Changes In Tactics Research Articles

Хронотоп войны начала XXI века: военно-философский аспект

Introduction. War as a social phenomenon has always been an object of philosophical reflection, since its results largely determine the further de- velopment of society and have a profound impact on all spheres of social life. In connection with the ongoing so-called special military operation which Russia is conducting in Ukraine and which is at the same time a proxy war of the collective West against our country, the modern philosophical discourse of war is clarified. One of the important aspects of the ontology of war is considering its chronotopos. The space-time factor has a signifi- cant impact on the course and outcome of hostili- ties in modern warfare, which makes its study very relevant. The purpose of the study is to describe the chrono- topos of modern warfare, to show the influence of the space-time factor on the course and result of hostilities. Methods. Being supporters of the relational concept of space and time, the authors consider the chronotopos of war as its internal attributive property. In addition, they rely on the methodology of synergetics, which makes it possible, in addition to the external universal space-time, to single out the internal space-time of open complex non-equi- librium systems. The authors apply structural-func- tional analysis to study material and ideal objects that influence the characteristics of space and time in modern warfare. They also use general scientific methods: abstraction, comparison, description and explanation. Scientific novelty of the research. The authors give characteristics of the war chronotopos at the beginning of the 21st century, and consider the tendencies of its changes. The necessity of taking into account spatio-temporal changes in planning and conducting hostilities in modern warfare is substantiated. Results. New means of warfare, as well as the cor- responding changes in tactics, operational art and strategy, will significantly reformat the chronoto- pos of war. The space of modern warfare is being radically transformed due to the fact that the confrontation simultaneously takes place not only on the plane, but also in the air, in space, under water, and even in social networks. New capabili- ties of strike systems are changing the perception of such characteristics of the war space as the front and rear. What was previously considered a deep safe rear, in the era of using missiles and combat drones, is no longer such. The time of war is also changing. An increase in the flight speed of ammu- nition, aircraft, and missiles increases the dynamics of battles and intensifies all processes on the bat- tlefield. Hypersonic systems are changing the pace of war, space satellites, reconnaissance drones and new technologies make it possible for the com- mander officer of the battle to see everything that happens on the battlefield in real time, regard- less of the distance from objects. Each new war is fought in its own space-time continuum. To win the war, all this must be taken into account. Conclusions. The chronotopos of war within the framework of the relational concept of space and time prevailing in modern philosophy is changing due to the emergence of fundamentally new means of warfare with new capabilities, which requires a significant adjustment in combat management, ensuring the adequacy of human behavior in war, training troops, taking into account the character- istics of the space-time continuum of a particular war, understanding on the part of the command staff of the essence of changes in the space and time of modern war. Old stereotyped ideas about the chronotopos of war can cause disorientation of a person on the battlefield, which requires not only a philosophical reflection of the ongoing spatio- temporal changes, but also the practical consid- eration of new knowledge in training troops, in planning and conducting combat operations.

Inventarul armamentului cetatii Deva in anul 1640

An inventory from 1640, published in this study, describes in detail the number of war instruments in the fortress of Deva. The inventory was made at the sale of the Deva estate by Lady Maria Széchy to Prince George I Rákóczy. So far only one such document was known, completed on 30 November 1640 and published by historian Endre Veress. However, the present inventory precedes it by one month, having been made by the archivists of the Alba Iulia Chapter house. The three men of the Transylvanian prince identified numerous pieces of artillery and other tools necessary for the defence of the fortification, but most of them were obsolete, sometimes a century old. Even if the weaponry was neither too modern nor too numerous, combined with the extraordinary position of the fortress it could still be an asset. The inventory of weapons of Deva offers us the possibility of investigating the military aspects of a Transylvanian fortress in the middle of the 17th century. Knowledge of military resources in that period is essential in understanding how the principality of Transylvania adapted to changes in tactics and weaponry in the early modern era.

Etničko nasilje i terorizam kao unutrašnji izazovi nacionalnoj bezbednosti Kine - studija slučaja Sinđanga

The national security of the People's Republic of China is susceptible to an array of intricate internal challenges, risks and threats. This includes challenges that may be of a political nature, risks caused by economic and social differences, threats caused by tensions in ethnic relations, as well as many others. This paper seeks to concentrate on ethnic tensions, namely ethnic violence and terrorism, as the most substantial factors that pose a significant threat to the country's stability and security. The paper delves into the development of ethnic tensions and conflicts resulting from the interaction between Chinese authorities and factions within the Uyghur movement for national self-determination. It emphasizes the extremist current within the broader Uyghur ethnonational movement that utilizes violence and acts of terrorism in political activism. This paper aims to follow the evolution and changes of strategies and tactics employed by Uyghur nationalists in Xinjiang over time and present the most characteristic violent and terrorist incidents that occurred in Xinjiang to exemplify these alterations. These changes are reflected in increased violence, a shift in targets from primarily security forces to civilians, including violent clashes between Uyghur and Han citizens and an expansion in the geographic reach of attacks.

ASSESSMENT OF THE RELIABILITY OF THE CRITERIA FOR THE CONSISTENCY OF RADIOIODABLATION

Summary: the article discusses the reasons for the possible ineffectiveness of radioiodablation in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer when using adequate individually calculated activities of 131I. Based on a prospective analysis of post-therapeutic whole-body scintigraphy, laboratory parameters, dosimetric control and clinical manifestations after radionuclide therapy, significant criteria for the possible failure of standard combination therapy are identified and a change in treatment tactics in this group of patients is proposed.Purpose: search for the reasons for unsatisfactory results of radionuclide treatment in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Materials and Methods: analysis of 2260 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer who received combined treatment using traditional preparation methods using thyrotropin alpha, from which a group was identified with a high level of 131I. that was unexpected at the pre-therapeutic stage against the background of early radiation diseases and low dosimetry indicators. In patients, laboratory parameters of TSH, thyroglobulin and thyroglobulin antibodies were assessed using radioimmunoassay and clinical manifestations of radiation conditions, taking into account the prescribed therapy; The scintigraphy of the thyroid bed with 99mTc-pertechnetate, post-therapeutic scintigraphy with 131I upon exiting the «closed mode» and dosimetric control under standard conditions every 24 hours after taking the therapeutic activity were performed.Material and methods: prospective single-center analysis of data from 2260 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer who received combined treatment using the traditional preparation method and the use of thyrotropin alfa, from which a group with an unexpected high RP uptake at the pre-therapeutic stage was identified against the background of the absence of early radiation complications and low dosimetry indicators. In patients, laboratory parameters of TSH, TG and AT-TG were assessed using radioimmunoassay and clinical manifestations of radiation reactions, taking into account the prescribed therapy; scintigraphy of the thyroid bed with 99mТс-sodium pertechnetate, post-therapeutic scintigraphy with 131I upon exiting the «closed mode» and dosimetric monitoring with an assessment 48 hours after ingestion of therapeutic activity. Results: analyzed the data of a group of patients in whom there was a marked discrepancy between the usually interdependent results of scintigraphy before and after RIA, which subsequently changed the treatment tactics in their relation. A statistically significant difference was found between the selected groups in terms of the level of stimulated TSH (in patients with predictable (73,9±31,8 mU/L) and unexpected (114,1±30,5 mU/L) uptake of 131I (p=0,0218); by the values of the dose rate 48 hours after the intake of the calculated activity of 131I (p=0,000005). In addition, we additionally analyzed the effect of traditional and drug methods of stimulating thyrotropinemia during preparation for radionuclide ablation. Withdrawal of levothyroxine and with the use of rhTSH, TSH indices were 80,7±27 mU/L and 123,3±75,8 mU/L, respectively (p=0,035), and the levels of stimulated thyroglobulin were 10,2±4,0 ng / ml and 3,2±2,5 ng / ml (p=0,041). Conclusion: the obtained results show that the recommended empirical level of TSH > 30 mU/L is not synonymous with the activation of sodium iodine symporter and the viability of RIA, and also make it possible to distinguish a group of patients with delayed/ partial activation of the symporter. In the continuation of this study, we plan to change the protocol for preparation for radioiodablation and find criteria for pre-therapeutic diagnosis of this group of patients

Gas detection in the portal vein after aortobifemoral bypass: a case report

We present a case report of early surgical treatment of abdominal compartment syndrome after aortobifemoral bypass. A 73-year-old man was admitted to the I.I. Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University with critical lower limb ischemia. Aortobifemoral bypass with a synthetic prosthesis was performed via laparotomy. The postoperative period was complicated by the dynamic bowel obstruction. The patient's condition worsened (hypovolemic and septic shock, respiratory failure due to severe pneumonia). Initial tactics was conservative. Signs of bowel ischemia (pneumatosis of the intestinal wall, gas in the portal vein) were identified using “point of care” ultrasound, which led to a change in the treatment tactics. On the same day, decompression relaparotomy was performed and the intestinal decompression tube was inserted. The postoperative period proceeded with positive dynamics: early extubation with acceptable parameters of gas exchange, minimal dosages of vasopressor support. Bowel function improved and stool appeared on the 2nd day after surgery.Gas in the portal vein is an ultrasound phenomenon, which in 70 % of cases suggests necrosis of the intestinal wall. The detection of such a symptom in patients after the abdominal aorta surgery may indicate bowel ischemia, since mesenteric circulation disorders primarily develop in the inferior mesenteric artery. This condition requires urgent surgical intervention, but its differential diagnosis with postoperative paralytic ileus is not always possible, especially in the early stages. We demonstrate a case of early gas detection in the portal vein and the emergency intervention that allowed preventing irreversible ischemic damage of the bowel. “Point of care” ultrasound can help suspect this condition and determine the indications for early surgical intervention, which can positively influence the outcome. Received 19 April 2022. Revised 29 May 2022. Accepted 1 June 2022. Informed consent: The patient’s informed consent to use the records for medical purposes is obtained. Funding: The study did not have sponsorship. Conflict of interest: Authors declare no conflict of interest. Contribution of the authors: The authors contributed equally to this article.

To the question about the opportunity of militant use of the checans of the saragashen stage of the Tagar culture

The present work is devoted to the identification of militant properties of the checans of the saragashen stage of the tagar culture. Throughout its length the checans were one of the type of melee weapon. They were intended for infliction of the stab wounds. On the territory of the Khakass-Minusinsk basin the checans are known as early as the late Bronze Age, but they were widely used among the population of the tagar culture. They are an exclusively male subject. In the archaeological literature there was an opinion about non-militant purpose of the checans at the saragashen stage and they are interpreted as «votive» (exclusively intended for ritual use as an accompanying inventory of the deceased). The tagar petroglyphs demonstrate two types of the checans: big and small. Products’ analysis and their images allows to talk about the militant use of both reduced and full sized checans. One can assume that the decrease of sizes is related to a change in combat tactics.

Comment on “Black Box Prediction Methods in Sports Medicine Deserve a Red Card for Reckless Practice: A Change of Tactics is Needed to Advance Athlete Care”

Comment on “Black Box Prediction Methods in Sports Medicine Deserve a Red Card for Reckless Practice: A Change of Tactics is Needed to Advance Athlete Care”

Response to Comment on: “Black Box Prediction Methods in Sports Medicine Deserve a Red Card for Reckless Practice: A Change of Tactics is Needed to Advance Athlete Care”

Response to Comment on: “Black Box Prediction Methods in Sports Medicine Deserve a Red Card for Reckless Practice: A Change of Tactics is Needed to Advance Athlete Care”

ULTRASOUND DIAGNOSIS OF COMPLICATIONS IN THE EARLY POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD IN PATIENTS AFTER IMPOSITION OF COLON ANASTHOMOSIS

Purpose of the study. Investigate the possibility of using ultrasound in the early postoperative period to identify complications in patients after the imposition of colon anastomoses.
 Methods. 183 patients who underwent surgery with the imposition of primary continuous two-line СA on the left parts of the colon were treated. With suspicion of anastomosis failure from this group examined 75 (40.9%) patients, which are divided into 2 groups, depending on the inability of СA: 1 group - 32 patients with recorded failure of СA - median age of patients - 65 (57; 75) years, group 2 (control) - 43 patients, without inability to anastomosis, (median age of patients - 63.5 (58.5; 70.5) years.
 Results. The most reliable ultrasound signs of CA failure were the presence of gas outside the intestinal lumen, which was observed in 9 (28.1%) patients of group 1 on the 3rd day and 5 (15.6%) - on the 7th day after surgery, and also the presence of fluid formation in the area of CA in 6 (18.8%) and 12 (37.5%) patients, respectively. Both of these ultrasound signs were absent in patients of group 2. Restoration of intestinal peristalsis in the area of CA at its capacity was also significantly more frequent and earlier, which was found in 14 (32.5%) patients of group 2 on the 3rd and in 29 (67.4%) patients on the 7th day after surgery, respectively, while in the inability of СA this sign on the 3rd day, was not observed in patients of group 1, and on the 7th was registered only in 7 (21.9%; χ2 = 31.2; P < 0.05) patients. Thus, ultrasound signs of СA failure on day 3 were found in 15 (46.8%) patients of group 1, 8 (53.4%) of whom were treated conservatively, 7 (46.6%) patients required changes in treatment tactics. These patients underwent 2 relaparotomies for peritonitis, 3 removal of colostomy from the mini-access, 2 puncture drainage of fluid accumulation under ultrasound control. On the 7th day in 4 (53.1%) patients, 13 (76.5%) of whom were treated conservatively, 4 (23.5%) patients required changes in treatment tactics, respectively. These patients underwent 3 removal of colostomy from mini access, 1 puncture drainage of fluid accumulation under ultrasound control.
 Conclusion. Early diagnosis of complications allowed to change the tactics and scope of intensive care to prevent further complications. Ultrasound patients in the early postoperative period allows to detect signs of failure of СA in 46.8% of patients on the 3rd day and is the basis for correction of treatment tactics in 46.6% of these patients and 53.1% of patients on the 7th day, which led to change the tactics of treatment in 23.5% of them, respectively. Timely diagnosis of early signs of anastomosis failure allows to predict the further course of the disease, which reduces the number of complications and the severity of their course.

Against a bitter tide: How a small UK charity operationalises dissent to challenge the “hostile environment” for migrant children and families

INTRODUCTION: Dissent is currently under political and ideological assault in the UK and immigration has long been a target for those looking to quell dissenting practices. At the same time, dissent appears increasingly out of place in the contemporary social work context in England. Yet, as the authors argue, dissent is codified within the professional and ethical standards that social workers in England must adhere to. APPROACH: This article introduces the work of a small UK Charity, Together with Migrant Children, and applies to it key facets of the theoretical basis for dissent through case study and practice-based reflections on challenges in immigration policy and opportunities for dissenting practice. IMPLICATIONS: The authors set out the challenges and opportunities for dissent in practice in statutory, non-statutory and wider community development settings, illustrating how dissent can bring individual ‘success’ that is located within a cumulative structural and tactical change that points to dissent and its practice as a necessary feature of democracy.

IMPROVING THE INDONESIAN’S MINE COUNTERMEASURE SMART MINE CAPABILITY BY ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS AND MEASUREMENT OF EFFECTIVENESS METHODS

<div><p class="Els-history-head">Mine warfare is still developing in line with technological developments. Technological developments in the field of mines have produced smart mines that can select targets as desired precisely and accurately. Currently, minehunting vessels are owned by the Indonesian Navy. In this study, an analysis of the capability of minehunting vessels class will be carried out including the capability of the sensor weapon command system, the professionalism of the crew, and Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) divers as well as ship degaussing systems. This study aims to analyze the ability of the class mine-hunting ships of the Indonesian Navy to deal with modern mine warfare, especially to deal with mines that can choose their targets or often called Smart Mines. This study uses quantitative research methods, namely data analysis with Measures Of Effectiveness (MOE) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) methods. This study found that the increase in Sewaco's ability to deal with modern mine warfare will also have to be followed by improvements or changes in tactics and strategies that are adapted to the increase in the ship's capabilities. This increase in the professionalism of soldiers is carried out at all levels of rank, starting from officers through Mine Warfare Officer (MWO) education either organized by the Navy or abroad, then at the non-commissioned and enlisted levels to improve their skills carried out through regular and scheduled training. Mine ships with a good degaussing system function will be very supportive in carrying out mine operations, stating that modern sea mines are equipped with sensors or magnetic sonar that are placed on the sea surface or below sea level. For this reason, the function of the degaussing system must be able to operate properly in the face of these modern mines. </p></div>

CONGENITAL DEFECTS OF ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL IN NEWBORNS: TRADITIONS AND NEW TENDENCIES

Introduction. The problem of treatment of newborns with congenital malformations of the anterior abdominal wallremains relevant due to the increasing number of malformations such as gastroschisis and omphalocele in newborns as wellas high complications and mortality.The aim of this work is to improve the effectiveness of treatment of newborns suffering from gastroschisis andomphalocele by optimizing pre-, intra- and postoperative management of patients.Material and research methods. The results of examination and treatment of 55 newborns with gastroschisis and 22 newbornswith omphalocele were analyzed for the period from 1993 to 2021. Examination algorithm included: antenatal counseling ofpregnant women, postnatal consultation and transportation of the newborn to the institution where the defect correction, clinical,laboratory and instrumental examination, bacteriological examinations, histological examination of surgical material, measurementof intra-abdominal pressure will be performed to determine adequate surgical correction of the malformation.Results and discussion. Studies in infants suffering from gastroschisis and omphalocele and viscero-abdominaldisproportion have shown an increase in the intra-abdominal pressure at all stages of correction, which significantly affectedthe mechanical properties of the lungs and manifested a decrease in lung distension, increased airway resistance andincreased inspiratory pressure. During surgical correction of viscero-abdominal disproportion at all stages of the study, themechanical properties of the newborn's lungs changed (compliance decreased, airway resistance increased), being directlydependent on the level of intra-abdominal pressure, as evidenced by the main groups of patients suffering from omphalocele.The maximum change in the mechanical properties of the lungs was observed at 24-48 hours after correction of visceroabdominal disproportion and coincided with the maximum figures for the increase in intra-abdominal pressure in newborns.Adequate lung ventilation under conditions of maximum increase in intra-abdominal pressure in newborns was achievedby increasing PIP to high numbers (up to 20-22 cm of water column) at 24-48 hours after correction of viscero-abdominaldisproportion with a gradual moderate decrease and retention of PEEP within the limits of 4-5 cm of water column.In the main groups of patients suffering from gastroschisis and omphalocele, normalization of disturbance of themechanical properties of the lungs (compliance and resistance) was faster than in the comparison groups. This was due to thefact that the level of intra-abdominal hypertension was taken into account when choosing the method of surgical correctionand infusion therapy in the mode of normovolemic hemodilution. In the study of peripheral hemodynamics (abdominal bloodflow) it was found that in the comparison groups in patients suffering from gastroschisis and omphalocele, higher indicesof resistance in the superior mesenteric and renal arteries, indicating impaired blood flow in the above vessels. In the main groups of patients suffering from gastroschisis and omphalocele, these indicators were significantly lower, which indicatesa better abdominal blood flow in patients in whom the choice of surgical correction method was taken into account whenchoosing the method of surgical correction.Intra-abdominal hypertension is one of the important reasons for the development of negative consequences when closingthe malformation of the anterior abdominal wall in newborns suffering from gastroschisis and omphalocele. Therefore,one of the main directions of improving the results of treatment of newborns with congenital malformation of the anteriorabdominal wall is the development and introduction of new methods for diagnosis of intraabdominal hypertension in practicalneonatal surgery and taking measures to prevent abdominal compartment syndrome.Depending on the condition of the child and the type of congenital malformation of the anterior abdominal wall, thetreatment tactics foresaw the following three options:1. Primary radical operation.2. Stage-by-stage surgical treatment.3. Conservative treatment followed by surgery.While analyzing the results of the study, it can be noted that a total of 26 newborns died of congenital defects of theanterior abdominal wall after surgery, including 18 children from the comparison group (1993-2004) and 8 from the mainstudy group (2005-2021), which amounted to 52,94% and 18,60% respectively. The main causes of death were neonatalsepsis, profound prematurity and severe comorbidities.Conclusions:1. Taking into account the results of treatment of newborns suffering from gastroschisis and omphalocele, it can bestated that the reduction of mortality in newborns by 3 times is primarily due to the introduction of neonatal surgery innew approaches to diagnosis, pre- and postoperative management, anesthesia and individualized surgical correction of thispathology.2. Intra-abdominal hypertension in case of congenital malformations of the anterior abdominal wall leads to a significantdeterioration of the mechanical properties of the lungs, hemodynamic disorders, oliguria, intestinal ischemia, decreasedorgan perfusion.3. Increased intra-abdominal hypertension was an indication for a change in surgical tactics - the abandonment of radicalplastic surgery of the abdominal wall and the transition to staged intervention or the use of surgical techniques that increasethe volume of the abdominal cavity.

ИНФЕКЦИИ НИЖНИХ МОЧЕВЫХ ПУТЕЙ (ЦИСТИТ, БАКТЕРИУРИЯ) В АМБУЛАТОРНОЙ ПРАКТИКЕ: ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ СТРАТЕГИИ И ТАКТИКИ ЭМПИРИЧЕСКОЙ АНТИМИКРОБНОЙ ТЕРАПИИ (НОВЫЕ КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ)

Abstract. Introduction. When treating urinary tract infections, especially lower urinary tract cystitis and asymptomatic bacteriuria, quite a few factors have to be considered, such as first episode of cystitis or recurrence, presence of pregnancy or lactation, suspected pathogen and its sensitivity/resistance to antimicrobial agents in the region, recent antibiotic treatment and many others. One such factor that determines disease outcome is the rational choice of empirical antimicrobial therapy. The results of domestic and foreign epidemiological studies indicate a global increase in resistance of uropathogens to antibiotics, which has influenced the change of modern strategy and tactics of antimicrobial therapy. Aim. To review current data on the results of epidemiological and clinical studies and substantiate clinical recommendations for rational empirical therapy of uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections. Material and methods. The original epidemiological and clinical studies in the foreign and domestic literature and clinical guidelines on the topic for the last 5 years were searched. Results and its discussion. Data from epidemiological studies of community-acquired urinary tract infections in the Russian Federation show decreasing sensitivity and increasing resistance among outpatient strains of uropathogenic E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae to antibiotics commonly used in outpatient practice: fluoroquinolones, betalactams (including protected ones), cephalosporins, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. which was a prerequisite for limiting the use of many antibiotics widely used in the treatment of urinary tract infections in the last decade. The findings were the basis for changes in the strategy and tactics of empirical antimicrobial therapy, in particular to the exclusion of quinolones/fluoroquinolones and restriction of betalactams from the treatment of uncomplicated cystitis. This review presents indications for a rational choice of empirical antimicrobial therapy for acute and recurrent cystitis and asymptomatic bacteriuria: recommended regimens, doses and duration of therapy. Conclusion. The decision to prescribe antibiotic therapy for lower urinary tract infections should be made after ineffectiveness and non-antimicrobial prophylaxis, and the choice of antibiotic should be based on its environmental safety and prevention of global antimicrobial resistance buildup.

Secure random number generation from parity symmetric radiations

The random number generators (RNGs) are an indispensable tool for information security. Among various approaches, the radioactive decay has been considered as a promising candidate of RNGs for over half a century, on account of its seemingly unpredictable decay timings as quantum phenomena. However, the security of these radioactive RNGs has not been proven so far. Here we prove the security by a change of tactics, that is, by rewriting decay timings into decay directions, which allows us to ensure the secrecy with the help of the parity invariance deeply rooted in the fundamental law of nature. Our result demonstrates that the foundational properties of particle physics, such as the symmetry of interactions, can be used as a firm basis for the RNGs.

INVESTMENT COMPONENT OF TRANSNATIONALIZATION DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON THE EXAMPLE OF INTERNATIONAL CORPORATIONS

The article analyzes the general situation of transnationalization over several years highlights the changes at the beginning of the pandemic caused by the spread of Covid-19. It has been established that oscillatory investment dynamics characterize the period from 1990 to 2020 flows at the global level. The impact of global problems on the activities of corporations in 2020 is noted. The main external factors influencing the activities of the investment nature of corporations in this period are the consequences of the coronavirus infection. According to statistics, a significant drop in investment flows in 2020 was presented, but thanks to the activities of transnational corporations in the fight against the global pandemic, an improvement in the situation were predicted in subsequent years. Pharmaceutical corporations have been identified as the leading players in the fight against the pandemic among TNCs due to significant involvement and cooperation with governments, society, and businesses, both at the national and international levels. As a result, pharmaceutical multinationals resumed their presence in the ranking of innovative companies in 2021 in terms of investment in R&D, significantly improving their positions compared to previous years. With the help of a regression model, using the example of a pharmaceutical company, the dependence of a corporation's income on investment in research and development was demonstrated. At the same time, statistical, graphical and comparative analyzes were used in the article.
 The article analyzes structural changes in R&D investment companies to understand the reorientation of activities. The reorientation in international companies has made it possible to assert the pandemic as a strategic opportunity to develop new products by pharmaceutical companies directly related to the fight against coronavirus infection, the creation of cooperation between companies of different levels, and a change in segmentation in the product line. Furthermore, a timely response to the challenges of the pandemic and a change in tactics allowed pharmaceutical companies to stay afloat and improve their financial performance, and the situation with investment flows in general.

Household-based factors affecting uptake of biogas plants in Bangladesh: Implications for sustainable development

The growing energy demand and climatic adversities call for an emergent transition to renewables such as biogas technology; however, uptake of such technologies remains far from achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. This study identified and examined household-based factors affecting decisions regarding the sustainable uptake of biogas plants. In this regard, 262 biogas consumers and 312 non-consumers of the Dhaka Division (Bangladesh) were included in the sample for this research. Data were examined using a logistic regression analysis. The core findings are as follows: Firstly, the household head's education, sex, annual household income, cattle ownership, annual crop yield, knowledge of biogas plants, distance from firewood sources, and acquisition of credit and loans imparted a positive and statistically significant effect on the uptake of biogas plants. Secondly, accessibility to technical assistance, distance from the water source, and access to grid-electricity inhibited biogas plant uptake. Thirdly, the uptake of biogas plants increases with the increase in individuals' age. However, after reaching a particular age, individuals begin to reduce biogas plants' uptake. Finally, household size remained a neutral factor in the uptake of biogas plants. Rural-scale biogas specialization, changes in governmental tactics, technological awareness, and females' participation are suggested to improve biogas plant uptake.

THE ROLE OF INTELLIGENCE IN MAINTAINING COMBAT POWER DURING CONTEMPORARY MILITARY OPERATIONS

The contemporary security environment is undergoing periodical radical changes in which more and more diversified threats are emerging, determining that the age in which we live is marked by crises of a different nature. That is why the use of intelligence has become a concern of military and political decision makers, especially in terms of its integration into combat functions to ensure and maintain a high combat capability and thus the combat power necessary to achieve objectives / mission. The peculiarities and specific features of modern / contemporary military conflicts, as well as the influence of technological evolution or, as specialists call it, the revolution in military affairs has led to changes including in the field of military intelligence, which is essential to keep up with the present and anticipate the future. These changes have led to changes in the place and role of military intelligence in the military phenomenon, changes in doctrines, techniques, tactics and procedures, and the readjustment of requirements to the changes applied. Military intelligence structures must be conceptually integrated and not only with the other collection capabilities of the National Defence System, Public Order and National Security.

DIGITAL MARKETING & BUSINESS OF E-COMMERCE ON PANDEMIC COVID19

The aim of this paper is to examine the solutions adopted by MSMEs to survive and recover from the Covid19 pandemic crisis. The study's focus is on 37 thousand MSMEs that have been directly impacted by the pandemic. Literature was used as a method. According to this study, customers practically forget about a brand during a pandemic, but that brand awareness will be restored through digital advertising. The expansion of online customers is no longer being driven by the millennial generation. Some SMEs have gone out of business. But there aren't many who climb and then expand. MSMEs alter their manufacturing processes by lowering the amount of goods produced while also innovating to improve their competitiveness. On the other hand, digital marketing has been used extensively to raise client awareness. Marketplaces, as an e-commerce manifestation, are employed as a kind of innovation or change in sales tactics.

The prevalence of ischemic pattern of heart damage in patients with acute myocardial infarction depending on the presence of obstructive coronary artery disease: Magnetic resonance study

Currently, there are practically no works that are devoted to the analysis of different types of damage to ischemic and nonischemic patterns in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), depending on the nature of atherosclerotic lesions of the coronary arteries.In this regard, the aim of this work was to evaluate the frequency of ischemic pattern of heart damage in patients with AMI depending on the presence of obstructive coronary artery disease.Material and Methods. The study retrospectively included patients with a working diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) who underwent contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (CMR) during the first week after hospitalization. A 1.5 T CMR was performed using a standard protocol. T2-WI, T1-WI, and IR-images were visually assessed for edema and scar/necrosis, respectively. The pattern of acute ischemic damage to the left ventricular (LV) myocardium was an increase in the signal intensity on T2-WI as a sign of myocardial edema and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) with a typical ischemic nature of contrast enhancement: subendocardial/subtransmural/transmural. The non-ischemic nature of myocardial injury was defined as intramyocardial/subepicardial LGE.Results. Based on invasive coronary angiography (ICA) data, patients were divided into two groups: group of myocardial infarction (MI) and coronary artery disease (MICAD group) and group of MI and non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA group). It was found that the frequencies of occurrence of subendocardial pattern of cardiac LGE in early CMR did not differ in the groups of AMI patients against the background of obstructive and non-obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD). The most characteristic MR-pattern in MICAD patients was transmural LGE, including that in combination with microvascular obstruction (MVO). The most characteristic MR-pattern in MINOCA patients was mid-wall/insertion point LGE. Subepicardial LGE occurred with equal frequency in MICAD and MINOCA patients.Conclusion. The most pathognomonic MR-pattern of myocardial damage in AMI against the background of obstructive CAD was the transmural type of LGE with or without the phenomenon of MVO. Identification of the subendocardial type of LGE in patients with MINOCA allowed to stratify these patients into a higher risk group with a further change in treatment tactics.

THE INFLUENCE OF STRENGTH TRAINING ON TAEKWONDO ATHLETES’ REACTION SPEED

ABSTRACT Introduction: Taekwondo is a skill-oriented confrontational event. Athletes’ physical fitness and flexible changes in skills and tactics have become the cornerstone of athletes’ victory. Objective: The objective was to explore the influence of strength training on the reaction speed of boxing athletes. Method: 8 master-class Taekwondo athletes, 16 first-class Taekwondo athletes, and 30 second-class Taekwondo athletes from a particular province were selected as Group A, B, and C. The control groups were Group A1, B1, and C1. Results: Group B athletes showed significant changes in 15s front kick and 15s high leg lift. Group C athletes showed highly significant differences in rapid strength. After the traditional fast strength training in the control group, all the Group C1 had significant changes in the test. However, Group B1 athletes only had substantial changes in 15s down split and 15s front kick. There was no significant change in all indexes of Group A1 athletes before and after the experiment. Conclusion: The analysis of experimental data shows that core strength training significantly improves the reaction speed of Taekwondo athletes. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.