriptive analysis was conducted, followed by the application of a binomial-logit model ( p &lt; 0.05). The Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) method was employed to evaluate the factors impacting shooting success. The results revealed that: (1) Match status ( p = 0.0412), regaining possession position ( p = 0.0002), and shooting position ( p = 0.0001) play important roles in shooting success for all teams. (2) For strong teams, the offense category ( p = 0.0031) and the final passing area ( p = 0.0027) also have an important influence on shooting success. (3) The tactics of the weak teams should focus especially on the final passing area ( p = 0.0388) before shooting at the goal. These findings can provide guidance for coaches in developing more effective scoring strategies or defensive tactics and tailoring them appropriately to the strengths and weaknesses of their respective teams.

Ligament Injuries in Professional Male Handball Players: A 6-Year Longitudinal Study.

Handball is a sport that involves high-intensity actions throughout the game, such as sprints, jumps, landings, and high-speed, repeated throws. This, along with competitive and tactical factors, congested schedules, and the need to maintain a high level of performance throughout the season, contributes to a high injury rate. This study aimed to analyse ligament injuries in a professional handball team over six consecutive seasons. A total of 68 elite male Spanish handball players participated, with 54 time-loss injuries (i.e., injuries involving at least one day of absence) observed during this study period. Ligament injury information was recorded following the International Olympic Committee consensus statement. The overall incidence was 0.89 ligament injuries per 1000 h of exposure. Additionally, a higher incidence and burden of ligament injuries was observed during match-play compared to training. Most ligament injuries were classified as minor or moderate (i.e., 79.63% of the total), and 46.29% were reinjuries. A significantly higher incidence of ligament injuries was suffered in the lower limbs compared to the upper limbs (0.81 vs. 0.08 ligament injuries per 1000 h; p < 0.001). Specifically, the highest incidence was observed in the anterior talofibular ligament of the ankle (0.57 injuries per 1000 h of exposure), while the greatest burden was related to the anterior cruciate ligament (24.08 absence days per 1000 h of exposure). This study provides an overview of ligament injuries among professional handball players, highlighting the need to implement strategies with positive effects during competition (e.g., specific activation strategies or training programmes based on strength and balance) and to reduce injury recurrences.

Peculiarities Of Investigating Negligent Severe Or Moderately Severe Bodily Harm At The Initial Stage

One of the important stages in the development of a separate sub-type methodology for investigating negligent severe or moderately severe bodily harm is the determination of the specifics of the initiation of criminal proceedings based on this fact and circumstances to be established during investigation of the specified criminal offense.&#x0D; Conducting a study of this issue will serve to eliminate the gap in forensic science, since currently the indicated methodology has not yet been developed.&#x0D; The Article purpose is to provide scientifically-based criminological recommendations regarding the specifics of initiating a pre-trial investigation into the infliction of negligent severe or moderately severe bodily harm. This includes outlining a set of investigative (search) and other procedural actions based on various typical investigative situations, with a focus on determining circumstances to be established during investigation of this crime.&#x0D; An analysis of investigative and judicial practices was conducted to study the methods used in investigating specific types of criminal offenses, peculiarities of initiating pre-trial investigations for the specified criminal offense. As a result, information sources about the committed crime have been determined.&#x0D; The tasks that must be solved by a person conducting a pre-trial investigation at its initial stage are formulated. The most typical investigative situations at the initial stage of investigating negligent severe or moderately severe bodily harm have been determined, taking into account informational, psychological, tactical, and procedural factors affecting their formation. The main investigative situations occurring during investigation of the specified type of crime are:&#x0D; - Investigative Situation No. 1. At the time of opening a criminal proceeding, there is information about a person’s identity and his/her whereabouts; the suspect has been apprehended.&#x0D; - Investigative situation No. 2. The offender’s identity is known, but his/ her whereabouts has not been established.&#x0D; - Investigative situation No. 3. The suspect’s identity and his/her whereabouts are unknown.&#x0D; Depending on each specific investigative situation, recommendations are provided regarding the optimal conduct of a pre-trial investigation at this stage, namely, a list of tasks, investigative (search) and other procedural actions.&#x0D; The list of circumstances to be established during investigation of criminal offenses based on the fact of negligent infliction of severe or moderately severe bodily harm is defined.

Performance indicators in speed climbing: insights from the literature supplemented by a video analysis and expert interviews.

Due to the goal of mastering a standardised route with relatively large handholds as quickly as possible, the weighting of performance-determining factors might be different in speed climbing in comparison to lead climbing or bouldering. The objective of this paper was to identify physical and tactical factors for peak performance in speed climbing. Therefore, not only existing literature was reviewed but also a video analysis of the final round of speed climbing at the Olympic games and interviews with experts were done. Out of two hundred and one articles initially found by searching in Medline, Elsevier and Google Scholar databases, 38 were ultimately considered. Generally, an increased lower limb power, a small body mass index, an improved anaerobic glycogen system, and a high fluency in movements were identified as characteristics for high-speed climbing performance. Based on video analysis of Olympic games, coordinated motions, correct foot movements and shorter reaction time could take a novice speed climber to an elite level. Furthermore, male climbers should avoid pairing hands on holds. Considering the increasing popularity, the continued improvement of the record time in this discipline, and the currently limited amount of relevant literature should stimulate future studies on performance-determining variables, assessments, and training methods to maintain the attractiveness of speed climbing.

Exploring the structure of the shot effectiveness model for elite table tennis players

BackgroundCurrently, technical and tactical analysis has become an indispensable task for sport in many countries. Many studies analysed players’ specific technical and tactical factors, but it is rare to quantitatively analyse the importance of table tennis players’ shot effectiveness. This is the first study to propose the new concept of “shot effectiveness model”, and the purpose of this study is to explore the structure of the shot effectiveness model for elite table tennis, including the importance degree of shot effectiveness, and the relationship between them.Methods258 matches were selected between the top 50 players in the world from 2019 to 2021 as samples. Multiple regression analysis was used to obtain the standard regression coefficients and game simulation, and the total decision coefficient (TDC) was used to evaluate the importance degrees of shot effectiveness (SE) on match results.Results(1) There was little difference in the importance degree of each shot effectiveness between men and women players. (2) The importance degree of the first and third shots (SE1), the second and fourth shots (SE2), the fifth and after shots (SE3), and the sixth and after shots (SE4) for both men and women players account for approximately 25%, 35%, 22%, and 16% respectively. (3) There was little difference in the importance degree of each shot effectiveness between Chinese women players and women players from other countries and regions with the same importance order of SE2 > SE1 > SE3 > SE4. However, the structure of the shot effectiveness model for men players was quite different from that for women players. (4) There is a compensation effect between shot effectiveness of table tennis players, and the total evaluation score of 12 and 13 is the dividing line for success or failure in both men and women matches.ConclusionsTDC could well reflect the important degrees of each shot effectiveness in various ways on winning probability in table tennis matches. And this study compared the importance of several types of players’ performance on the probability of winning a match. In addition, we found that there is a compensation effect between shot effectiveness of table tennis players, and the magnitude of this effect will vary according to the type and level of shot effectiveness.

THE EFFECT OF STRATEGIC AND TACTICAL FACTORS ON THE SUCCESS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF WORLD CLASS MANUFACTURING

In such circumstances belong to organizations that can successfully in the global market, maintain and constantly improve its position. The global market consists of organizations which set of different nationalities in the areas of quality, cost, customer satisfaction and to compete with world class manufacturing (WCM) to one of the concerns of manufacturers today in fact, the world has become a world-class manufacturing to achieve the status of an ideology that has produced world-class production capabilities to compete in the international arena is used. Therefore the aim of this study was to investigate factors affecting the success of the organization is implementing WCM. We in this study, the relationship between strategic and tactical elements with WCM and interaction between strategic and tactical elements together and examine factors. The study population included all managers and experts of various departments petrochemical companies, consolidated, Arak Pars Wagon city is the aluminum during the six months of summer and fall of 1389 were studied. In order to achieve those objectives, thirteen hypotheses on the relationship between strategic and tactical elements with each other and with WCM developed and examined. To test this hypothesis, this study LISREL 8.5 software for structural equation modeling (SEM) and path analysis is used. The findings of this study show that, firstly, all strategic factors (commitment and support of senior management, quality circles, continuous improvement and customer orientation) have a direct positive impact on the success of their organizations. The Second WCM in all tactical factors (supply chain management, management technical capabilities and management facilities for production) also has a direct positive impact on the success of the organizations. And thirdly, two important strategic WCM circle tactical factors affect the quality and continuous improvement through them; indirectly affect the success of your WCM Put. As a result, organizations must move towards globalization, all these factors with respect to the direct and indirect impact on the WCM consider.

Kawa model on mental health, sports and physical performance: A mini review

Successful sports performance is characterized by psychological, physical, technical, and tactical factors. Of these factors, the psychological factor is typically ignored despite contributing more than 50% toward success in sporting performance. This review aimed to introduce the Kawa model as a new methodology to promote sports and physical performance through developing mental health ability. The Kawa model is developed by occupational therapists and used to promote mental health ability in individuals by enabling self-awareness of their difficulties and exploring possible solutions. It consists of the following five elements: water, river banks, rocks, driftwood, and space. This research would further explore the usage of the Kawa model in addressing various psychological issues and how these improvements can enhance sports and physical performance. The literature search was performed by using Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus as a database with specific keywords. In conclusion, this research provides an overview of the potential for the use of the Kawa model in promoting mental health ability included self-awareness, self-understanding, goal-setting, self-efficacy, stress and anxiety control for sports and physical performance and lays the foundation for future research in this area.

Internal and external workload in national and international netball competition

ABSTRACTDifferences in workload exist between netball playing positions and competition levels, but no research has compared workloads experienced by the same elite players during national and international competitions. This study collected internal (heart rate) and external (PlayerLoad·min−1) workload data per match quarter from 44 players during a national competition and 12 players during an international competition. Nine players played in both competitions. Linear mixed models compared percentage of match quarter in each heart rate zone and PlayerLoad·min−1 between competitions for each playing position. Workloads against low- and high-ranked international opponents were also compared. Internal workloads were greater in national compared to international competition for GD and WD positions. PlayerLoad·min−1 was significantly higher by 8–13% in the national competition for positions WD and C, and by 5–8% in the international competition for GD and GA. Positional differences may indicate a role of the team’s tactical style of play. Workloads were generally greater against higher- rather than lower-ranked international opponents. These results indicate that tactical factors in combination with playing position and opposition characteristics should be considered when preparing physically for matches.

Learn, move, compete: an alternative approach to mini tennis lessons

In this article, we look at how competition is presented in the traditional mini tennis lesson, finding that it typically occurs once, at the end of the session. We then explore some of the limitations associated with competition in this format. Following that, we discuss the importance of developing competitive capabilities, and propose an alternative way of approaching the mini tennis lesson to provide more opportunity for competition while systematically developing tactical and technical skills in a manner consistent with findings from skill acquisition research. This methodological approach, we suggest, provides a more fertile environment in which to develop competitive performers alongside the tactical and technical performance factors.

The key technical and tactical batting factors for winning baseball - Take the 2013 - 2021 Taiwan High School Baseball League Final Four as an example

&lt;p&gt;緒論：棒球運動中，打擊能力是團隊能否獲勝的關鍵因素，而打擊是得分的基礎，也是棒球得分最主要的攻擊手段之一，攻擊能力之強弱，往往會影響球隊勝負。目的：數據科學逐漸受到我國競技運動領域的重視，尤其是棒球運動，而近年來黑豹旗全國高中棒球大賽更是最受矚目的學生運動之一，因此本研究比較 2013 年至 2021年黑豹旗全國高中棒球大賽之四強賽勝敗隊伍在「團隊打擊能力指標」之差異。方法：樣本以近九年進入黑豹旗全國高中棒球大賽四強之隊伍進行分析，隊伍數共計 58 隊，對戰數共計 29 場。依黑豹旗全國高中棒球大賽公開之影片為資料，將每位打者逐打席、逐顆紀錄。統計方法使用相依樣本 t 檢定 (Paired t-test)，比較勝敗雙方之十一項團隊打擊能力指標 (上壘率、打擊率、長打率、打數、安打數、保送百分比、高飛犧牲打數、壘打數、犧牲短打成功率、滾地球數、高飛球數) 之差異，設顯著水準 &amp;alpha; = .005。結果：勝隊之上壘率、長打率、保送百分比與犧牲短打成功率，顯著高於敗隊 (p &lt; .005)。結論：上壘率、長打率、保送百分比與犧牲觸擊成功率，為我國高中棒球比賽中關鍵的獲勝因子，此結果將可提供各隊教練與打者在安排打擊陣容之排序與下達戰術作為參考依據，提升我國整體棒球實力。&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Introduction: Research has established the significance of batting ability in baseball, with various studies examining the relationship between batting metrics and team performance. Metrics such as batting average, on-base percentage, slugging percentage, and strikeout and walk rates have been evaluated, along with the impact of physical fitness, technique, and psychology on batting performance and team success. Purpose: This study compared the &amp;quot;Team Batting Ability Index&amp;quot; of winning and losing teams in the final four matches from 2013 to 2021, using statistical methods to draw conclusions about key factors contributing to team success. The findings have implications for coaches, players, and organizations in competitive sports, emphasizing the importance of data-driven decision-making for improving performance and achieving success. Methods: In this study, a sample of 58 teams and 29 matches that had entered the final four of the Taiwan high school baseball league in the past nine years were analyzed. Each batter was recorded one by one based on the video released by the Taiwan high school baseball league. The statistical method used was a paired t-test to compare the winning and losing team’s eleven Team Batting Ability Index, including on-base percentage, batting percentage, slugging percentage, at-bats, hits, base on balls percentage, sacrifice flies, total bases, successfully sacrifice bunts percentage, ground balls, and fly balls. Results: Result showed on-base percentage, slugging percentages, base on balls percentage, and successfully sacrifice bunts percentage of the winning teams had significantly higher than losing team (p &lt; .005). Batting average, at-bats, hits, sacrifice flies, total bases, ground balls, and fly balls have not significantly different between winning team and losing team (p &gt; .005). Conclusion: The on-base percentage, slugging percentage, base on balls percentage, and successfully sacrifice bunts percentage were the key winning factors in Taiwan high school baseball league. The results can provide coaches and batters for each team’s batting lineup ranking and tactics as a reference. Based on this research, hope this research can improve Taiwan’s baseball strength.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

SCIENTIFIC APPROACHES TO THE SYSTEMATIZATION OF COST-GENERATING FACTORS IN THE COORDINATES OF ACHIEVING STRATEGIC AND TACTICAL GOALS BY AN ENTERPRISE

The article presents the results of the study of factors affecting the costs of an enterprise. The main goal of the study is an analysis of cost-generating factors and their systematization to improve the efficiency of enterprise cost management at the tactical and strategic levels.The relevance of the scientific problem is in the fact that a systematization of cost-forming factors depending on the strategic goal and tactical goals of an enterprise will contribute to increasing the level of efficiency of a cost management system. This affects not only the increase in profitability of an enterprise but also its successful development by increasing the level of competitiveness of the enterprise's products on principles of cost optimization.The study of literary sources and scientific approaches to the systematization of cost-forming factors made it possible to assert that this issue remains unresolved in full and requires research. Thus, cost-forming factors have varied classifications: structural and functional; production and non-production; national, sectoral and internal production; foreign economic, inter-branch and domestic, etc.The results of the analysis of scientific approaches to the definition of cost-forming factors made it possible to provide the definition of cost-forming factors as such conditions of the internal and external environment, because of which a level, volume, structure and dynamics of enterprise costs change.The classification of factors influencing the formation of enterprise costs is proposed, taking into account the state of the internal and external environment. The factors of the internal and external environment are proposed to be grouped according to the following characteristics: the possibility of their influence on costs, with the identification of groups of factors of a direct and an indirect influence; depending on a level of management with a selection of groups of strategic and tactical level factors. In addition, for the strategic level of cost management, it is proposed to single out the following groups of factors: economic, market, tax, financial, systemic.The results of the study may be of practical importance to may have applied value for heads of manufacturing enterprises in terms of cost management in relation to a company's achievement of strategic and tactical goals.

Exploring the influence of playing styles on physical demands in professional football

Purpose.The aim of the current study was to investigate differences in the physical performance indicators when implementing various playing styles across a range of tactical situations.Methods.The sample comprised 238 matches (476 observations) from the 2021–22 season of the Turkish league’s 1st division. For each observation, nine physical performance indicators obtained through the InStat Scout optical tracking method were analysed. Additionally, 19 factor scores (representing 19 tactical situations) derived from previous research were utilised to categorise each observation into two distinct playing styles.Results.Effect sizes (Cohen’s d) obtained from independent samples t-tests revealed significant differences in physical performance indicators in 17 out of the 19 tactical situations. Match interruptions, transitions, final attempts, and the starting position on the field from which a team initiates pressing were identified as influential factors in determining physical demands. Conversely, the playing style adopted by teams during the build-up phase (possession or direct play) did not appear to significantly alter the physical demands.Conclusions.The results indicate that in various tactical situations, the physical demands vary based on the playing style adopted by the teams. These findings carry practical implications, as they can assist coaches in making decisions that combine tactical and physical factors.

Development of A Model of Recovery Origin of Modification of Exercise Massage and Muscle Strength on Reducing Lactic Acid in Blood for Partner Football Players Surabaya

Football is a high-intensity game of long duration, so in addition to technical, tactical, strategic and mental factors, there is one more determining factor, namely muscle fatigue, this factor which is often forgotten by coaches and players. The cause of player fatigue is due to heavy training or a tight competition schedule, there is a metabolic waste in the blood called lactic acid, this buildup of lactic acid causes fatigue but actually some of the lactic acid can be converted back into energy. The research objective to be achieved in this study was to determine the effect of exercise massage and muscle stretching in reducing lactic acid levels in the blood after a 45-minute round 1 soccer match. The type of research used is the type of research used is descriptive research. The population in this study, namely the population in this study were all football players in one team, namely 22 players from the Surabaya partner club. The data collection method used in this study is the measurement of blood lactic acid levels. The instrument used in this study was a blood lactic acid test using a blood lactic acid level measuring device. The data obtained will be analyzed using inferential statistics, namely the independent T test. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the provision of sports massage and muscle stretching can reduce levels of lactic acid in the blood after the first half of the soccer match for 45 minutes. Based on the findings of the research on the first and second treatments, some suggestions are given, including; (1) for soccer players after training or matches, it is better to give sports massages and muscle stretching to maintain stamina in the next round, so that they can be maximized in training and matches; and (2) players who will be doing training or matches should stretch or warm up before being deployed to the field to avoid injury.

The Effect of Subcontracted Labor Mix on Financial Performance: Evidence from High-Tech Project Teams

Problem definition: We investigate the effect of using subcontracted workers together with permanent workers on project financial performance. Academic/practical relevance: It is widespread practice, across disparate businesses, to staff project teams with subcontracted workers—and yet, despite the prevalence of this phenomenon, there is scant research on how subcontracted workers impact project performance. Investigating such an effect is important because past findings on the effects of subcontracting in retail or assembly lines cannot be hastily extrapolated to the more qualified workers and more demanding tasks normally associated with project environments. Methodology: Building on previous findings about the higher motivation level of subcontracted versus permanent workers when the latter are protected from individual dismissal by the law, we develop hypotheses to conceptualize how and under what conditions subcontracted workers positively impact project performance. We then test our hypotheses by analyzing 413 projects of a European high-tech firm. Results: We find that with increased use of subcontracted workers comes increased project profit margins. This positive effect is stronger for larger teams and weaker when large project scope changes occur or when higher-skilled workers are subcontracted. We also find this effect to be stronger when subcontracted workers are involved in technical rather than administrative roles and when subcontractors join in the later stages of the project. Managerial implications: This study offers guidelines on how project managers can use subcontracting to increase project margins, highlighting strategic and tactical factors that affect the benefits of using subcontracted labor.